CEE 4411:

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Course Teacher: Prof. Dr. Md. Tarek Uddin

 Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Materials
Chapter 2 Bricks
Chapter 3 Cement Chemistry
Chapter 4 Aggregates
Chapter 5 Cement and Lime Mortar
Chapter 6 Concrete
Chapter 7 Paints, Varnishes and Metallic Coating
Chapter 8 Rubber, Timber and Plastics
Chapter 9 Atomic Structures and Bonding
Chapter 10 Crystal Structure

2
 Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Materials

Stress:
Intensity of force or force per unit area is called stress.
Stress,  = P/A P
P

• Tensile Strength = Tensile

force/Area under tension

• Compressive Strength = P P
Compressive force/Area P
under compression
A A Area = A

Cross Section
(A-A)

3
Normal Stress:
The stress acting perpendicular to the cut surface is
referred as normal stress. The equation,  = P/A will give
the average normal stress. A refer to the average area at
the section which is perpendicular to the force P. (force
vector is perpendicular to the cross section).
P

L a a a a
σ = P/A
Δ
P
P P

4
Shear Stress:
A shear stress, often denoted by τ (Greek: tau),
is the component of stress coplanar with a
material cross section. Shear stress arises from
the force vector component parallel to the
cross section of the material. Normal stress, on
the other hand, arises from the force vector
component perpendicular to the material cross
section on which it acts.

τ = F/A A shearing force is applied to the top of the

rectangle while the bottom is held in place.
The resulting shear stress, τ, deforms the
rectangle into a parallelogram. The area
involved would be the top of the parallelogram
5
Strain:
Change in length per unit length is called strain. It is also
defined as the ratio of the change in shape to the original
shape is called strain.

Δ
P
P

6
Problem-1:
A prismatic bar with a circular cross section is subjected to
an axial tensile force of 100 kN. The measured elongation is
Δ = 1.5 mm. Calculate the tensile stress and strain in the bar.

100 kN
Cross-section
(D = 25 mm)
3.5 m
Solution:
Tensile Stress, σ = P/A = 100×1000/{π(25)2/4}
= 203.72 N/mm2 = 204 MPa
Strain, ε = Δ/L = 1.5/(3.5×1000) = 4.3 × 10-4 mm/mm
7
Problem-2: If the allowable stress at failure for the material is
35,000 psi and the applied load on the bar is P = 20,000 lb. What
does the minimum area require to prevent failure?
Solution:
σ = P/A  A = P/ σ = 20,000/35,000 = 0.57 in2

Problem-3: If the bar fails at strains greater than 0.15 and original
length of the bar is L = 10 ft, what is the maximum allowable
deformation before failure?
Solution:
ε = Δ/L  Δ = εL = 0.15×10 = 1.5 ft

8
STRENGTH: SHEAR STRENGTH:
Maximum stress that a material The maximum shear stress
can withstand without failure is which a material can
called strength. withstand without rupture is
called shear strength.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
The maximum compressive YIELD STRENGTH:
stress a material can withstand Yield strength is the stress at
without failure is called which a material exhibits a
compressive strength. specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and
TENSILE STRENGTH:
strain, that is, it indicates
The maximum tensile stress a
the end of elasticity and the
material can withstand without
beginning of plasticity.
failure is called tensile strength.

9
FLEXURAL STRENGTH:
Flexural strength is the strength of a material in bending, that
is, resistance to fracture.

SHEAR STRENGTH:
Maximum shear stress ε tan φ = εs/1
that causes shear failure
φ  φ = tan-1(εs)
of a material.
1

LONGITUDINAL STRENGTH:
Longitudinal strain is defined as the ratio of change in length to
original length.

10
 ∆𝑋

∆𝑋
𝛾= 𝐿

11
12
HOOK’S LAW:
Symbolically, this law can be expressed by the equation
 = E
Which simply means that stress is directly proportional to strain,
where the constant of proportionality is E. This constant E is called
the elastic modulus/modulus of elasticity/Young’s modulus
(intrinsic property of a material).
CONSTITUTIVE LAW:
It indicates the relationship between stress and strain. In the case
of Hooke’s law, stress is proportional to strain (linear relationship
between stress and strain).
POISSON’S RATIO:
Ratio of lateral (transverse) strain to longitudinal strain is called
Poisson’s ratio. μ = Lateral Strain/Longitudinal Strain
Typical values of Poisson’s ration : Concrete – 0.2, Steel – 0,3, Aluminium – 0.33, Rubber – 0.5
13
Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus:
Modulus of rigidity, designated as G, is the shearing modulus of
elasticity, which according to Hooke’s law is the constant
proportionality between shearing stress and shearing strain
during elastic behavior.
G = Shearing Stress/Shearing Strain = E/[2(1 + μ)]
Where, μ = Poison’s Ratio

Yield Strength or The Yield Point:

Yield strength or the yield point is defined in engineering and
materials science as the stress at which a material begins to
plastically deform.

14
Elasticity:
When a load is applied to a material, the material will deform
and when the load is released, the material will regain to its
original size. This property of the material is known as
elasticity.
Elastic Limit:
The minimum stress level above which the material will
undergo plastic deformation.
Proportional Limit:
The point at which the stress-strain curve becomes non-linear
is called proportional limit. In most metallic materials the
elastic limit and proportional limit are essentially the same.

15
Offset Yield Point (Proof Stress):
Due to the lack of a clear border between the elastic and
plastic regions in many materials, the yield point is often
defined as the stress at some arbitrary plastic strain (typically
0.2%, means 0.002 strain). This is determined by the
intersection of a line offset from the linear region by the
required strain.
Elastic Plastic

σy
Proof stress

σp Proportional Limit
Stress

0.002 Strain

16
Relaxation:
When deformation is kept constant, the required amount of
load for the said deformation will be reduced with time. This
phenomenon is called relaxation.

P
Reduction of load
due to relaxation
Tight Cable

T
Deformation is constant

17
Creep:
When a load is applied to a material, material will deform. If
the load is kept constant on the material, the deformation will
increase with time. This phenomenon is known as creep.
Creep Strain
Creep co-efficient =
Instantaneous Strain

Here,
 = Strain
T = Time
ε Creep Strain

Instantaneous
elastic strain
T

Load is constant

18
Fatigue Strength:
The maximum amount of stress that can be applied for 2106
cycles is called fatigue strength.
 Repetition of load
 Stress taking ability is reduced
Strength

Fatigue strength

Log Scale
Number of Cycles, N = 2106

19
Resilience/Modulus of Resilience:
It is the ability to absorb energy in the elastic range.
Resilience is defined as the capacity of a material to absorb
energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon
unloading to have this energy recovered.

σ=Eε MOR

σ
Stress (σ)

Modulus of Resilience = ½

= 2/2E
Unit – N/m2 = N-m/m3 = Joule/m3

ε Strain (ε)
Energy absorbed by the unit volume of material till elastic limit.
20
Toughness/Modulus of Toughness:
It is the ability to absorb or release energy in the plastic range.
It is the resistance of a material to fracture when stressed.

Modulus of toughness = the

σ=Eε
area under the entire stress-
strain curve
σ
Stress (σ)

MOT

ε Strain (ε)

Energy absorbed by the unit volume of material at fracture.

21
Hardness:
It is the resistance to deformation and forced penetration. In
materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid
material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation.
In other words, hardness is the resistance to wear.

Percentage of Elongation:
Amount of elongation at failure is called % elongation. In
other words, it’s a measurement of ductility.

∆
% elongation = 100
L
L
Strain (%)

(a measure of ductility)
22
Plasticity:
Plasticity is a property of a material to undergo a non-
reversible change of shape in response to an applied force. If
the loading is too great then a residual strain or permanent
strain remains in the material. The corresponding residual
elongation of the bar is called the permanent set (residual
strain). The material is said to be partially elastic.
Loading
Stress (σ)

Unloading

Strain (ε)
Residual Elastic
Strain Recovery
23
Malleability:
The ability of a material to take a new shape when
hammered or rolled is called malleability. It is the physical
property of metals and metalloids, or generally of any kind of
matter. A malleable metal can easily be deformed, especially
by hammering or rolling.

Brittleness:
It is the tendency of a material to break before it undergoes
plastic deformation. Materials that fail in tension at
relatively low values of strain are classified as brittle
materials. Example: concrete, ceramics, glasses, polymers.

24
Ductility:
Ability to have large deformation before failure is called
ductility. Example: Gold, silver, copper.
(ductile materials – compressive strength = tensile strength)
Stiffness: (structural property)
Load required for unit deformation is called stiffness. It is an
intensive material property. The stiffness k of a body that
deflects a distance d under an applied force P is k = P/

Linear Hardening
Linear

P k P Softening
PαΔ
1

Δ Δ

25
Stress-Strain Curve for Steel:

 Stress is directly
proportional to Strain
up to proportional limit
 Material will yield
 Strain hardening
 Neck formation
 Failure of the material

26
 Upper yield point

lower yield point

Hardening
Stress (σ)

Unloading line
following initial slope

Strain (ε)
Fig: Typical Stress-Strain curve for Mild Steel

27
 Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete:

 Elasto-plastic
material
 Stress is directly
proportional to strain

Stress
up to a limit of stress.
Beyond this stress,
stress is not 0.45 fc
proportional to strain
 No yielding
0 0.001 0.002 0.003
 Stress-Stress curve
is non-linear. Strain

28
Stress-Strain Curve for Rubber:

Linear – softening – hardening

29
Grade of Steel:
When a grade of steel is increased then material will become
brittle hence, material will take less strain.
Example: 40 grade means Yield Strength is 40,000 Psi or 40
ksi. Similarly, 60 grade means Yield Strength is 60,000 Psi or
60 ksi.

Fig: Typical stress-

strain curves for
current reinforcing
steels with minimum
specified yield points fy
for 40 to 90 ksi

30
Fig: Typical Concrete stress-strain curves

31
How to get Young’s Modulus:
According to Hook’s Law, we can say that,  = E
Which simply means that stress is directly proportional
to strain, where the constant of proportionality is E. This
constant E is called the elastic modulus/modulus of
elasticity/Young’s modulus.
Slope of stress strain curve is called Young’s modulus. We
can get young’s modulus by the following three methods
1. Initial tangent modulus
2. Secant modulus
3. Tangent modulus

32
 A θA
Stress (σ)

B tan θA = tangent modulus

tan θo = Initial tangent modulus
tan θOB = Secant modulus

θOB

θo
O
Strain (ε)

33
 Stress (σ) f’c

f′c

tan θ = Y M of Concrete
0.45f′c

0.0005 Strain (ε)

34
35
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

S2

𝜃
S1 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

0.000050 𝜀2
36
37
Hysteresis Loop:
For materials exhibiting creep behavior, when a stress is
applied, the strain will increase with time. If stress is applied at
a slower rate (i.e. over a longer period of time), the resulted
strain will be more than that due to a stress applied at a rapid
rate. For creeping materials, the loading and unloading curves
do not overlap with one another. The area between the two
curves (called the hysteresis loop) reflects the energy
absorbed by the material over a loading/unloading cycle. This
energy absorption varies with loading rate, and is highest at an
intermediate loading rate.

38
Area between loading and unloading curves – Hysteresis Loop - Energy absorbed
by the material. 39
 High Loading rate
Intermediate Loading
rate
Stress (σ)

Low Loading

Stress (σ)
rate

Strain (ε)
Strain (ε)
Fig: Hysteresis Behavior under High and Low
Loading Rates

40
Seismic zone Map
: BNBC 2020

41
 42
(SDC – A is not specified as in BNBC 2020
Zone 3 (z=0.28) and Zone 4
(z=0.36) are defined as SDC D.
Fy = 60 ksi (maximum).

43
 Rebar Grades as per ASTM Carbon-Steel Bar

Attribute ASTM A 615 ASTM A 615 ASTM A 615

Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 75

ORIGIN U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.

Yield strength, Fy,MPa 280 Min. 420 Min. 520 Min.

Ultimate strength Ts, 420 Min. 620 Min. 690 Min.

MPa
Elongation Gauge 203.2mm 203.2mm 203.2mm

Elongation: Fracture 11% - 12% 7% - 9% 6% - 7%

Elongation: Max. Force N.A. N.A. N.A.

44
The engineering community's requirements for
reinforcing bars with controlled tensile properties
(more ductility) for earthquake-resistant
structures and controlled chemical composition
for weld ability.

45
Low Alloy Steel

46
ASTM A706

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel

Halt-of-Force Method

YP OM EUL 55
56
Yield Strength • Industries are in
favor of this
method.

Specified Offset
• ACI 318-19
0.2%
(Examples of 0.1% are
also available)

OM-Offset Method
57
Yield Strength • ASTM E8

Specified Extension Under

Examples are also
Load (EUL) available for 0.3%
and 0.35% EUL (it is a
0.5% debate).

Extension Under Load (EUL) Method 58

Results from this study indicate that ASTM
A706 reinforcing steel exhibits lower critical
chloride threshold levels and higher corrosion
rates than ASTM A615 reinforcing steel when
embedded in cementitious materials. The
average critical chloride threshold for the
ASTM A615 steel was approximately four times
that of the ASTM A706 reinforcing bar.

Need further research

59
ASTM A706 has tighter limitations on chemistry and
metallurgical properties than A615. It allows for the bar to
be weldable, as you noted, but it also provides reliable
strength limits and better ductility than an A615 bar.

60
 Unit Conversion from Psi to Mpa

1 psi = 1 lb/in2
1 psi = 1453.6 gm/in2 [1 lb = 453.6 gm]
1 psi = 1453.6/[1000(2.54)2] kg/cm2 [1 in = 2.54 cm]
1 psi = 1453.6(100)2/[1000(2.54)2] kg/m2
1 psi = 1453.6(100)29.81/[1000(2.54)2] N/m2 [1 kg = 9.81 N]
1 psi = 6897.23 N/mm2 or Pa
1 psi = 6897.23/106 Mpa [1 Mpa = 106 Pa]

1 Mpa = 106/6897.23 psi = 145 psi

61
 2
1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

62
Problem - 4: Calculate the stiffness for the spring shown below:

k Lo k

Δ = 2 in

P = 5 kip

Problem -5: A 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height concrete

cylinder was tested for evaluating its stress-strain curve, Young’s
modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strength. The test results are
given in the attached sheet. Draw the stress-strain curves (use
MPa unit and Psi for stress units) and determine the other
values.
63
SL Load (kN) Strain (in/in) SL Load (kN) Strain (in/in)
1 5.33 0.00002 47 236.10 0.00086
2 10.32 0.0000425 48 240.76 0.0008775
3 15.65 0.00006 49 245.75 0.0009
4 20.65 0.00008 50 250.42 0.0009175
5 25.64 0.0001 51 255.41 0.0009375
6 31.3 0.00012 52 260.74 0.00096
7 36.63 0.00014 53 265.73 0.00098
8 41.29 0.000155 54 270.06 0.001
9 45.95 0.00017 55 275.39 0.0010225
10 51.28 0.0001875 56 280.39 0.0010425
11 55.61 0.0002025 57 285.38 0.0010675
12 60.61 0.00022 58 290.71 0.00109
13 65.93 0.000235 59 295.70 0.0011125
14 70.93 0.0002525 60 300.37 0.001135
15 75.59 0.00027 61 305.03 0.001155
16 80.92 0.000285 62 310.69 0.00118
17 86.25 0.0003025 63 315.35 0.0012025
18 90.91 0.00032 64 320.35 0.0012275
19 95.57 0.000335 65 325.67 0.0012525
20 100.9 0.000355 66 330.67 0.001275
21 105.89 0.00037 67 335.66 0.0013025
22 110.56 0.0003875 68 340.66 0.001325
23 115.88 0.000405 69 345.65 0.0013525
64
SL Load (kN) Strain (in/in) SL Load (kN) Strain (in/in)
24 120.55 0.0004225 70 350.98 0.00138
25 126.21 0.0004425 71 355.64 0.001405
26 130.87 0.0004575 72 360.64 0.001435
27 135.53 0.000475 73 365.97 0.0014625
28 141.19 0.0004975 74 370.96 0.0014925
29 145.85 0.000515 75 375.96 0.0015175
30 150.85 0.00053 76 380.62 0.0015475
31 155.18 0.00055 77 385.61 0.0015775
32 161.17 0.00057 78 390.94 0.00161
33 165.83 0.0005875 79 395.94 0.0016425
34 170.83 0.000605 80 400.93 0.0016775
35 175.49 0.0006225 81 405.59 0.0017075
36 181.15 0.0006425 82 410.59 0.001745
37 185.81 0.000665 83 415.58 0.0017825
38 190.81 0.0006825 84 420.58 0.0018225
39 195.47 0.0006975 85 425.57 0.001865
40 201.13 0.00072 86 430.57 0.00191
41 205.79 0.0007375 87 435.56 0.00196
42 210.46 0.0007575 88 440.23 0.0020125
43 216.12 0.0007775 89 445.22 0.0020725
44 220.78 0.0007975 90 450.22 0.0021525
45 226.11 0.0008175 91 455.21 0.0022775
46 230.77 0.0008375 92 447.89 0.002525
65
Solution:
Calculation:
Diameter of cylinder = 10 cm = 100 mm
Area of the cylinder = (π/4) × (100)2 = 7853.98 mm2
Load = 5.33 kN = 5330 N
Stress = 5330/7853.98 = 0.678 N/mm2 = 0.678 MPa
= (0.678 × 145) psi = 98.36 psi

66
Load (kN) Load (N) Stress (MPa) Stress (Psi) Strain Load (kN) Load (N) Stress (MPa) Stress (Psi) Strain
0 0 0 0 0 141.19 141190 17.97 2605.60 0.0004975
5.33 5330 0.68 98.36 0.0000200 145.85 145850 18.56 2691.60 0.0005150
10.32 10320 1.31 190.45 0.0000425 150.85 150850 19.20 2783.87 0.0005300
15.65 15650 1.99 288.81 0.0000600 155.18 155180 19.75 2863.78 0.0005500
20.65 20650 2.63 381.09 0.0000800 161.17 161170 20.51 2974.32 0.0005700
25.64 25640 3.26 473.17 0.0001000 165.83 165830 21.11 3060.32 0.0005875
31.30 31300 3.98 577.63 0.0001200 170.83 170830 21.74 3152.59 0.0006050
36.63 36630 4.66 675.99 0.0001400 175.49 175490 22.34 3238.59 0.0006225
41.29 41290 5.26 761.99 0.0001550 181.15 181150 23.06 3343.04 0.0006425
45.95 45950 5.85 847.99 0.0001700 185.81 185810 23.65 3429.04 0.0006650
51.28 51280 6.53 946.35 0.0001875 190.81 190810 24.28 3521.31 0.0006825
55.61 55610 7.08 1026.26 0.0002025 195.47 195470 24.88 3607.31 0.0006975
60.61 60610 7.71 1118.53 0.0002200 201.13 201130 25.60 3711.76 0.0007200
65.93 65930 8.39 1216.71 0.0002350 205.79 205790 26.19 3797.76 0.0007375
70.93 70930 9.03 1308.98 0.0002525 210.46 210460 26.79 3883.94 0.0007575
75.59 75590 9.62 1394.98 0.0002700 216.12 216120 27.51 3988.40 0.0007775
80.92 80920 10.30 1493.34 0.0002850 220.78 220780 28.10 4074.39 0.0007975
86.25 86250 10.98 1591.70 0.0003025 226.11 226110 28.78 4172.76 0.0008175
90.91 90910 11.57 1677.70 0.0003200 230.77 230770 29.37 4258.76 0.0008375
95.57 95570 12.16 1763.70 0.0003350 236.10 236100 30.05 4357.12 0.0008600
100.90 100900 12.84 1862.06 0.0003550 240.76 240760 30.64 4443.12 0.0008775
105.89 105890 13.48 1954.15 0.0003700 245.75 245750 31.28 4535.20 0.0009000
110.56 110560 14.07 2040.33 0.0003875 250.42 250420 31.87 4621.39 0.0009175
115.88 115880 14.75 2138.51 0.0004050 255.41 255410 32.51 4713.48 0.0009375
120.55 120550 15.34 2224.70 0.0004225 260.74 260740 33.19 4811.84 0.0009600
126.21 126210 16.06 2329.15 0.0004425 265.73 265730 33.82 4903.93 0.0009800
130.87 130870 16.66 2415.15 0.0004575 270.06 270060 34.37 4983.83 0.0010000
135.53 135530 17.25 2501.14 0.0004750 275.39 275390 35.05 5082.20 0.0010225

67
Load (kN) Load (N) Stress (MPa) Stress (Psi) Strain
280.39 280390 35.69 5174.47 0.0010425 Load (kN) Load (N) Stress (MPa) Stress (Psi) Strain
285.38 285380 36.32 5266.56 0.0010675
395.94 395940 50.39 7306.89 0.0016425
290.71 290710 37.00 5364.92 0.0010900
295.70 295700 37.63 5457.01 0.0011125 400.93 400930 51.03 7398.98 0.0016775
300.37 300370 38.23 5543.19 0.0011350 405.59 405590 51.62 7484.98 0.0017075
305.03 305030 38.82 5629.19 0.0011550 410.59 410590 52.26 7577.25 0.0017450
310.69 310690 39.54 5733.64 0.0011800
415.58 415580 52.89 7669.34 0.0017825
315.35 315350 40.14 5819.64 0.0012025
320.35 320350 40.77 5911.91 0.0012275 420.58 420580 53.53 7761.61 0.0018225
325.67 325670 41.45 6010.09 0.0012525 425.57 425570 54.16 7853.70 0.0018650
330.67 330670 42.09 6102.36 0.0012750 430.57 430570 54.80 7945.97 0.0019100
335.66 335660 42.72 6194.45 0.0013025
435.56 435560 55.43 8038.06 0.0019600
340.66 340660 43.36 6286.73 0.0013250
345.65 345650 43.99 6378.81 0.0013525 440.23 440230 56.03 8124.24 0.0020125
350.98 350980 44.67 6477.18 0.0013800 445.22 445220 56.66 8216.33 0.0020725
355.64 355640 45.26 6563.17 0.0014050 450.22 450220 57.30 8308.61 0.0021525
360.64 360640 45.90 6655.45 0.0014350
455.21 455210 57.94 8400.69 0.0022775
365.97 365970 46.58 6753.81 0.0014625
370.96 370960 47.21 6845.90 0.0014925 447.89 447890 57.00 8265.61 0.0025250
375.96 375960 47.85 6938.17 0.0015175
380.62 380620 48.44 7024.17 0.0015475
385.61 385610 49.08 7116.26 0.0015775
390.94 390940 49.76 7214.62 0.0016100

68
 Stress-Strain curve of Concrete
10000

8000
Stress (Psi)

6000

4000

2000

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
Strain
Stress-strain curve of concrete
80
Stress (MPa)

60

40

Ultimate Strength = 57.94 MPa

20
Modulus of Elasticity = 28.77 MPa

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
Strain

69
 Dial Gauge
Load (kN)
Reading
0 0
Problem 6: The load and dial 5 7
gauge reading of a rod tested for 10 20
15 27
tensile strength is summarized 20 39
below: 25 49
 Gauge Length = 2 inch 30 63
35 76
 1 Div of Dial Gauge = 0.001 mm 40 83
 Bar Diameter = 0.5 inch 45 90
50 104
55 117
60 129
65 225
70 465
75 5080
70 10160

70
71
Draw the “stress-strain curve” (strain axis – from 0 to 0.2)
(i) Draw the “stress-strain curve” (strain axis – 0 to 0.02)
(ii) Determine the “yield strength”
(iii) Determine the “ultimate strength”
(iv) Determine the ratio between “yield strength” and “ultimate strength”
(v) Make Comments on the results

Solution:
Calculation:
Gauge Length = 2 inch = 2 × 25.4 = 50.8 mm
Bar diameter = 0.5 inch = 0.5 × 25.4 = 12.7 mm
Area of bar = (π/4) × (12.7)2 = 126.73 mm2
Stress = 5000/126.73 = 39.45462436 N/mm2
Elongation = 7 × 0.001 = 0.007 mm
Strain = 0.07/50.8 = 0.000137795

72
Load Load Stress Dial Gauge Elongation
Strain
(kN) (N) (N/mm2) Reading (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 5000 39.45462436 7 0.007 0.000137795
10 10000 78.90924873 20 0.02 0.000393701
15 15000 118.3638731 27 0.027 0.000531496
20 20000 157.8184975 39 0.039 0.000767717
25 25000 197.2731218 49 0.049 0.000964567
30 30000 236.7277462 63 0.063 0.001240157
35 35000 276.1823705 76 0.076 0.001496063
40 40000 315.6369949 83 0.083 0.001633858
45 45000 355.0916193 90 0.09 0.001771654
50 50000 394.5462436 104 0.104 0.002047244
55 55000 434.000868 117 0.117 0.00230315
60 60000 473.4554924 129 0.129 0.00253937
65 65000 512.9101167 225 0.225 0.004429134
70 70000 552.3647411 465 0.465 0.009153543
75 75000 591.8193655 5080 5.08 0.1
70 70000 552.3647411 10160 10.16 0.2

73
74
75
 Calculate the MoR, MoT, plastic work at fracture and energy released (elastic) at fracture .
Stress (MPa)
310 Modulus of Resilience (MoR)
Modulus of Toughness (MoT)
270

E= 70 GPa

Strain
270/70000=0.00386 0.17

MoR = Energy absorbed up to elastic limit = 270*270/(2*70000) = 0.52 MPa = 0.52 * 10^6 J/m3
Trapezoidal Area = (270+310)/2*(0.17 – 0.00386) = 48.18 MPa
MOT = 0.52 + 48.18 = 48.7 MPa = 48.7 X 10^6 J/m3 76
310

270
E= 70 GPa

Strain
270/70000=0.00386 0.17
Elastic Strain (release as sound at fracture)
Plastic Strain (as deformation)

Residual Strain = 0.17 – 310/70000 = 0.1656

Elastic Energy = (0.17 – 0.1656)*1/2*310 = 0.68 x10^6 J/m3

Plastic Energy = 48.7 – 0.68 = 48.02 X 10^6 J/m3
77
Assignment: Assignment:
1. Define the following terms:
a) Compressive Stress

1. Define the following terms:

b) Tensile Stress
c) Shear Stress
d) Strain
e) Shear Strain
f) Elasticity
g) Elastic Limit
h) Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
i) Modulus of Rigidity
j) Poisson’s Ratio
k) Plasticity
l) Malleability
m) Brittleness
n) Stiffness
o) Ductility
p) Toughness

a) Compressive Stress q) Fatigue

b) Tensile Stress r) Hardness
c) Shear Stress s) Resilience
d) Strain t) Creep
e) Shear Strain
f) Elasticity
g) Elastic Limit
h) Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
i) Modulus of Rigidity
j) Poisson’s Ratio
k) Plasticity
l) Malleability
m) Brittleness
n) Stiffness
o) Ductility
p) Toughness

78
 Assignment.. Cont……

2. Define stress and strain. Draw the stress-strain curve of mild steel and
explain the different parts of this diagram.
3. Draw typical stress-strain curves of steel for different grades (lower to
higher).
4. Write a short note on ductility and brittleness.
5. How to determine yield point of a brittle material-explain.
6. How do you determine Young’s modulus of concrete from stress-strain
curve?
7. Define the following mechanical properties of a material:
(i) Malleability
(ii) Creep
(iii) Toughness
8. Draw typical stress strain curves of rubber and copper.

79
80
81