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Sets Notes

The document provides an overview of sets, including their definitions, representations, and operations such as union, intersection, and difference. It categorizes different types of sets, such as empty sets, finite sets, infinite sets, and subsets, while also explaining concepts like Venn diagrams and Cartesian products. Additionally, it includes exercises for practical understanding of set theory.

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Hidayathulla Khan
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6 views26 pages

Sets Notes

The document provides an overview of sets, including their definitions, representations, and operations such as union, intersection, and difference. It categorizes different types of sets, such as empty sets, finite sets, infinite sets, and subsets, while also explaining concepts like Venn diagrams and Cartesian products. Additionally, it includes exercises for practical understanding of set theory.

Uploaded by

Hidayathulla Khan
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Sets A set is defined as a well - defined collection of distinct elements that share a common property. These elements are numbers, letters, or even other. Sets are listed in curly brackets “{}” and represented by capital letters. For example, a set can include days of the week. Set: A set is a well — defined collection of distinct objects, where each object is called an element. Sets can be represented in two main forms Roster form or Tabular form: Listing all the elements within curly braces For example {2,4,6,8} & (a, e, i, 0, u} Set — builder form: Describing the elements of the set using a rule or property For example {x| x is an even number and x<10} & {x| x is a vowel in English alphabet} Set Operations: Basic operations performed on sets include Union: Combining all elements from two or more sets CE Intersection: Finding the common elements between two or more sets, Difference: Finding the elements that are in one set but not in another Complement: Finding the elements that are not in a given set, relative to a universal set Es Eas | _ atlene sows 7 ay GEE gery Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 Set Name Description Example A set containing no elements Empty Set} whatsoever Singleton _ | A set containing exactly one Set element Ay A set with a limited, countable fapple, banana, orange} Finite Set number of elements. tapple, Danana, oranges A set with an uncountable number Infinite Set | of elements Set of Natural numbers Sets that have the same number of | 4 = (1,2, 3) Equivalent | elements and their elements can be Sets paired one — to— one B= {a,b,c} A={1,2} Sets that have the same elements Equal Sets B= {1,2} The set of all students in . A set containing all elements a school (when Universal - relevant to a specific discussion __| discussing student Set grades Unequal Sets that do not have all the same | A~ (1, 2,3} Sets elements B= {a,b} ‘The set contains all possible {a,b} = Power Set | Subsets ofa given set £4), fa}, {b}, {a,b} Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] [Link]: Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 Set Name Deseription Example [Overlapping | Sets, share a least one common A={1,2,3} Sets element B= {2,4,5} Disjoint Sets that have no elements in A={1,2,3} Sets common B= {a,b,c} A set where all elements are also. | {1,2} is a subset of Subset members of another set 41,2,3) Set of Natural numbers: N={1,2,3,4,5, Set of Integers: Z= 3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3. Set of Rational numbers: The set of all numbers that can be expressed as p/q Where p and q are integers and q is not zero 13 exams 2={-3 5th} **Pi (n) is not a rational number; it is an irrational number. Rational numbers can be expressed as a fraction of two integers, but pi’s decimal representation (3.14159265359) is non — terminating and non — repeating, meaning it cannot be written as a simple fraction ++ 2 = 1.41421356237 is also an Irrational number Set of Real numbers: Real numbers are defined as the collection of all rational numbers and irrational numbers, denoted by R Ziis the set of positive integers, Q* is the set of positive rational numbers and R'is the set of positive real numbers Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hitps://[Link]/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 Venn diagram: A Venn diagram isa visual representation of sets and their relationships, using overlapping circles (or other closed shapes) to show the intersection, union, and differences between sets. Each circle represents a set, and the overlapping regions show the elements common to the sets involved OO Aand Bare disjoint sets > o Seta A’is the complement of A A B A B AUB Boa Bis proper subset of A AnB and Bare overlapping sets Aand Bare overlapping sets Subset: When all of the items of A are present in B, A isa subset of B Let A={1,2,3},B = {1,2,3,4,5} Here is a part of B or A is a subset of Bie. ACB Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] blogspot,com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 > Also, we can say that every set is a subset of itself ie. AC A,B CB > Empty set is a subset of every set > The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2” Proper Subset: A is said to be a proper subset of B when it is a subset of B and not equal to B Let A={1,2,3},B={1,2,3,4,5} Here 4 is a subset of B but not equal to Bie, ACB Also, Proper subset is also known as strict subset Super set: Superset is a set that contains all the elements of a smaller set Let A={1,2,3},B={1,2,3,4,5} Here B is a superset of A ie. BDA Also, A is not a superset of B Proper Superset: The proper superset is also known as a strict superset. The set B is the proper superset of set A, then all the elements of set 4 are in B, but set B must contain at Ieast one element which is not present in set A Let 4={1,2,3},B ={1,2,3,4,5} Here B is a proper superset of A ic. B> A sian Product: It is the product of any two sets, but this product is actually ordered i.e. the resultant set contains all possible and ordered pairs such that the first element of the pair belongs to the first set and the second element belongs to the second set. Since their order of appearance is important, we call them first and second elements, respectively. We use ordered pairs to obtain a new set from two given sets A and B. Cartesian product of 4 and B is denoted by 4x B AxB={(a,b):a€ A and be Bh Let A={1,2}.B = {4,5,6} Ax B={(1,4),(1,5),(16).(2.4),(2,5),(2,6)} Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 6 Exercise 1(A. 1. Which of the following are s? Justify your answer i. The collection of all the months of a year starting with the letter J ii, The collection of ten most talented writers of India iii, A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world iv. The collection of all boys in your class v. The collection of all Natural numbers less than 100 vi. A collection of novels written by the writer munshi Premehand Vii. The collection of all even integers viii. The collection of questions in this chapter ix. A collection of most dangerous animals of the world i, The collection of all months of a year beginning with letter J are, January, Solution: June, July, the collection is well defined, so it is a set ii. It is not a set, since one cannot decide a writer is most talented, because it depends on one’s own perspective Itis not a set, a batsmen may be best for one person and may not be for the other iv. Itis a set, since the collections is well defined v. It isaset, since the collection is well defined vi. It isa set, since the collection is well defined vii, Itis a set, since the collection is well defined viii. It is a set, since the collection is well defined ix. It is not a set, An animal is most dangerous for one person and may not be for another, so the collection is not well defined 2. Write the following sets in roster form i, A={x:x is an integer and -3 is an odd natural number less than 10} »{ iii, {M,A,T,H,E,1,C,S}c. {x:x is a natural number and a divisor of 6} | iv. {1,3,5,7,9} d. {x:x isa letter of the word MATHEMATICS} Solution: ie iii, ii a iv. b JSR oe aoe nit Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hitps://[Link]/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 9 Exercise 1(B 1. Which of the following are examples of the null set. i, Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2. ii, Set of even prime numbe iii, {xx is a natural number x <5 and x > 7} iv. {y:y isa point common to any two parallel lines} Solution: i, Null set iii, Null set ii, {2} Not a Null set iv. Null set 2. Which of the following sets are finite or infinite i, ‘The set of months of a year fi, {[Link]} ifi, {1,2,3,....99,100} ‘The set of positive integers greater than 100 ‘The set of prime numbers less than 99 Solution: i. Finite set iii. Finite set v. Finite set ii. Infinite set iv. Infinite set 3. State whether each of the following set is finite or infinite. i. The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis ii, The set of letters in the English alphabet iii, ‘The set of numbers which are multiple of 5 iv. The set of animals living on the earth v. The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0) Solution: i, Infinite set Infinite set v. Infinite set ii, Finite set iv. Infinite set Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 10 4. Inthe following, state whether A= Bor not i. A={a,b,c,d},B = {d,c,b,a} ii, A={4,8,12,16},B = {8,4,16,18} iii, A={2,4,6,8.10},B={x:. is positive even integer and x <10} iv. A={x:x is a multiple of 10}, B = {10,15,20,25,30,...} Solution: i, A=B ii, A¥B A=B iv. A#B 5. Are the following pair of sets equal? Give reasons, i, A={2,3},B={x:x is solution of x” +5x+6=0} A= {x:x isa letter of the word FOLLOW} B= is a letter of the word WOLF} Solution: i 4={2,3},B={-2,-3} Clearly A# B ii, A={F,O,L,W},B={W,O,LF} Clearly 4=B 6. From the sets given below, select equal sets A={2,4,8,12}, B= {1,2,3,4},C ={4,8,12,14} D=(3,1,4,2},£={-11},F ={0,a},G={1,-1},H ={0,1} Solution: B= D,E=G Serre HoH EEE ie Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 rr Exercise 1(C) 1. Make correct statements by filling in the symbol cor ¢ in the blank spaces 4 {2.3.4} ccene{ls2,3,4,5} ii, {a,b,c} {b,c,d} aq, [xix isa student of class XI \ [x:x is a student | iii, oe \of your school of your school x isa circle in the same iv. {x:x is a circle in the plane}. plane with radius 1 unit [x:x is an saute {. xis reste v4 \triangle in a plane in the plane _ fxixisan “aula [x:x isa triangle vi. \triangle in a plane | in the same plane vii, {x12 is an even natural number {xx is an integer} Solution: . {2,3,4} <{1,2,3,4,5} . {a,b,c} ¢ {b,c,d} xix isa student of class XI] _ {xr:x is a student c of your school iii, of your school x:x is a circle in the same | iv. {xx is a circle in the plane} ¢ i plane} freee radius 1 unit xixis an equilateral| | {xis is a rectangle v. triangle in a plane in the plane _ [xcxisan cute xrx isa triangle vi. c triangle in a plane in the same plane vii. {xv:x is an even natural number} c{x:x is an integer} Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 12 2. Examine whether the following statements are true or false i. {a,b} c{b,c,a} ii, {a,c} {x:x is a vowel in english alphabet} iii, {1,2,3} <{1,3,5} iv. {a} {a,b,c} v. {a}e{as, x:x is an even natural x:x is a natural vi. number less than 6 number which divides 36 | Solution: i, False iii, False vy. False ii. True iv. True vi. True 3. Let A={1,2,{3,4},5} which of the following statements are incorrect and why? iv. led vii, {1,2,5}e4 x. OCA v. lca viii, {12,3}cd Xi {phd i, {G4}}oa ™ Wrsod i goa Solution: i. Incorrect because {3,4} is an element of A, but not a set ii, Correct iii, Correct iv. Correct vy. Incorrect because | is an element of A, but not a set vi. Correct Incorrect because {1,2,5} is a set but not an element Incorrect because 3 is not an element of 4 ix. Incorrect because ¢ is not an element x. Correct xi, Incorrect Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 13, 4. Write down all the subsets of the following sets i {a} ii, {a,b} iii, iv. ¢ Solution: i ofa} ii, d,ta},{},{4.5} iii, A, 41} ,{2}.{3},{1,2} {2,3} {1,3}. {1,2,3} iv. ¢ 5. Write the following as intervals i {xrxeR,4aeB and if BCC aeC Clearly, Ac B,BcC then, AcC iv. False Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] blogspot,com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 24 et A={a,b},B={c,d},C={a,b,d} Clearly, Ag BBC but, AcC Examp) v. False Example: Let A= {a,b},B={a,c,d} Clearly, be A but, b¢ B vi. True Let ACB, then ifae A>aeB ifagB>a¢A 3. If ACB, then show that C- BCC-A Solution: Given Ac B Let xeC-B=> xeC andxeB =xeCandx¢A @ ACB >xeC-A Clearly, C-BcC- A 4, Show that 49 B= AAC need not imply B=C Solution: Let A= {0,1}, B = {0,2,3},C ={0,4,5} Clearly, AN B={0},ANC={0} However, B#C 5. Let A, B and C be the sets such that, AUB=AUC and ANB= ANC then show that 4=C Solution: Given AUB= AUC and AN B= ANC Consider A B= ANC Taking B union on both sides, BU(AMB)=BU(ANC) B=(BUA)A(BUC) s BU(ANB)=B B=(AUB)A(BUC) (1) Again Consider 4 B= ANC Taking C union on both sides, CU(ANB)=CU(ANC) Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hitps://[Link]/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 25 (CU A)n(CUB) VCU(ANC)=C (4Uc)n(Buc)=c AUC=AUB (AVB)a(BuCc)=Cc C=(AUB)A(BNC)>(2) From equations (1) and (2) 4=C 6. Show that the following four conditions are equivalent: EE i, ACB iii, AUB=B ii, A-B=¢ iv. ANB=A Solution: Let Ac B This means all elements of A are in B So, A has no element different from B > A-B=$ Clearly, condition i, is equivalent to condition ii. ie. 1€ ii Let A-B=9 This means A has no elements different from B So, all elements of 4 are in B => AUB=B Clearly, condition ii. is equivalent to condition iii. ie. ii © iii Let AUB=B This means all elements of A are in B So, the common elements of A and B must be the elements of A $0, ANB=A Clearly, condition iii. is equivalent to condition iv. ie. iii <> iv Thus, i> ii iii oiv 7. Forany sets A & B, Show that (AM B)U(A-B)= 4 & AU(B-A)=AUB Solution: LHS = (4 B)U(4- 8B) =(ANB)U(ANB) — A-B= AB Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] [Link]/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 26 =An(BUB) BUB =U = ANU = A=RHS Again, LHS= AU(B~- A) =AU(BN A’) VB-A=BOA Ey =(AUB)n(4U 4) Vs AUA SU (AUB) AU = AUB=RHS 8. Using properties of show that AU(AN B)= 4,AN(AUB)=4 Solution: Now, AU(AMB)=(AU A)O(AUB)=4An(AUB)=4 Also, AN(AUB)=(ANA)U(ANB)=AU(ANB)=4 9. Let A and B be sets. If AN X =BOX=9 and AUX =BUX for some set X, Show that A=B Solution: Given 4X = BOX = and AUY=BUX Consider AUX =BUX Taking A intersection on both sides, AN(AUX)=AN(BUX) A=(ANB)U(ANX) A=(ANB)Ug wANX=$ A=ANB(I) Again, AUX =BUX Taking B intersection on both sides, BO(AUX)=Bo (BUX) (BOA)U(BOX)=B (AnB)Ug=B “BOX =$ B=ANB(2) From equations (1) and (2), 4= B Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, [Link] Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260

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