AUTO SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATOR
WITH GRID USING MICRO CONTROLLER
E 84 Project
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of B.E. degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Anna University
Submitted by
Sagaya Steffy.A
(10E95)
and
Elamathi S.N
(10E28)
Guided by
Dr. S. Latha
Associate professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated To Anna University)
MADURAI – 625 015
April 2014
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THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University)
MADURAI – 625 015.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the E84 Project done by
Ms. [Link] STEFFY (10E95) and Ms. [Link] (10E28)
of Eighth Semester B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the
year 2014 - 2015.
Signature of the Guide Signature of H.D.E.E
Station: Madurai Date:
Submitted for Viva-Voce examination held at Thiagarajar College of
Engineering, Madurai – 625 015, on __________________.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER H.D.E.E.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the E84 Project Report entitled “AUTO
SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATOR WITH GRID USING MICRO
CONTROLLER”, being submitted by Ms. SAGAYA STEFFY. A and
Ms. ELAMATHI S.N in partial fulfillment for the requirement of Bachelor of
Engineering Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, is a record of
bonafide work. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to
any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Ms. SAGAYA STEFFY. A Dr. S. LATHA
(Student’s signature) (guide signature)
Ms. ELAMATHI S.N
(Student’s signature)
Station: Madurai Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful
completion of any task would be incomplete without thanking and
acknowledging few people who were responsible for the completion of our
project.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to
[Link] KUMAR, Principal of Thiagarajar College of Engineering
for his support and encouragement throughout this project work.
We deem it a privilege to thank the external guide [Link]
/AE/E/EM-I/MTPS for his extensive support to successively carryout this
project.
We express our gratefulness to [Link], M.E, Ph.D., Head of
the department Electrical & Electronics Engineering, who has always
encouraged us in all the moments.
We would like to sincerely thank [Link], M.E, Ph.D., Associate
Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, who spent her valuable
time and guided us to complete our project successfully.
We also thank all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff, and those
who have directly or indirectly helped us by extending their moral support
and encouragement for completion of this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our department staffs, parents
and friends who always have been encourage part in helping us through
tough times.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter TITLE Page No.
No.
Title Page i
Bonafide Certificate ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of contents v
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
Abstract ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Working Of Thermal Power Plant 3
1.2 Necessary Conditions For Synchronization 9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Synchronization Procedure in Plant 10
2.2 Dark Lamp Method 11
2.3 Two Bright and One Dark Lamp Method 11
2.4 Synchronizing by Synchroscope 12
2.5 Existing System in Power Plant 13
3 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 14
3.1 Demerits Of the Existing System 14
3.2 Need For Auto Synchronization 14
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 15
4.1 Block Diagram 15
4.2 Components Description 16
4.3 Selection Of MicroController 16
4.4 PIC 16F877A 17
4.4.1 Features Of PIC 16F877A 18
4.4.2 Pin diagram of PIC 16F877A 20
4.4.3 Pin description 20
4.5 Liquid crystal display 21
4.5.1 Pin details 22
4.5.2 Functioning of LCD 23
5 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION 24
5.1 Voltage Measurement Circuit 24
5.2 Frequency Measurement Circuit 25
5.3 Phase Measurement Circuit 28
5.4 TRIAC control Circuit 30
5.5 DAC Circuit 31
5.6 Power Supply Circuit 33
6 PROGRAMMING 35
6.1 Microcontroller Programming 35
6.2 Program Coding 35
6.3 LCD Interfacing with PIC 38
7 RESULTS 43
7.1 Advantages Of Controller Based System 43
8 CONCLUSION 44
REFERENCES 45
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page No.
No.
1.1 Mettur Thermal Power Plant 1
1.2 Unit Overview 3
1.3 Generator Overview 6
1.4 Single Line Diagram 8
2.1 Synchronizing Panel 10
2.2 Dark Lamp Method 11
2.3 Two Bright and One Dark Lamp Method 11
2.4 Synchronizing by Synchroscope 13
2.5 Relay panel 13
4.1 Block Diagram 15
4.2 PIC 16F877A 17
4.3 Pin Diagram 20
4.4 LCD Display 22
4.5 Functioning Of LCD 23
5.1 Voltage Measurement Circuit 24
5.2 Simulation Output 25
5.3 ZCD Simulation Output 1 27
5.4 ZCD Simulation Output 2 27
5.5 Phase Measurement Circuit 28
5.6 Simulation Output for RYB Sequence 29
5.7 Simulation Output for RBY Sequence 29
5.8 Triac Control Circuit 30
5.9 Simulation Output for Control Circuit 31
5.10 DAC Circuit 32
5.11 Block Diagram for Power Supply Circuit 33
5.12 Circuit Diagram for Power Supply Circuit 33
5.13 Power Supply Module 34
7.1 Overall Module 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page No.
No.
1.1 Salient features Of Thermal Power Plant 2
4.1 Pin Diagram Description of PIC16F877A Table 1 20
4.2 Pin Diagram Description of PIC16F877A Table 2 21
4.3 Pin Details Of LCD 22
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ABSTRACT
The manual method of synchronization demands a skilled operator and the
method is suitable for no load operation or normal frequency condition.
Traditional methods involve Bright lamp or Dark lamp method. In these methods
accurate results are not obtained. Hence synchroscope is adopted in which how
fast the machine is running can be identified and the exact time at which the
synchronization to be taken place. Time delay and précised measurement are the
major drawbacks in manual synchronization. Thus there is a need of Auto
Synchronization in a power station for the effective operation. Nowadays in
power plant Micro-processor based relays are used for synchronization. A new
method is proposed to synchronize the parameters based on Micro controller. As
in processor based system it is necessary to generate a frequency generating unit
for ADC but in PIC16F877 we have an in-built ADC i.e. The voltages,
frequencies and phase sequences of the two machines are transferred to the Micro
controller. These data are monitored and evaluated by the Control algorithm
coded into the Micro controller. Then the slip and voltage difference
measurements as an error signal are also send to the control unit. The control unit
then adjusts the machine parameters to minimize the error until the synchronizing
acceptance criteria are met. Hence this proposed method of synchronization is
fast, cost effective, reliable and precise to be used for monitoring, measurement
and parallel operation of the synchronous machines.A protype model is
developed
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