POWER GENERATION THROUGH HYDRO
AND SOLAR TECHNOLOGY
By:
Sanmeet Singh Dhaliwal(UE184068)
Sarbansdeep Singh(UE184069)
Suraj Singh(UE184081)
INDIAN POWER SCENARIO
● India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources of power generation range from
conventional sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to viable
non-conventional sources such as wind, solar, and agricultural and domestic waste.
● In May 2018, India ranked fourth in the Asia Pacific region out of 25 nations on an index that measured
their overall power. India was ranked fourth in wind power, fifth in solar power and fifth in renewable
power installed capacity as of 2018. India ranked sixth in the list of countries to make significant
investments in clean energy at US$ 90 billion.
Market Size
● Indian power sector is undergoing a significant change that has redefined the industry outlook. The
Government of India’s focus on attaining ‘Power for all’ has accelerated capacity addition in the country.
At the same time, the competitive intensity is increasing at both the market and supply sides (fuel,
logistics, finances, and manpower).
● By 2022, solar energy is estimated to contribute 114 GW, followed by 67 GW from wind power and 15
GW from biomass and hydropower. The target for renewable energy has been increased to 227 GW by
2022.
● Total installed capacity of power stations in India stood at 377.26 GW as of November 2020. Electricity
production reached 1,252.61 billion units (BU) in FY20
SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY
GENERATED
NATIONAL GRID
The natural resources for electricity generation in India are
unevenly dispersed and concentrated in a few pockets.
Transmission, an important element in the power delivery
value chain, facilitates evacuation of power from generating
stations and its delivery to the load centres.
For efficient dispersal of power to deficit regions,
strengthening the transmission system network, enhancing
the Inter-State power transmission system and augmentation
the National Grid and enhancement of the transmission
system network are required.
An extensive network of transmission lines has been
developed over the years for evacuating power produced by
different electricity generating stations and distributing the
same to the consumers. The nominal Extra High Voltage lines
in vogue are ± 800 kV HVDC & 765 kV, 400 kV, 230/220 kV,
110 kV and 66 kV AC lines.
Hydroelectric Power Plant
Hydroelectricity is produced in a hydroelectric power plant.
In this plant, the water is released from a high location. The
potential energy present in the water is converted into
kinetic energy, which is then used to rotate the blades of a
turbine. The turbine is hooked to the generator which
produces electricity.
COMPONENTS
The Main Components of Hydroelectric Power Plant
a) The reservoir: Water from a natural water body like a river is stored in the reservoir. This reservoir is
built at a level higher than the turbine.
b) The dam: The flow of water stored in the reservoir is obstructed by huge walls of the dam. This
prevents the water from flowing and helps us harness the energy present in it. The dam consists of gates
present at its bottom, which can be lifted to allow the flow of water through [Link] hydropower plants
rely on a dam that holds back water, creating a large reservoir.
The main components of hydroelectric power plant
c) The penstock: This connects the reservoir with the turbine propeller and runs in a downward inclined
manner. When the gates of the dam are lifted, the force of gravity makes the water flow down the penstock
and reach the blades of the turbine. As the water flows through the penstock, the potential energy of water
stored in the dam is converted into kinetic energy.
d) The turbine: The kinetic energy of the running water turns the blades of the turbine. The turbine can be
either a Pelton Wheel Model or a Centrifugal type. The turbine has a shaft connected to the [Link]
most common type of turbine for hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big disc with
curved blades. A turbine can weigh as much as 172 tons and turn at a rate of 90 revolutions per minute (rpm),
according to the Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
The main components of hydroelectric power plant
e) The generator: A shaft runs from the turbine to the generator. When the blades of the turbine rotate,
the shaft turns a motor which produces electric current in the [Link] magnets rotate past copper
coils, producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons. (You'll learn more about how the generator
works later.)
f) Power lines: The power produced in the generator is sent to various power distribution stations through
the power lines.
The main components of hydroelectric power plant
g) The Generator : The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator.
Most hydropower plants have several of these generators.
SURGE TANK
Surge tank acts as a temporary
reservoir.
It helps in stabilizing the velocity
and pressure in penstock and
thereby saves penstock from
getting damaged.
It serve as supply tank to the
turbine in case of increased load
conditions, and storage tank in case
of low load conditions
PENSTOCK
The penstock is the long pipe or
the shaft that carries the water
flowing from the reservoir towards
the power generation unit,
comprised of the turbines and
generator. The water in the
penstock possesses kinetic energy
due to its motion and potential
energy due to its height.
SPILLWAY
Spillway is constructed to act as a
safety valve. It discharge the
overflow water to the down stream
side when the reservoir is full.
These are generally constructed of
concrete and provided with water
discharge opening.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Production and Usage
Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.
Hydroelectricity uses the energy of running water, without reducing its quantity, to produce
electricity. Therefore, all hydroelectric developments, of small or large size, whether run of the
river or of accumulated storage, fit the concept of renewable energy.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Production and Usage
Hydroelectricity contributes to the storage of drinking water.
Hydroelectric power plant reservoirs collect rainwater, which can then be used for consumption
or for irrigation. In storing water, they protect the water tables against depletion and reduce our
vulnerability to floods and droughts.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Production and Usage
Hydroelectricity means clean and cheap energy for today and for tomorrow.
With an average lifetime of 50 to 100 years, hydroelectric developments are long-term
investments that can benefit various generations. They can be easily upgraded to incorporate
more recent technologies and have very low operating and maintenance costs.
Environmental Impact and Drawbacks
Large hydroelectric dams have a number of negative impacts on the local environment and
human society. Dams disrupt river ecosystems and migrations, killing aquatic life that gets caught
in turbine blades. Dams also create artificial reservoirs, which floods farmland and forests, and
displaces wildlife and people. Hydroelectric projects are also susceptible to fluctuations in river
flows and rainfall. Ghana, which depends on energy from the Volta River Dam, has suffered
severe energy shortages in recent years because of lack of rainfall.
Environmental Impact and Drawbacks
Large dams and reservoirs in tropical regions are important sources of greenhouse gases.
According to Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), each year the world's
dams give off over 100 million metric tons of methane. INPE scientists are developing
ways to produce energy by burning this methane.
Hydropower and the Environment
Hydropower is non polluting, but does have environmental impacts
Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air. However, hydropower facilities can
have large environmental impacts by changing the environment and affecting land use,
homes, and natural habitats in the dam area.
Features of Bhakra
Dam
WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR INDIA
•POWER SHORTAGE.
•RISING PRICES OF OIL AND GASES.
•AMPLE RESOURCES AND SITE AVAILABLE.
•GOVERNMENT INCENTIVE
•INCREASED FINANCING OPTIONS.
•CLIMATE CHANGE.
SOLAR MAP AND MAJOR SOLAR PROJECTS
SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
•There are many different ways of harnessing solar energy. The most commonly are :-
SMALL DISTRIBUTED APPLICATION
•Installed in building roofs.
•Generated power is typically consumed by the loads within the building and excess power can be exported to
the grid.
•System size :- 1KWp to 20KWp or more.
LARGE DISTRIBUTED APPLICATION
•Installed in large building roofs.
•Power can be used within the building and can be exported to grid.
•Capacity :- 50KWp to 5MWp.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
•Current depends on the level of solar insolation and the area of the cell.
•Open circuit voltage remains fairly constant.
•When exposed to a light a potential difference occurs between the side of the cell
exposed to the light and its underside. If a circuit is complete current will flow.
COMPONENTS
•PV Array
•Grid connected inverter
•Balance of system components
•Transformer
•Multimode inverter
•Storage battery
TYPES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM
FUTURE OF THESE ENERGY RESOURCES
. Reason to turning to these resources
. Limitations of non renewable resources
. Greenhouse effect
. Graph of change in temp. Of world
WHY THE WORLD IS TURNING TO RENEWABLE
ENERGY
In these days most of the electricity generation in the world is by coal, diesel and gas. A large number of
these plants are located in each country. As these power plants are the major sources of the production of
greenhouse gases due to this the climate of earth is changing and increase in global warming.
Renewable energy provides reliable power supplies and fuel [Link] differ from fossil fuels
principally in their diversity, abundance and potential for use anywhere on the planet, but above all in that
they produce neither greenhouse gases – which cause climate change – nor polluting emissions
SOLAR ENERGY
Not all of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's atmosphere is absorbed by the earth.
SOLAR MAP OF INDIA
About 5,000 trillion
kWh per year energy
is incident over
India’s land area with
most parts receiving
4-7 kWh per square
meter per day.
REFERENCES
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