Cube

Definition

A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

Properties

1. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to each other. Therefore, all edges are equal.

2. All the faces of a cube are congruent squares.

Rectangular Parallelepiped

Definition. A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

Properties

1. The parallel edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal.

2. The opposite lateral faces of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal and parallel.

3. Any two opposite faces of a rectangular parallelepiped may be taken as the bases.

4. Every section of a rectangular parallelepiped made by a plane parallel to the base is equal in area to
that of the base.

13. PRISM

Definition. A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are polygons in parallel planes, and the other
faces are parallelograms.

Properties
1. The bases are the congruent l polygons; the lateral area is the sum of the areas of the remaining
faces.

2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral edges. These lateral edges are equal and
parallel.

3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral edges are congruent polygons.

4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes of its bases.

5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.

6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases; its lateral faces are
rectangles.

15. CYLINDER

Definition. A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

Properties

1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral surface, and the two bounding
parallel planes are called the bases.

2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.

3. The altitude of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the bases.

4. The sections of a cylinder made by two parallel planes, neither of which cuts a base and both of which
cut an element, are congruent.

5. Every section of a cylinder parallel to the base has an area equal to that of the base.

6. The section of a cylinder which contains an element of the cylinder and a point of the cylindrical
surface not in this element is a parallelogram. This section contains the element through the given point.

7. The elements of a cylinder are equal.

8. A right section of a cylinder is a section perpendicular to all elements of the cylinder.

9. If the bases of a prism are inscribed in the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges of the prism are
elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be inscribed in the cylinder.
10. If the bases of a prism are circumscribed about the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges are
parallel to the elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be circumscribed about the cylinder.

16. CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Definition. A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

Properties

If a prism whose right section is a regular polygon is inscribed in or circumscribed about a circular
cylinder, and if the number of sides of the right section of the prism is indefinitely increased in such a
way that every side approaches zero, the volume of the cylinder is the limit of the volume of the prism;
the lateral area of the cylinder is the limit of the lateral area of the prism; the perimeter of a base of the
cylinder is the limit of the perimeter of a base of the prism.

17. RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Definition. A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.

Properties

1. The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the bases.

2. A right circular cylinder may be generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one side as an axis,
and is therefore also called a cylinder of revolution.

3. The center of any section of a right circular cylinder parallel to the base is on the axis.

4. Any element of a right circular cylinder is equal to its altitude.

5. Every section of a right circular cylinder made by a plane containing an element is a rectangle.
20. PYRAMID

Definition. A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any number of
sides and the other faces are triangles which have a common vertex.

Properties

1. The triangular faces are called the lateral faces.

2. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the plane of
the base.

3. If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the lateral edges and the altitude are divided
proportionally; the section is a polygon similar to the base; and the areas of two such sections are to
each other as the squares of their distances from the vertex. The base itself may be considered one of
the sections in question.

In symbols we write X/B.

21. REGULAR PYRAMID

Definition. A regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with the
foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

Properties

1. The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are equal.

2. The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles triangles.

3. The altitudes of the lateral faces of a regular pyramid are equal.

4. The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a lateral face.

5. The altitude of a regular pyramid is equal to the length of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex
to the center of the base.
6. If a regular pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base the pyramid cut off is a regular pyramid.

Similar Figures

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces, respectively similar and
similarly placed and have their corresponding polyhedral angles equal.

Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.

24. CONE

Definition. A cone is the solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is a closed
curve, and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements.

Properties

1. The altitude of a cone is the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the base.

2. Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and containing two points of the
base is a triangle.

3. The axis of a cone is the straight line joining the vertex with the center of the base (if the base has a
center).

4. A right section of a cone is a section perpendicular to its axis and cutting all the elements.
5. A circular cone is a cone whose right section is a circle.

25. RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

Definition. A right circular cone is a circular cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base.

Properties

1. The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element.

2. The altitude of a right circular cone is the distance between the vertex and the center of the circle
which forms its base.

3. A right circular cone is a solid generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs as an axis; the
surface generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the lateral area of the cone, and the area of the
base of the cone is the surface generated by the leg which is not the axis of rotation.

4. All elements of a right circular cone are equal.

5. A section of a right circular cone parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on the axis of the cone.

6. A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two points of the base is an isosceles
triangle.

28. FRUSTUM OF REGULAR PYRAMID

Definition. A frustum of a regular pyramid is the portion of a regular pyramid included between the base
and a section parallel to the base.

Properties

1. The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a face.

33. SPHERE

Definition. A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a
fixed point called the center.

Properties

1. Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If the plane contains a diameter of the sphere, the section is
a great circle; otherwise, the section is a small circle.

2. The axis of a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of the circle.

3. The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of its axis.

4. Of two circles cut from a sphere by planes unequally distant from the center, the nearer is the
greater.

5. The radius of a great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.

6. Two great circles of a sphere bisect each other.

7. All great circles of a sphere are equal.

8. Every great circle bisects the sphere.

9. The intersection of two spherical surfaces is a circle whose plane is perpendicular to the line joining
the centers of the surfaces and whose center is on that line.

10. A plane perpendicular to a radius at its extremity is tangent to the sphere.

11. The shortest line that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere between two points is the shorter arc
of the great circle passing through them.