Module 9 Address resolution
It’s sort of a mapping between your IP addresses (both IPv4 and IPv6) to the MAC adres (the hardware
adres of your NIC Layer 2 adres = datalink layer)
IP adres (network adres or layer 3 adres)
There is a (ARP)table in every machine that tells what is de IP adres of the neighbouring devices and
there corresponding MAC address. If a new device(s) is added to the network then it will update that
(ARP)table to get the new device(s) Mac address(es)
If you want to check out the ARP table lis then run this command in the command prompt: arp -a
That is your ARP table for IPv4
ARP is Adress Resolution Protocol (we need this because of IPv4 adresses)
This is to determine the destination MAC address of a local device when it knows its IPv4 address
So ARP basics function is:
- Resolve IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
- Maintaining an ARP table of IPv4 to MAC address mappings
For IPv6 the table is something else
ND IS Neighbor Discovery (we need ths because of IPv6 adresses)
Every device on a network has a NIC (Network Interface Controller) and has a MAC address associated
with it (layer 2 or datalink layer).
And as long as you are on the same network these mac addresses can communicate with each other.
When you want to communicate on another network(remote network) then the MAC address can only
go so far as your Gateway (so the destination will be the address of the router) after the router the IPv4
or IPv6 will take place. And that is responsible for sending a packet from a source to a destination device
Adressering en subnetting zijn heel belangrijk voor CCNA 1-2 and 3
Module 10 basic router configuration
When we go into the domain of routers then we will be connecting two different networks
Two networks that have different network addresses (the network address is not the same)
A router connects two different networks wereas a switch connects the same network together
A router is the “exit and entry” device of a network
Both are intermediare devices.
The basic commands of the router are the same as the switch. They both use the IOS (Internetwork
Operating System)
Everytime you go outside your LAN (Local Area Network) you go through a router. That port you go
through is known as your “default Gateway” (the gateway that gives you entry outside as well as
inside the network)
Configuring Initial router settings:
1. Configure the device name: A router should have a device name
2. Secure privileged EXEC mode
3. Secure user EXEC mode
4. Secure remote Telnet/SSH access
5. Encrypt all plaintext passwords
6. Provide legal notification and save configuration
Topologies Router
Default Gateway
What is the first prompt that u get when you are in a router? User EXEC mode
What does the “?” prompt do? It will give you a list of all of the commands that are available in that
mode.
What does the “enable” prompt do? It takes you to “privileged EXEC mode
TO SEE THE DIFFERENT COMMANDS AVAILABLE IN THIS MODE YOU CAN TYPE IN “?”
If you want to go back to User EXEC mode you should type “disable”
To exit out of the router completely you type in “exit”
The “>” changes to “#” when you go from user “EXEC mode” to “privileged EXEC mode”
“configure terminal” takes you to “Global Config mode”. Here is where you do most of the configuration
on your router
“exit” will get you out of the router
“Ctrl+c”, “Ctrl+z” will take you back to priveleged “EXEC mode”
=================================
Basic Router Commands
=================================
Router> ---User EXEC mode exit
Router> ?
Router> enable
---------------
Router# ---Privileged EXEC mode disable, exit
Router# ?
-----------------
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# ---Global Config mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
Router(config)# ?
-----------------
Router(config)# line vty 0 15
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# ---Line configuration mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
Router(config-line)# ?
----------------------------
Router(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0
Router(config-if)# ---Interface configuration mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
Router(config-if)# ?
----------------------------
Router#
Router# configure terminal
Router# show ?
Router# show running-config
Router# copy running-config startup-config
Router# ping [Link]
Router# traceroute [Link]
Router# ssh [Link]
Router# telnet [Link]
Router# debug ?
Router# clock set 07:14:00 October 15 2019
Router# reload
---------------------------------
Router(conf)#
Router(conf)# hostname R1
Router(conf)# banner motd "No unauthorized access allowed!"
Router(conf)# enable password class
Router(conf)# enable secret class
Router(conf)# service password-encryption
Router(config)# line vty 0 15
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0
----------------------------------------------------
Router(config-line)#
Router(config-line)# password cisco
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# transport input all (line vty)
----------------------------------------------------
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0
Router(config-if)# int g0/0 //command abbreviation
Router(config-if)# ip address [Link] [Link]
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
=================================
Basic Switch Commands
=================================
Switch> ---User EXEC mode exit
Switch> enable
---------------
Switch# ---Privileged EXEC mode disable, exit
-----------------
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# ---Global Config mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
-----------------
Switch(config)# line vty 0 15
Switch(config)# line console 0
Switch(config-line)# ---Line configuration mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
----------------------------
Switch(config)# interface vlan 1
Switch(config-if)# ---Interface configuration mode exit, end, Ctrl+c, Ctrl+z
----------------------------
Switch#
Switch# configure terminal
Switch# show ?
Switch# show running-config
Switch# copy running-config startup-config
Switch# ping [Link]
Switch# traceroute [Link]
Switch# ssh [Link]
Switch# telnet [Link]
Switch# debug ?
Switch# clock set 07:14:00 October 15 2019
Switch# reload
---------------------------------
Switch(conf)#
Switch(conf)# hostname R1
Switch(conf)# banner motd "No unauthorized access allowed!"
Switch(conf)# enable password class
Switch(conf)# enable secret class
Switch(conf)# service password-encryption
Switch(config)# line vty 0 15
Switch(config)# line console 0
Switch(config)# interface vlan 1
----------------------------------------------------
Switch(config-line)#
Switch(config-line)# password cisco
Switch(config-line)# login
Switch(config-line)# transport input all (line vty)
----------------------------------------------------
Switch(config-if)#
Switch(config-if)# interface vlan 1
Switch(config-if)# ip address [Link] [Link]
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
Switch(config-if)# exit
Switch(config)# ip default-gateway [Link]
Extra helpful commands:
=========================
Router(conf)# no ip domain-lookup //prevents miss-typed commands from being "translated..."
Router(conf-line)# logging synchronous //prevents logging output from interrupting your command
input
Telnet/SSH is used to access your router from a network. But it is not encrypted.
If we want to encrypt it we should give the “service password encryption” commands
The banner motd # message # is often used to issue a warning to any person that is not authorized to
make changes in a router.
To safe you router settings you should always type: “copy running-config startup-config”
All thesE configurations are saved in your NVRAM
CONFIGURE ROUTER INTERFACES
When you want to configure an interface you type the name of the interface first
To activate your interface you type in “no shutdown”
What is the broadcast ip address for this network?
VERIFY INTERFACE CONFIGURATION
CONFIGURE VERIFICATION COMMANDS
CONFIGURE VERIFICATION COMMANDS/ Display the content of the IP routing tables with the show ip
route and show ipv6 route
Default gateway
De standaardgateway (default gateway) wordt gebruikt wanneer een host een pakket naar een apparaat
op een ander netwerk verzendt.
Het standaard gateway-adres (default gateway) is over het algemeen het routerinterface-adres dat is
aangesloten op het lokale netwerk van de host.
Om PC3 te bereiken, adresseert PC1 een pakket met het IPv4-adres van PC3, maar stuurt het pakket
door naar zijn standaardgateway (default gateway), de G0/0/0-interface van R1.
Een switch moet een standaard gateway-adres hebben dat is geconfigureerd om de switch op afstand
vanaf het netwerk te kunnen beheren.
Om een standaard IPv4-gateway op een switch te configureren, gebruikt u de opdracht ip default-
gateway ip-address global configuration.
Module 13 Internet Control Message Protocol
Het Internet Control Message Protocol is een onderdeel van het Internetprotocol. Het wordt vooral
gebruikt door besturingssystemen voor het sturen van foutmeldingen, bijvoorbeeld om te melden dat
een bepaalde netwerkvoorziening niet beschikbaar is, of dat een bepaalde host of router niet bereikbaar
is.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) geeft onder bepaalde voorwaarden feedback over problemen
die verband houden met de verwerking van IP-pakketten.
ICMPv4 is het berichtenprotocol voor IPv4. ICMPv6 is het berichtenprotocol voor IPv6 en bevat extra
functionaliteit.
De ICMP-berichten die zowel ICMPv4 als ICMPv6 gemeen hebben, zijn onder meer:
• Bereikbaarheid van host
• Bestemming of service onbereikbaar
• Tijd overschreden
Een ICMP-bestemming onbereikbaar bericht (ICMP destination unreachable message) kan worden
gebruikt om de bron te informeren dat een bestemming of dienst onbereikbaar is.
Het ICMP-bericht bevat een code die aangeeft waarom het pakket niet kon worden afgeleverd.
Onbereikbare codes voor IPv4: Onbereikbare codes voor IPv6
• 0 – Net unreachable • 0 – No route to destination
• 1 – Host unreachable • 1 – Communication with the destination is
administratively prohibited (e.g., firewall)
• 2 – Protocol unreachable • 2 – Beyond scope of the source destination
• 3 – Port unreachable • 3 – address unreachable
• 4 – Port unreachable
ICMPv6 heeft nieuwe functies en verbeterde functionaliteit die niet te vinden zijn in ICMPv4, waaronder
vier nieuwe protocollen als onderdeel van het Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND of NDP):
• Router Solicitation (RS)-bericht
• Router Advertisement (RA)-bericht
• Neighbor Solicitation (NS) bericht
• Buuradvertentie (NA) bericht