HSS1003 202425 Sem3

OBJECTIVES
意識
To learn the concept of consciousness and related knowledge:

1. The structure and level of consciousness

2. Rhythms of sleeping and waking---cycles of everyday consciousness
3. Theories and functions of sleep and dreaming

LECTURE 3 Consciousness
Sleep and dream

CONSCIOUSNESS IS… 1. THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

freud's theory
Classical psychoanalytic theories conceptualize consciousness as
• Awareness of internal events and external stimulation organized into distinct parts:
• The conscious – the part of the mind that is being aware of
• States of wakefulness
• The nonconscious – brain process that does not involve
• Varying levels of information processing conscious processing (e.g. heart rate, breathing, control of
• A knowledge of being internal organs)
• The unconscious – the part of the mind that is kept away
from awareness
1. THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Classical psychoanalytic theories
• The subconscious /preconscious conceptualize consciousness as organized
• memories that are not currently activated but are into distinct parts:
ready to be recalled
• a store of information that is currently present but not The conscious – the part of the mind that is being
attended to aware of
can be accessed, but effort is needed
The unconscious – the part of the mind that is kept
away from awareness unwanted, cannot be seen
need therapist to dig out through conversation

The preconscious – memories that are not currently

activated but are ready to be recalled
The subconscious – a store of information that is
currently present but not attended to
accessible, beneath the surface

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS

• Different states • Different states
– Consciousness – Focused attention - Controlled processes executive function
• refers to different levels of awareness • require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some
goal; usually interfere with execution of other ongoing activities
of one’s thoughts and feelings
– Normal wakefulness - Automatic processes
– Continuum of consciousness • require little awareness, take minimal attention, and don’t
• refers to a wide range of experiences, interfere with other ongoing activities
from being acutely aware and alert to – Daydreaming
being totally unaware and • requires low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic
unresponsive processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake
 CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS
• Different states
• Sleep and dreams
– Altered states – Sleep
– Result from using any number of procedures, such as • consists of five stages that involve different levels of
meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness as well as
deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs different levels of physiological arousal
from normal consciousness • deepest state of sleep borders on unconsciousness
• meditation is an altered state – Dreaming REM sleep
• unique state of consciousness in which we’re asleep but
安眠藥, marjiurna, hallucination, delusion- psychotic state, distorted reality, schizophrenic state
experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile
images

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS

• Unconscious and implicit memory • Unconscious
– Freud’s theory, when we’re faced with very threatening – Can result from disease, trauma, a blow to the head,
wishes or desires, especially if they’re sexual or or general medical anesthesia
aggressive – Results in total lack of sensory awareness and
– Defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment
unconscious
– Can’t voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts

• Implicit or nondeclarative memory

– Learning without awareness
– Occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits
 APPLICATION:
APPLICATION: SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION
- minimium sensation detected threshold if they are strong enough,
- subliminal preception (too weak to be consciously seen) they pass through conscious mind
too weak,
subconscious/
• Subliminal message in advertisement
subliminal perception
• Subliminal perception • What do you see in the AD?
• (Psychology:Themes and Variations 5th Eds;
• stimuli that are too weak or p.129)
too brief to be consciously
seen or heard or detected
• may be strong enough to be
received

APPLICATION: SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION 2. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING

• Subliminal message in film will affect our decision making

– “Eat popcorn” (Psychology:Themes and Variations 5th Eds; p.129)

– claimed 58% sales increased • Biological clocks
– findings matched with Freud’s idea about unconsciousness: our – Biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically
behaviors will be influenced by information in unconsciousness
– (McConnell, J. V., Cutler, R.L., McNeil, E.B. (1958). Subliminal
set to regulate various physiological responses for different
stimulation: An overview. Amercian Psychologist, 13, 229-242) periods of time

• Circadian rhythm (circa = approx & diem = day) the 24-hour cycle.
– Refers to a biological clock that’s genetically programmed to
regulate physiological responses within a period of 24 hours
 2. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D) RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
(CONT’D)
• Location of biological clocks
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN
• part of hypothalamus 下視 fleeing, fight, sex, feeding
• lies in the lower middle of the brain
• regulates a number of circadian rhythms
• regulates sleep-wake cycle
• regulates melatonin 褪黑素 secretion by the
pineal gland - highly responsive to change in
light melatonin- sleepy

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF WAKEFULNESS & RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)

BODY TEMPERATURE – Interval timing clock if there is changes in biological body
• can be started and stopped like a stopwatch
• gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours
• helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to
start or stop doing some activity
• located in the basal ganglia

– Food-entrainable circadian clock

• “midnight snack” clock
• regulates eating patterns in people and animals
• obese people might have an abnormality in their clock (located in
hypothalamus)
 RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D) RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
• Circadian problems and treatments affect greatly by sunlight
• Circadian problems and treatments
Shift workers
 can result in decreased performance in cognitive and motor skills
– Resetting clock
 sleep-wake clocks have prepared bodies for sleep (means workers feel
• light therapy: use of bright artificial light to reset circadian
sleepy, are less attentive and alert, and are often in a lousy mood) clocks and combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift
workers and jet lag sufferers
Jet lag
• helps people with sleeping disorders in which the body fails to
 experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills
stay in time with the external environment
 occurs when travelers’ biological circadian clocks are out of step or
synchrony with the external clock times at their new location

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D) 3. STAGES OF SLEEP

• Circadian problems and treatments The best physiological index of variations in consciousness is the EEG,
which records activity from broad swaths of the sculp.
– Melatonin
• hormone secreted by the pineal gland (oval-shaped group of The electroencephalograph (EEG) is a device that monitors the
cells in the center of the brain) electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes
• melatonin secretion increases with darkness and decreases with attached to the surface of electrode measure average brain activity
light the scalp. Ultimately, the EEG summarizes the rhythm of cortical activity in the
brain in terms of line
• suprachiasmatic nucleus; regulates the secretion of melatonin
tracings called brain waves. (p.181; refer to Table 5.1)
• plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and in
promoting sleep
 BRAIN WAVES DURING SLEEP BRAIN WAVES DURING SLEEP
BETA wave

wave more frequent

aptitude is getting higher

REM sleep similar to awakefulness, muscle tension is very relaxed, paradoxical sleep pattern

For advance learning only For advance learning only

3. STAGES OF SLEEP
3. STAGES OF SLEEP
Stages of sleep
–Distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying
physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through
different phases of sleep

for advanced
learning •Wakefulness
•Beta wave and alpha wave activity
•Alpha stage
•Feeling of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed
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 additional information
HUMAN SLEEP CYCLES
3. STAGES OF SLEEP if you don't sleep enough, your memory gets weaker and weaker

repairing cells when sleeping

NREM is deep sleep
REM is shallow sleep
• Non-REM sleep deep sleep sufficient REM sleep to restore brain functions,
we can have better condition
muscle relaxed
if we have dreams in REM sleep, we can
recall the dreams
– Where you spend approximately 80% of your sleep time
– Divided into four stages, identified by a particular pattern of
brain waves and physiological responses
– Begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4

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3. STAGES OF SLEEP 3. STAGES OF SLEEP

• Non-REM sleep • Non-REM sleep

– Stage 1 sleep- Theta waves – Stage 2 sleep everything slows down

• transition from wakefulness to sleep that lasts one to seven minutes • Lasts for 20 minutes
• gradually lose responsiveness to stimuli and experience drifting • beginning of what we know as sleep
thoughts and images • high-frequency bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles
• Experience sensations such as falling or floating • muscle tension, body temperature, and heart rate gradually
decrease
• more difficult to be awakened
 3. STAGES OF SLEEP 3. STAGES OF SLEEP
• Non-REM sleep • REM sleep

– Stages 3 and 4 - Delta waves – Makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time
• also called slow wave or delta sleep – Also known as “Paradoxical sleep”, because it is deep sleep in some ways and light in others
• waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency – Stands for “rapid eye movement”
• stage 4 is often considered the deepest stage of sleep; most – Eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
difficult to be awakened from – Pass into REM sleep about five or six times throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes
• heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain between periods
are reduced – REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes, then passes into non-REM sleep
• marked secretion of growth hormone (GH), which controls levels
of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development – Dreams can be recalled easily in this stage
• Strengthen episodic memory – Help facilitate the storage of memories and mental strategies, processes emotional experiences

3. STAGES OF SLEEP QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP

• REM sleep
• According to a national survey
– REM behavior disorder
• usually occurs in older people – 16% of adults sleep less than six hours
• voluntary muscles aren’t paralyzed – 24% sleep 6 to 6.9 hours
• sleepers can and do act out their dreams such as fighting off attackers in dreams – 31% sleep 7 to 7.9 hours
– REM rebound – 26% sleep 8 or more hours
• refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they – Average: 6.9 hours a night
were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights
WHY DO I SLEEP? WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)

– Repair theory
• activities during the day deplete key factors in brain/body that sleep
replenishes or repairs
• primarily a restorative process

– Adaptive theory sleep keeps us safe, sleep at night - hide from nocturnal predators

• sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from

wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal
baby sleeps for 20 hours, decreasing REM sleep as we age
predators

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16 FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
14

12

Waking
▪ Stores body tissues and facilitates body growth
10
Hours

▪ Increases immunity to disease

8

REM sleeр ▪ Keeps your mind alert

6

4
▪ Enhances mood
NREM sleep Total daily
2 sleep
▪ Enhance cognition, memory, and learning
0
1-15 3-5 2-3 5-9 14-18 19-30 33-45 50-70 70-80
Days Mos. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs.
6-23 3-5 10-13
Mos. Yrs. Yrs.
 sleeping will help with memory consolidation

FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP:
SLEEPING HELPS CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORY
Sleep plays an active role in consolidation of declarative memory.
Sleep’s unique properties enhance memory consolidation, such as the
reactivation of newly learned memories during sleep.
Central mechanism for consolidation of declarative memory during
sleep is the reactivation of hippocampal memory representations. hippocampus to form new memories
if you use some network more often, it will strengthen
memory consolidation process if you don't use network that often, it will weaken
This reactivation transfers information to neocortical networks where it is
integrated into long-term representations

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DREAMS some said dream means something

DREAMS
• Typical dreams
• Typical dreams
– What do people dream about? – Involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness
• several characters – Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual
• involve motion intercourse
– Rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream
• take place indoors more often than out about
• visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or – Dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people
pain sometimes is like vivid reality, can reflect what we experience in daily life – Blind people from birth dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not
visual
• seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury
• may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued,
or trying to hide)
 DREAMS
DREAMS supressed/repressed thoughts-> unconscious
unhealthy body symptoms because of the supressed thoughts

Other explanations of dream

Freud- interpretation of Dreams Continuity hypothesis continuing with our daily life

Call them “the royal road to the unconsciousness” As a way of coping with daily problems and issues
Dreams allow us to express fears and sexual and aggressive desires
without the censorship of our conscious thought processes Memory theory
Dreams represents our unconscious desires As a way to consolidate information and to get rid of trivial
Manifest content- what could be recalled details in our memories
Latent content- hidden meaning which requires symbolic interpretation

DREAMS
Other explanations of dream
SLEEP DISORDERS
*Insomnia 失眠
Threat simulation theory (TST) e.g. dream about examination

Dream is essentially an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows Sleep walking 夢遊 & sleep talking 發開口夢
us to experience potentially threatening situations so that we can
rehearse our responses to these events *Sleep Apnea 睡眠窒息症
Activation-synthesis theory not having any meaning *Narcolepsy 嗜眠症
Dream is just a consequence of the highly aroused brain during REM *Night terrors 夜驚
sleep
The cortex of the brain attempts to create meaning out of these neural
impulses by synthesizing them into familiar images or stories based on
our stored memories.
SLEEP DISORDER - INSOMNIA SLEEP DISORDER - INSOMNIA
A chronic loss of quantity and/or quality of sleep which leads to impaired Cause by
daytime functioning both quality and quantity are largely insufficent, not able to relax themselves
Disturbance, e.g., noise, uncomfortable temperature, stress, pain, etc.
not restorative sleep, wake up easily in the morning
Medication insomnia/sleep too much
Indicated by:
Mental disorders- depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder.
 History of non-restorative sleep
 Difficulty falling asleep Lead to
 Difficulty staying asleep Reduced mood – fatigue, tiredness, irritability
 Early morning awakening Reduced cognitive function – loss of motivation, reduced concentration,
 Associated with daytime complaints impaired memory and mental slowness
 fatigue Reduced work performance – decreased productivity & daytime
 impairment of concentration sleepiness
 memory difficulty Reduced social functioning – reduced social functioning & confidence
 lack of well-being

SLEEP DISORDER – SLEEPWALKING SLEEP DISORDER – SLEEP APNEA

can cause death

– Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) Breathing-related sleep disorders

– Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep 1-2% of population
– Has poor coordination More common in males
– Clumsy but can avoid objects Associated with obesity and increasing age
– Can engage in limited conversation
– No memory of sleepwalking
Indicated by: snors loudly
happens in childhood its okay, if adult have to seek psychiatry help.
pauses in breathing during sleep.
lasts long enough so that one or more breaths are missed, and occurs
repeatedly throughout sleep.
minimum 10 second interval between breaths
 SLEEP DISORDER – SLEEP APNEA SLEEP DISORDER – NARCOLEPSY 嗜眠症

can do surgery to help with the situation Rare condition

Cause by 0.03% to 0.16% of the population
 low muscle tone & soft tissue around the airway (e.g., due to
obesity) - narrowed airway  Equal males and females
 Genetics, hormones, obesity, old-age deterioration of the cannot control muscle tone and just fall asleep

brain, being male Indicated by:

Lead to  Form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
 Excessive day time sleepiness Loss of muscle tension (cataplexy)
 loud snoring, restless sleep.  Going into REM sleep immediately
 Decreased blood oxygen levels Accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of
muscle control (cataplexy)

SLEEP DISORDER – NIGHT TERROR

SLEEP DISORDER – NARCOLEPSY – Occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
not nightmare

– Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing

Cause by scream, followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state
 Neurotransmitter orexin- lack hypothalamic cells that produce and release
orexin which is important for maintaining wakefulness with rapid breathing and increased heart rate
– Usually no memory of experience in the morning
Lead to
 visibly fall asleep at unpredicted moments (such motions as head bobbing May last for 5-20 mins
顛簸 are common). Mostly reported by parents in children at ages 1.5 to 13 years
 wake up suddenly and can be disoriented when they do (dizziness is a old, or older adults with various neurological and cognitive
common occurrence). disorders
 dream even when they only fall asleep for a few seconds. People usually do not know what is occurring during night terror
 have very vivid dreams, which they often remember in great detail.
Different from nightmare (REM sleep)
dream in REM sleep, so they can remember
 SLEEP DISORDER – SLEEPWALKING
– Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
APPLICATION: TREATMENTS
– Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep Nondrug treatment lack of melantonin

– Has poor coordination – Go to bed only when sleepy

– Clumsy but can avoid objects – Put light out immediately; don’t read or watch TV
– Can engage in limited conversation – If not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in
– No memory of sleepwalking another room until tired again
– Repeat last step as often as required
– Set alarm for same time each morning
– Don’t nap during the day
– Follow program rigidly for several weeks
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don't need to remember these words

APPLICATION: TREATMENTS
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
• reduce anxiety, worry, and stress
• effective in
prolonged usemoderate
in higher dosages in short term (2 to 4 weeks) treatment;
dosages may lead to dependence
Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
• rapidly becoming popular
• fast acting
• reduce daytime drowsiness; fewer cognitive side
effects
• less likely to lead to dependence
END OF LECTURE 3
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