EXPERIMENT NO: 1

Aim: Program to calculate area of triangle, rectangle, circle.

Objectives

 To learn Arithmetic Operators.

 To learn Structure of Python Program.

 To learn Basic programming in Python

Hardware/Software Required
1. Python 3

Prerequisites
1. Python Installation.

2. Working of Variables, input Function and Arithmetic Operators.

Theory
Variables-
A Python variable is a symbolic name that is a reference or pointer to an object. Once an
object is assigned to a variable, you can refer to the object by that name. But the data itself is
still contained within the object.
Python Variable is containers that store values. Python is not “statically typed”. We do not
need to declare variables before using them or declare their type. A variable is created the
moment we first assign a value to it. A Python variable is a name given to a memory location. It
is the basic unit of storage in a program.
For example:
>>> n = 300

Input function
Python has an input function which lets you ask a user for some text input. You call this
function to tell the program to stop and wait for the user to key in the data. In Python 2, you
have a built-in function raw_input(), whereas in Python 3, you have input(). The program will
1
 resume once the user presses the ENTER or RETURN key. Look at this example to get input
from the keyboard using Python 2 in the interactive mode. Your output is displayed in quotes
once you hit the ENTER key.
For example:
>>>raw_input()
I am learning at YSPM (This is where you type in)
'I am learning at YSPM ' (The interpreter showing you how the input is captured.)

print() Function
The print() method prints the given object to the console or to the text stream file.
print() syntax:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=[Link], flush=False)

Parameters
1. objects: One or more objects to be printed, seperated by a space ' ' by default.
2. Sep: (Optional) If multiple objects passed, they are separated by the specified separator.
Default is ' '.
1. end: (Optional) The last value to print. Default is '\n'.
2. file: (Optional) Must be an object with write(string) method. Default is [Link].
3. flush: (Optional) The stream is forcibly flushed if buffered. Default is False.
The following example demonstrates the print() function.
Example:
print("Learning Python")
name = 'John'
print("My name is",name)
Output-
Learning Python
My name is John

Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
Python divides the operators in the following groups:

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 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x // y

3
To calculate area of rectangle
To calculate area of rectangle we have to accept two inputs from user which are breadth (b)
and length (l). After getting input from user we have to declare another variable (triangle_area)
to store the area calculated using some arithmetic operators (*). Lastly, we can display the
output using print() function. To calculate area of triangle we have to use formula-
rectangle_area=b*l

To calculate area of Triangle

To calculate area of triangle we have to accept two inputs from user which are base (b) and
higth (h). After getting input from user we have to declare another variable (triangle_area) to
store the area calculated using some arithmetic operators (*, /). Lastly, we can display the output
using print() function. To calculate area of triangle we have to use formula-
triangle_area=(b*h)/2

To calculate area of Circle

To calculate area of circle we have to accept one input from user which is radius (r). After
getting input from user we have to declare another variable (circle_area) to store the area
calculated using some arithmetic operators (*). Lastly, we can display the output using print()
function. To calculate area of triangle we have to use formula-
circle_area=3.14*r*r

Program
l=int(input("Enter value of length: "))
b=int(input("Enter value of breadth: "))
rectangle_area=b*l
print("Area of rectangle =", rectangle_area)

h=int(input("Enter value of height: "))

b=int(input("Enter value of base: "))
triangle_area=(b*h)/2
print("Area of triangle =",triangle_area)

r=int(input("Enter value of radius: "))

circle_area=3.14*r*r
print("Area of circle =",circle_area)
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Output
Enter value of length: 3
Enter value of breadth: 4
Area of rectangle = 12
Enter value of height: 3
Enter value of base: 4
Area of triangle = 6.0
Enter value of radius: 3
Area of circle = 28.259999999999998

Conclusion
In this way We have Learned the Implementation of Variables, Input function and
Arithmetic operators in Python

5
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: Program to find the union between two lists.

Theory

List:
List are used to store multiple items in a single variable. List are one of 4 built-in data types
in python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with
different qualities and usage list items can be of any data tuple. List are created using square
brackers:

Thislist 1=[“apple”,”banana”,”cherry”]
Thislist 2=[“apple”,2,”cherry”]
Print(thislist 1)
Print(thislist 2)

The list is a most versatile datatype available in python which can be written as a list of
comma separated values(items) between square brackets. Important things about a list is that
items in a list need not be of the same type.

List items are ordered, changeable and allow duplicate values. List items are index , the first
item has index [0] , the second item has index [1] etc. when we say that list are ordered , it
means that the item have a defined order , and that order will not change. If you add new item to
a list, the new item will be placed at the end of the list.

Length function :

To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

For example:
Print the number of items in the list:

This list =[“apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

Print(len(thislist))

Output = 3

Updating List:

You can update single or multiple elements of lists by giving the slice on the left hand side
of the assignment operator , and you can add to elements in a list with the append() method.
For example:

List =[‘physics’, ‘chemistry’ ,19997,2000]

Print(“value available at index 2”)
Print list [2]

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List [2] = 2001;
Print(“new value available at index 2”)
Print list[2]

Union function:

The union of the two or more sets is the set of all distinct elements present in all the sets.

For Example:
A={1,2}
B={2,3,4}
C={5}

Then,
A U B=B U A = {1,2,3,4}
A U C=C U A ={1,2,5}
B U C=C U B ={2,3,4,5}
A U B U C ={1,2,3,4,5}

Program
L1 = []
Num1 = int(input("Enter size of list 1:"))
for n in range(Num1):
a = int(input("Enter number:"))
[Link](a)

L2 = []
Num2 = int(input("Enter size of list 2:"))
for m in range(Num2):
b = int(input("Enter number:"))
[Link](b)

def Union(L1, L2):

return set(L1).union(L2)

print("Union of two lists =", Union(L1, L2))

Output
Enter size of list 1:4
Enter number:1
Enter number:2
Enter number:3
Enter number:4
Enter size of list 2:5
Enter number:3
7
Enter number:4
Enter number:5
Enter number:6
Enter number:7
Union of two lists = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

8
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Aim: Program to find intersection of two lists

Objectives:

 To understand list data structures in Python.

 To learn how to find common elements between two lists.
 Implement the intersection operation using Python.

Theory

Def function-
A function is a collection of related assertions that performs a mathematical,
analytical, or evaluative operation. A collection of statements called Python Functions
returns the particular task. Python functions are simple to define and essential to
intermediate-level programming. The exact criteria hold to function names as they do to
variable names. The goal is to group up certain often performed actions and define a
function. We may call the function and reuse the code contained within it with different
variables rather than repeatedly creating the same code block for different input
variables.
Intersection-
A list is an arranged collection of elements. It is used to store collections of
data. It can contain a list of various types of data objects with a comma separated and
enclosed within a square bracket.
The intersection of two lists contains the elements that the two lists have in
common. The returned list contains only items that exist in both lists, or in all lists, if
the comparison is done with more than two lists. There are various ways through which
we can perform the intersection of two lists. Here we have mentioned most of them.
Intersection of two list means we need to take all those elements which are
common to both of the initial lists and store them into another list. Now there are
various ways in Python, through which we can perform the Intersection of the lists.
Python is known for its excellent built-in data structure. Python list is one of the
famous and valuable built-in data types of Python. It can store the various data-types
value in sorted order. However, there is no built-in function for lists like sets.
Python provides the many ways to perform the intersection of the lists. Let's see the
following scenario.
Examples:
Input:

lst1 = [15, 9, 10, 56, 23, 78, 5, 4, 9]

lst2 = [9, 4, 5, 36, 47, 26, 10, 45, 87]

Output:
[9, 10, 4, 5]
Input:

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lst1 = [4, 9, 1, 17, 11, 26, 28, 54, 69]
lst2 = [9, 9, 74, 21, 45, 11, 63, 28, 26]

Output:

[9, 11, 26, 28]

Program

L1 = []
Num1 = int(input("Enter size of list 1:"))
for n in range(Num1):
a = int(input("Enter number:"))
[Link](a)

L2 = []
Num2 = int(input("Enter size of list 2:"))
for m in range(Num2):
b = int(input("Enter number:"))
[Link](b)

def Intersection(L1, L2):

return set(L1).intersection(L2)

print("Intersection of two lists =", Intersection(L1, L2))

Output
Enter size of list 1:4
Enter number:1
Enter number:2
Enter number:3
Enter number:4
Enter size of list2:5
Enter number:3
Enter number:4
Enter number:5
Enter number:6
Enter number:7
Interaction of two lists = {3, 4}

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Aim: Program to check if a substring is present in a given string.

Theory

‘in’ operator in Python-

In Python, the in operator determines whether a given value is a constituent element of
a sequence such as a string, array, list, or tuple.
When used in a condition, the statement returns a Boolean result of True or False. The
statement returns True if the specified value is found within the sequence. When it is
not found, we get a False.
In this article, we will show how the in operator works on a list in different ways using
Python. Here we will see 3 different scenarios −
● To find a single element/object in a single list/flat list.

● To find multiple elements list in a nested list.

● Usage of in operator with if statement.
Assume we have taken a list containing random elements.

Method 1: To find a single element/object in a single list/flat list

Algorithm (Steps)
Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task −
● Create a variable to store the input list and give it some random values.

● Check if the element is present in list or not using in operator and print it.
The following program checks whether the single element is present in the flat list or
not using the in operator −
lst = ["Hello", 10, "E&TC", 20, "python", "code"]
print("E&TC " in lst)
print("bigdata" in lst)
Output
On executing, the above program will generate the following output −
True
False
To begin, we have filled a list lst with random values. The in operator is then used to
determine whether or not some values are part of the previous sequence.
As we can see from the output above, " E&TC " in the list evaluates to True. This
indicates that the value " E&TC " can be found within the list.
The term "bigdata" in the list evaluates to False. This means that the value "bigdata"
was not found in the list.

Method 2: To find multiple elements list in a nested

Algorithm (Steps)
Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task −
● Create a variable to store the input nested list and give it some random list values.

● Check if the list is present in the nested list or not using in operator and print it.

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lst = [["Hello", 10], ["E&TC", 20], ["python", "code"]]

print(["E&TC",20] in lst)

print(["E&TC","code"] in lst)
Output
On executing, the above program will generate the following output −
True
False

Method 3: Usage of in operator with if statement.

Algorithm (Steps)
Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task −

Create a variable to store the input nested list and give it some random list values.
Check if the element is present in the list or not using the in operator and if statement.
The if statement executes only if the result returned by the in operator is true i.e if the
element is present in the list.
Print the result tuple after conversion from a list into a tuple.
Print the data type of the result tuple using the type() function for verification. Write the
else statement if the element is not present in the list.

lst = ["Hello", 10, "E&TC", 20, "python", "code"]

if "E&TC" in lst:
print('{E&TC} Element is in the given list')
if "bigdata" in lst:
print('{bigdata} Element is in the given list')
else:
print('{bigdata} Element is not present in the given list')

Output
On executing, the above program will generate the following output −

{E&TC} Element is in the given list

{bigdata} Element is not present in the given list

Program

x=input("Enter Any String = ")

y=input("Enter Any Substring = ")
if y in x:
print(y,"is present in string",x)
else:
print(y,"is not present in string",x)

12
Output

Enter Any String = Satara

Enter Any Substring = tara
tara is present in string Satara

13
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Aim: Program to map two lists into a dictionary.

Theory

Append() Function-
The append() function in Python takes a single item as an input parameter and adds it to
the end of the given list. In Python, append() doesn’t return a new list of items; in fact,
it returns no value at all. It just modifies the original list by adding the item to the end
of the list.

After executing append() on a list, the size of the original list increases by one. The
item in the list can be a string, number, dictionary, or even another list (because a list is
an object too). When a list is appended onto the original list, it is added as a single
object. The addition of the appended list happens, as usual, at the end of the original
list.

Syntax

[Link](item)

[Link](item)

● Parameters: item is the only parameter append() takes, and it is the item to be added at
the end of the list.

● Returns: append() doesn’t return any value. It just adds the item to the end of the list.

Example-
stringList = ['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu']
print(stringList)
[Link]('fri')

print(stringList)

Ouput-
['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu']

['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']

Update() Function-

Python update() method updates the dictionary with the key and value pairs. It inserts

14
key/value if it is not present. It updates key/value if it is already present in the
dictionary.

It also allows an iterable of key/value pairs to update the dictionary. like:

update(a=10,b=20) etc.

Signature and examples of this method are given below.

Signature

update([other])

Parameters

other: It is a list of key/value pairs.

Return

It returns None.

Example-
einventory = {'Fan': 200, 'Bulb':150, 'Led':1000}
print("Inventory:",einventory)
# Calling Method
[Link]({'cooler':50})
print("Updated inventory:",einventory)

Output:
Inventory: {'Fan': 200, 'Bulb': 150, 'Led': 1000}
Updated inventory: {'Fan': 200, 'Bulb': 150, 'Led': 1000, 'cooler': 50}

Program

#getting the size of lists from user

size = int(input('Enter the size of lists--'))

list1 = []
list2 = []
dict = {}

# getting elements of 1st list from user

for i in range(size):
i = input('Enter element for 1st list=')
[Link](i)

# getting elements of 2nd list from user

for i in range(size):
i = input('Enter element for 2nd list=')
[Link](i)

15
# Mapping lists in dictionary
for i in range(size):
[Link]({list1[i]: list2[i]})

print(dict)

Output
Enter the size of lists--3
Enter element for 1st list=Roll no
Enter element for 1st list=name
Enter element for 1st list=Address
Enter element for 2nd list=5
Enter element for 2nd list=ABC
Enter element for 2nd list=Satara
{'Roll no': '5', 'name': 'ABC', 'Address': 'Satara'}

16
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Aim: Program to count the frequency of words appearing in a string

using a dictionary.

Theory
Split() method-
The split() method splits a string at the specified separator and returns a list of
substrings.
Example
cars = 'BMW-Telsa-Range Rover'
# split at '-'
print([Link]('-'))

Output: ['BMW', 'Tesla', 'Range Rover']

Syntax of String split()

The syntax of split() is:
[Link](separator, maxsplit)

split() Parameters
The split() method takes a maximum of 2 parameters:
 separator (optional)- Delimiter at which splits occur. If not provided, the string is
splitted at whitespaces.
 maxsplit (optional) - Maximum number of splits. If not provided, there is no limit on
the number of splits.

split() Return Value

The split() method returns a list of strings.

Example 1: How split() works in Python?

text= 'Love thy neighbor'
# splits at space
print([Link]())
grocery = 'Milk, Chicken, Bread'
# splits at ','
print([Link](', '))
# Splits at ':'
print([Link](':'))

Output
['Love', 'thy', 'neighbor']
['Milk', 'Chicken', 'Bread']
['Milk, Chicken, Bread']
Here,
 [Link]() - splits string into a list of substrings at each space character

17
 [Link](', ') - splits string into a list of substrings at each comma and space
character
 [Link](':') - since there are no colons in the string, split() does not split the string.

Count()-
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language that has gained immense
popularity in data science, machine learning, and web development. One of Python's
most useful built-in functions is the count() function, which allows you to count the
number of occurrences of a particular element in a python list count or a tuple. In this
article, we will learn how to use the count function in Python and explore its practical
applications.
Python's count() function is a built-in function that allows you to count the
number of times an element appears in a list or tuple. This function can be handy when
dealing with large datasets or when you need to perform calculations based on the
frequency of certain elements

Zip()-
Python’s zip() function creates an iterator that will aggregate elements from two or
more iterables. You can use the resulting iterator to quickly and consistently solve
common programming problems, like creating dictionaries.
Python’s zip() function is defined as zip(*iterables). The function takes in iterables as
arguments and returns an iterator. This iterator generates a series of tuples containing
elements from each iterable. zip() can accept any type of iterable, such as files, lists,
tuples, dictionaries, sets, and so on.

Passing n Arguments
If you use zip() with n arguments, then the function will return an iterator that generates
tuples of length n. To see this in action, take a look at the following code block:
>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3]
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> zipped = zip(numbers, letters)
>>> zipped # Holds an iterator object
<zip object at 0x7fa4831153c8>
>>> type(zipped)
<class 'zip'>
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
Here, you use zip(numbers, letters) to create an iterator that produces tuples of the form
(x, y). In this case, the x values are taken from numbers and the y values are taken from
letters. Notice how the Python zip() function returns an iterator. To retrieve the final list
object, you need to use list() to consume the iterator.

Program

my_string = input("Enter the string : ")

my_list = []
my_list = my_string.split()

18
word_freq = [my_list.count(p) for p in my_list]

print("The frequency of words is ...")

print(dict(zip(my_list, word_freq)))

Output

Enter the string :Hii Alexa how are you Alexa

The frequency of words is ...
{'Hii': 1, 'Alexa': 2, 'how': 1, 'are': 1, 'you': 1}

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Aim: Program to create a dictionary with key as first character and

value as words starting with that character.

Theory:
Membership Operators:
Python’s in and not in operators allow you to quickly determine if a given value
is or isn’t part of a collection of values. This type of check is common in programming,
and it’s generally known as a membership test in Python. Therefore, these operators are
known as membership operators.
Arguably, the natural way to perform this kind of check is to iterate over the values
and compare them with the target value. You can do this with the help of a for loop and
a conditional statement.

Append()
It is easy to append elements to the existing dictionary using the dictionary name
followed by square brackets with a key inside it and assigning a value to it.
Here’s an example:
my_dict = {"username": "ABC", "email": "abc@[Link]", "location":"Gurgaon"}
my_dict['name']='Nick'
print(my_dict)
The output is:
{‘username’: ‘ABC’, ’email’: ‘abc@[Link]’, ‘location’: ‘Gurgaon’, ‘name’:
‘Nick’}

Items ()
A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items. As in a real-life
dictionary, each word is associated with its meaning, in the Python dictionary, each key
is paired with its respective value. Thus, the data in the dictionary is stored in pairs of
key and value.
Syntax to create a dictionary: name of dictionary = {key:value}
The items, that is, the data that is stored in the dictionary are unordered and
mutable. Thus, they can be changed after the creation of the dictionary. However, the
items cannot be duplicated within the same dictionary. These items can be of any data
type, including numeric and characters such as integers, strings, floats, complex
numbers. Boolean type, etc.

Items () Parameters
The items () method in the dictionary is used to return each item in a dictionary
as tuples in a list. Thus, the dictionary key and value pairs will be returned in the form
of a list of tuple pairs.
Syntax of items () method: dictionary_name.items ()
The items () method does not take any parameters.

Return Value from items ()

When you use the items () method on a dictionary, the key and value pair stored

20
in it will be displayed in the form of tuples in a list. Note that the returned list is a view
of the items stored in the dictionary. The method does not change a dictionary into a
list. Also, all the changes that will be done in the dictionary will be shown in the list
view as well.

Program

my_string = input("Enter the string : ")

split_string = my_string.split()
my_dict = {}

for elem in split_string:

if elem[0] not in my_dict.keys():
my_dict[elem[0]] = []
my_dict[elem[0]].append(elem)
else:
if elem not in my_dict[elem[0]]:
my_dict[elem[0]].append(elem)

print("The dictionary created is: ", my_dict)

Output

Enter the string :Hello Everyone Welcome to YSPM Thank you

The dictionary created is: {'H': ['Hello'], 'E': ['Everyone'], 'W': ['Welcome'], 't': ['to'],
'Y': ['YSPM'], 'T': ['Thank'], 'y': ['you']}

21
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Aim: Program to find the length of the given list using recursion.

Theory
Python Recursion
In Python, we know that a function can call other functions. It is even possible for the
function to call itself. These types of construct are termed as recursive functions.
The following image shows the working of a recursive function called recurse.

Following is an example of a recursive function to find the factorial of an integer.

Factorial of a number is the product of all the integers from 1 to that number. For
example, the factorial of 6 (denoted as 6!) is 1*2*3*4*5*6 = 720 .

Example of a recursive function

def factorial(x):
"""This is a recursive function
to find the factorial of an integer"""

if x == 1:
return 1
else:
return (x * factorial(x-1))

num = 3
print("The factorial of", num, "is", factorial(num))
Run Code

Output

The factorial of 3 is 6

In the above example, factorial() is a recursive function as it calls itself.

22
 When we call this function with a positive integer, it will recursively call itself by
decreasing the number.

Each function multiplies the number with the factorial of the number below it until it is
equal to one.

Advantages of Recursion
1. Recursive functions make the code look clean and elegant.
2. A complex task can be broken down into simpler sub-problems using recursion.
3. Sequence generation is easier with recursion than using some nested iteration.

Disadvantages of Recursion
1. Sometimes the logic behind recursion is hard to follow through.
2. Recursive calls are expensive (inefficient) as they take up a lot of memory and time.
3. Recursive functions are hard to debug.

Program

def list_length(my_list):
if not my_list:
return 0
return 1 + list_length(my_list[1::2]) + list_length(my_list[2::2])

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 11, 34, 52, 78]

print("The list is :")

print(my_list)

print("The length of the list is : ")

print(list_length(my_list))

Output

The list is :
[1, 2, 3, 11, 34, 52, 78]
The length of the list is :
7

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