Department of Computer Science

Engineering
Course No: GED 1161
Course Title: Chemistry
Course Type: Theory
Credit Hours: 3.0
COURSE TEACHER: ASADULLAH AL GALIF
M S I N P H Y S I C A L C H E M I S T R Y, S U S T
A D J U N C T FA C U LT Y ( C H E M I S T R Y ) | L E A D I N G U N I V E R S I T Y, S Y L H E T.

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 Course Content: Mid-term Exam
1. Electronic Structure:
Historical development of atomic theory, Discovery of subatomic particles,
Fundamental particles of an atom, atomic number, mass number, Bohr theory
and atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom, orbitals, Quantum numbers, electron
spin, orbital and orbital energies, size and shape of atomic orbitals, spin
quantum number and the magnetic spin quantum number.
2. Periodic Table and periodic properties of atoms:
Periodic Law, format of the periodic table, classification of the elements,
Properties of s and p block elements, and transition metals and their ions,
building-up principle; Aufbau principle, Exceptions to the Building-Up Principle,
orbital diagrams; Hund’s rule, Pauli exclusion principle, penetration and
shielding, Effective nuclear charge, electron configurations of atom, atomic
and ionic radii, electropositive, electronegativity, ionization energies, electron
affinities, polarizability, magnetic properties of atom and ions.
3. Chemical formulas and equations:
Types of formulas, Percent composition from the formula, Formulas from
experiment, Formulas of ionic compounds, Names of compounds, Writing and
balancing chemical equations, Mass relations in reactions, Limited reactant,
and theoretical yield. Concept of mole, Solution: different concentration units;
molarity, molality, normality. 2
 Chapter 03: Chemical Formulas & Equations

A chemical formula represents the composition of a substance using symbols of

elements and numbers to show the ratio of atoms.
Types of Chemical Formulas
1. Empirical Formula – Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms.
Example: CH₂O (for glucose)
2. Molecular Formula – Actual number of atoms of each element.
Example: C₆H₁₂O₆
3. Structural Formula – Shows arrangement of atoms and bonds.
Example: H–O–H for water.

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Characteristics of Chemical Formula:
▪ Element symbols represent each atom (e.g., H for hydrogen, O for oxygen).
▪ Subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element (e.g., H2O has two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom).
▪ No subscript is written if only one atom of that element is present.

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 Percent Composition from a Formula

Percent composition is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
Formula: % of element = ∗ 100
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Example: Find % of Carbon in CO₂

Molar mass of CO₂ = 12 + (16×2) = 44
%C = (12/44) × 100 = 27.27%
%O = (32/44) × 100 = 72.73%

Find % element of H2O ?

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 Determining Formula from Experimental Data
Steps:
1. Convert percentage to grams.
2. Convert grams to moles.
3. Divide by smallest mole value.
4. Write empirical formula.

Example: 40% C, 6.7% H, 53.3% O

Convert to moles: C = 40/12 = 3.33
H = 6.7/1 = 6.7 & O = 53.3/16 = 3.33
Divide by smallest: C = 1; H = 2; O = 1
Empirical formula = CH₂O

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Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations (positive ions) and anions
(negative ions). Ionic compounds form between metal cations and non-metal anions.
Rule: Total positive charge = Total negative charge.
Example: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ → NaCl
Example: Al³⁺ and O²⁻ & Cross charges: Al₂O₃

5. Naming Compounds
Ionic compounds: Metal name + nonmetal with 'ide’. Example: NaCl = Sodium Chloride
Transition metals: Include oxidation number; Example: FeCl₂ = Iron(II) chloride
Covalent compounds: Use prefixes; 1 mono, 2 di, 3 tri & 4 tetra
Example: CO₂ = Carbon dioxide; N₂O₅ = Dinitrogen pentoxide

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 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction using formulas.
Example: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
Balancing rule: Atoms on both sides must be equal.
Balanced: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Mass Relations in Reactions (Stoichiometry)

Mole Ratio: The ratio of moles of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Stoichiometry studies quantitative relationships in reactions.
Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
4 g H₂ reacts with 32 g O₂ to produce 36 g H₂O.

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Theoretical Yield: The maximum amount of product that can be formed from a
given amount of reactants, based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Actual Yield: The amount of product actually obtained in a reaction.
Percent Yield: The ratio of the actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a
percentage, indicating the efficiency of the reaction.
Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
If 1 mol O₂ reacts: 2 mol H₂O produced.

Mole Ratio: The ratio of moles of reactants and products in a balanced chemical
equation. Molar
Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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Limiting Reactant: The reactant that is completely consumed first and limits product formation.
Excess Reactant: A reactant that is present in a greater amount than needed for the reaction to
consume the limiting reactant.
Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
If: 4 mol H₂ & 1 mol O₂
Required ratio = 2:1
O₂ is limiting reactant.

Concept of Mole: It is the base SI unit used to measure the amount of a substance.
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro number)= 22.4L (at 25*C)
Examples: 1 mol H₂O = 18g =6.022 × 10²³
1 mol CO₂ = 44 g
Formula: Moles = Mass / Molar Mass

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Solutions and Concentration Units
Solution: Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
Types of concentration:
Molarity(M): Number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
M = moles of solute / liters of solution
Example: 1 mol NaCl in 500mL solution = 0.5 M
Molality (m): Number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.
m = moles of solute / kg solvent
Normality (N): Equivalents number of gram or mole of solute present in one
liter of solution.
N = equivalent mass / liter solution
Example: 1 mol HCl in 1 L solution = 1 N

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Why molarity is temperature dependent, but molality is temperature independent?
Molarity depends on the volume of solution, and volume changes with temperature due
to thermal expansion. As temperature increases, the volume increases and molarity
decreases. Therefore, molarity is temperature dependent.
Molality depends on the mass of solvent, and mass does not change with temperature.
For this reason, molality remains constant and is temperature independent.

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What is the molarity of the solution prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of pure NaOH in 500 mL of solution?

Calculation: Mass of NaOH = 80.0 g

Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol
Moles of KOH = 80/40 = 2 mol
Volume = 50 mL = 0.500 L
Molarity = 2 / 0.5 = 4 M
Answer: Molarity = 4 M

What is the Normality of the solution prepared by 49 g of H2SO4 dissolved in 500 mL solution.
Equivalent mass H2SO4 = 98/2=49 g/mol
Normal = 49 / 49 = 1
Volume = 0.5 L
Normality = 1 / 0.5 = 2.0 N

Problem: What is the molarity of the solution prepared by 58.5 g NaCl dissolved in 1 L solution.
Molar mass NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
Moles = 58.5 / 58.5 = 1 mol
Molarity = 1 / 1 = 1 M
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Q. Reaction: 2NH₃ + CO₂ → (NH₂)₂CO + H₂O; 603.2 g of NH3 are treated with 998 g of CO2.
(i) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent? (ii) Calculate the mass of (NH₂)₂CO
formed. (iii) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
Solution:(i) Step 1: Molar Mass: NH₃ = 17 g/mol & CO₂ = 44 g/mol & Urea (NH₂)₂CO = 60 g/mol
Step 2: Convert mass to moles
NH₃ moles = 603.2 / 17 = 35.48 mol
CO₂ moles = 988 / 44 = 24.95 mol

Step 3: Determine limiting reagent

Reaction ratio= 2 NH₃ : 1 CO₂
Required NH₃ for 25.95 mol CO₂: = 2 × 24.95 = 49.9 mol NH₃
But available NH₃ = 35.48 mol
Therefore NH₃ is the limiting reagent.

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(ii) Mass of urea formed
From reaction: 2 mol NH₃ → 1 mol urea
Urea moles formed: = 35.48 / 2 = 17.74 mol
Mass of urea: = 17.74 × 60 = 1064.4 g

(iii) Excess CO₂ remaining

CO₂ used: = 17.74 mol
Remaining CO₂: = 24.95 − 17.74 = 7.21 mol
Mass remaining: = 7.21 × 44 = 317.24 g

Final Results: Limiting reagent = NH₃

Mass of urea formed = 1124.4 g & Excess CO₂ remaining = 317.24 g

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Practice Problem: Reaction: N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃;
In one process, 65.2 g of N₂ are treated with 25g H₂
(i) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
(ii) Calculate the mass of NH₃ formed.
(iii) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

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