Full name:_____________________________________ Student ID:_________________

MID-TERM TEST
COURSE: CRITICAL THINKING

ANSWER SHEET

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

I. MATCHING (3 pts): Match each definition with the correct type of reasoning by writing the corresponding
letter (A-J) next to the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. This type of reasoning eliminates possibilities by ruling a. Modus Ponens

out incorrect options to reach a logical conclusion. b. Causal reasoning
2. A form of reasoning that derives a conclusion based on the c. Statistical reasoning
precise meaning of terms and definitions. d. Deductive Reasoning
3. A logical process that applies mathematical principles to e. Mathematical reasoning
derive conclusions that are necessarily true. f. Elimination reasoning
4. A reasoning structure that follows a conditional statement: g. Inductive Generalization
If P → Q, and P is true, then Q must also be true. h. Argument from Authority
5. A logical form that negates the conclusion of a conditional i. Modus Tollens
statement: If P → Q, and Q is false, then P must also be j. Definition-based reasoning
false.
6. A type of reasoning based on the expertise or knowledge
of a credible source to support a claim.
7. A reasoning method that draws conclusions based on
numerical data, surveys, or statistical evidence.
8. A reasoning approach that establishes a cause-and-effect
relationship between two or more factors.
9. A method of reasoning that forms a broad conclusion from
specific observations or examples.
10. A logical approach that evaluates multiple premises
to determine a conclusion through systematic reasoning.
 II. MULTIPLE CHOICE (4pts): Read each question carefully and select the correct answer from the four options provided.
Only one answer is correct for each question.

11. Identify the type of reasoning:

"If it is raining, the ground will be wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is wet."
A) Inductive generalization B) Modus ponens
C) Statistical reasoning D) Causal reasoning
12. What type of deductive reasoning is used here?
"All mammals breathe oxygen. A whale is a mammal. Therefore, a whale breathes oxygen."
A) Hypothetical syllogism B) Definition-based reasoning
C) Statistical reasoning D) Causal reasoning
13. Identify the logical form of the argument:
"If you study hard, you will pass the test. You did not pass the test. Therefore, you did not study hard."
A) Modus tollens B) Modus ponens
C) Inductive generalization D) Argument from authority
14. What type of reasoning is demonstrated?
"If a shape has four equal sides and four right angles, it is a square. This shape has four equal sides and four right angles. Therefore, it is a
square."
A) Inductive generalization B) Causal reasoning
C) Definition-based reasoning D) Statistical reasoning
15. Determine the type of reasoning:
"All prime numbers are odd, except 2. 7 is a prime number. Therefore, 7 is odd."
A) Inductive generalization B) Mathematical reasoning
C) Causal reasoning D) Statistical reasoning
16. Identify the reasoning method used:
"If a car has no fuel, it will not start. My car has no fuel. Therefore, it will not start."
A) Modus ponens B) Modus tollens
C) Inductive generalization D) Statistical reasoning
17. Which type of reasoning does this statement represent?
"If a student cheats on a test, they will be punished. John was not punished. Therefore, he did not cheat on the test."
A) Causal reasoning B) Modus tollens
C) Statistical reasoning D) Argument from authority
18. Identify the reasoning method used here:
"Either John is in the library or he is at home. He is not at home. Therefore, he is in the library."
A) Definition-based reasoning B) Elimination reasoning
C) Causal reasoning D) Statistical reasoning
19. What type of reasoning is used?
"If an animal is a bird, then it has feathers. A parrot is a bird. Therefore, a parrot has feathers."
A) Modus ponens B) Modus tollens
C) Statistical reasoning D) Argument from authority
20. Determine the reasoning type in this argument:
"Either the package was delivered today or it was lost in transit. It was not delivered today. Therefore, it was lost in transit."
A) Statistical reasoning B) Elimination reasoning
C) Modus tollens D) Causal reasoning
21. Identify the type of inductive reasoning:
"Dr. Smith, a well-known expert in medicine, says that drinking green tea improves heart health. Therefore, drinking green tea is beneficial
for the heart."
A) Statistical reasoning B) Argument from authority
C) Generalization D) Causal reasoning
22. What type of reasoning is used?
"A survey of 10,000 college students found that 85% prefer online learning. Therefore, most college students prefer online learning."
A) Argument from authority B) Deductive definition
C) Causal reasoning D) Statistical reasoning
23. Identify the reasoning method:
"Many people who eat processed food develop health problems. Therefore, eating processed food causes health issues."
A) Statistical reasoning B) Argument from authority
C) Causal reasoning D) Deductive elimination
24. What type of inductive reasoning is used?
"In my experience, students who participate in class discussions score higher on exams. Therefore, participating in class discussions
improves exam performance."
A) Causal reasoning B) Modus tollens
C) Deductive definition D) Argument from authority
25. Determine the type of reasoning:
"Every cat I’ve seen so far has had fur. Therefore, all cats have fur."
A) Inductive generalization B) Statistical reasoning
C) Deductive elimination D) Modus ponens
26. Identify the reasoning approach:
"The crime rate has increased in cities with higher unemployment. Therefore, unemployment may contribute to increased crime rates."
A) Deductive definition B) Causal reasoning
C) Statistical reasoning D) Argument from authority
27. What type of reasoning is this?
"In a study of 500 patients, 75% of those who exercised regularly had lower blood pressure. Therefore, exercise helps reduce blood
pressure."
A) Argument from authority B) Statistical reasoning
C) Deductive elimination D) Definition-based reasoning
28. Identify the reasoning used here:
"Since every bird I have observed can fly, I conclude that all birds can fly."
A) Argument from authority B) Deductive reasoning
C) Inductive generalization D) Modus tollens
29. What type of reasoning is demonstrated?
"NASA scientists claim that climate change is primarily driven by human activity. Therefore, climate change is human-induced."
A) Inductive argument from authorityB) Statistical reasoning
C) Deductive elimination D) Causal reasoning
30. Identify the reasoning type:
"Studies show that students who get 8 hours of sleep perform better on tests. Therefore, sleeping more leads to better academic
performance."
A) Causal reasoning B) Statistical reasoning
C) Deductive definition D) Elimination reasoning

III. TRUE-FALSE (3pts): Read each statement carefully. Choose "True" if the reasoning is valid and leads to a logical
conclusion. Choose "False" if the reasoning is flawed, contains fallacies, or lacks support.
31. If a student studies daily, they will improve their grades. Alex studies daily. Therefore, Alex will improve their grades.
Premises: If a student studies daily, they will improve their grades. Alex studies daily.
Conclusion: Alex will improve their grades.

32. All reptiles lay eggs. Snakes are reptiles. Therefore, snakes lay eggs.
Premises: All reptiles lay eggs. Snakes are reptiles.
Conclusion: Snakes lay eggs.

33. Most athletes follow strict diets. Eating healthy leads to better performance. Therefore, all athletes must follow strict diets to perform
well.
Premises: Most athletes follow strict diets. Eating healthy leads to better performance.
Conclusion: All athletes must follow strict diets to perform well.

34. If a phone has no battery, it won’t turn on. My phone has no battery. Therefore, my phone won’t turn on.
Premises: If a phone has no battery, it won’t turn on. My phone has no battery.
Conclusion: My phone won’t turn on.

35. Some dogs can be trained to detect diseases. Golden retrievers are dogs. Therefore, all golden retrievers can detect diseases.
Premises: Some dogs can be trained to detect diseases. Golden retrievers are dogs.
Conclusion: All golden retrievers can detect diseases.
36. People who eat a balanced diet tend to be healthier. Sarah eats a balanced diet. Therefore, Sarah will be healthier.
Premises: People who eat a balanced diet tend to be healthier. Sarah eats a balanced diet.
Conclusion: Sarah will be healthier.

37. Experts claim social media affects mental health. Therefore, social media must have a negative impact on mental health.
Premises: Experts claim social media affects mental health.
Conclusion: Social media must have a negative impact on mental health.

38. If a company has a strong marketing strategy, it will increase its sales. This company has a strong marketing strategy. Therefore, this
company will increase its sales.
Premises: If a company has a strong marketing strategy, it will increase its sales. This company has a strong marketing strategy.
Conclusion: This company will increase its sales.

39. Some people who work night shifts feel tired during the day. James works night shifts. Therefore, James feels tired during the day.
Premises: Some people who work night shifts feel tired during the day. James works night shifts.
Conclusion: James feels tired during the day.

40. Studies show that regular exercise improves mental health. Therefore, if you exercise regularly, your mental health will improve.
Premises: Studies show that regular exercise improves mental health.
Conclusion: If you exercise regularly, your mental health will improve.