KNR2433 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Comprehensive Examination Vector Compendium: Coordinate Systems, Flux, & Divergence Theorems

Structure: 10 Curated Problems (Cartesian, Cylindrical, & Spherical Systems) • Target: 100% Similarity Mapping to
Section CO1, PO1 Standard Assessment

QUESTION 1 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

In Cartesian coordinates, three arbitrary points are located at P₁(2, -1, 3), P₂(0, 4, 1), and P₃(-2, 1, 5) forming
three edges of a triangle. Determine the three interior angles of the triangle.

Detailed Solution:

Step 1: Construct the directional edge vectors from each vertex.

• From P₁: R₁₂ = (0-2)a_x + (4+1)a_y + (1-3)a_z = -2a_x + 5a_y - 2a_z

R₁₃ = (-2-2)a_x + (1+1)a_y + (5-3)a_z = -4a_x + 2a_y + 2a_z
• From P₂: R₂₁ = 2a_x - 5a_y + 2a_z
R₂₃ = (-2-0)a_x + (1-4)a_y + (5-1)a_z = -2a_x - 3a_y + 4a_z
• From P₃: R₃₁ = 4a_x - 2a_y - 2a_z
R₃₂ = 2a_x + 3a_y - 4a_z

Step 2: Calculate Vector Magnitudes.

|R₁₂| = √((-2)² + 5² + (-2)²) = √33 | |R₁₃| = √((-4)² + 2² + 2²) = √24 = 2√6 | |R₂₃| = √((-2)² + (-3)² + 4²) =
√29

Step 3: Compute Dot Products to Find the Interior Angles.

• Angle at Vertex θ₁:

R₁₂ · R₁₃ = (-2)(-4) + (5)(2) + (-2)(2) = 8 + 10 - 4 = 14
θ₁ = cos⁻¹(14 / (√33 × √24)) = cos⁻¹(14 / √792) ≈ 60.2°
• Angle at Vertex θ₂:
R₂₁ · R₂₃ = (2)(-2) + (-5)(-3) + (2)(4) = -4 + 15 + 8 = 19
θ₂ = cos⁻¹(19 / (√33 × √29)) = cos⁻¹(19 / √957) ≈ 52.1°
• Angle at Vertex θ₃:
θ₃ = 180° - 60.2° - 52.1° = 67.7° (Alternatively verified using R₃₁ · R₃₂)

KNR2433 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • TUTORIAL COMPENDIUM Page 1 of 7

 QUESTION 2 (CO1, PO1) [10 Marks]

If vector field W is given by W = ρ² cos² φ a_ρ + z sin φ a_φ in the cylindrical coordinate system:

1. Determine the outward flux of W out of the entire surface of the closed cylinder ρ = 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3. [5 marks]

2. Verify the results by using the Divergence Theorem. [5 marks]

Detailed Solution:

(i) Direct Surface Integration:

A closed cylinder has three surfaces: Top disk (z=3), Bottom disk (z=0), and Side wall (ρ=2).

• Top & Bottom Surfaces: dS_z = ±ρ dρ dφ a_z. Since W_z = 0, the dot product W · dS_z = 0. Thus, flux
through both caps is 0.
• Side Surface (ρ=2): dS_ρ = ρ dφ dz a_ρ = 2 dφ dz a_ρ.

Flux_side = ∫₀³ ∫₀²ⁿ (2² cos² φ) (2 dφ dz) = 8 ∫₀³ dz ∫₀²ⁿ cos² φ dφ

Knowing that ∫₀²ⁿ cos² φ dφ = π and ∫₀³ dz = 3:

Flux_total = 8 × 3 × π = 24π

(ii) Verification via Divergence Theorem:

Divergence formula in cylindrical system:

∇ · W = (1/ρ) ∂(ρ W_ρ)/∂ρ + (1/ρ) ∂W_φ/∂φ + ∂W_z/∂z

∇ · W = (1/ρ) ∂(ρ³ cos² φ)/∂ρ + (1/ρ) ∂(z sin φ)/∂φ + 0 = 3ρ cos² φ + (z/ρ) cos φ

Now evaluate the Volume Integral over the cylinder volume V:

∫_V (∇ · W) dV = ∫₀³ ∫₀²ⁿ ∫₀² (3ρ cos² φ + (z/ρ) cos φ) ρ dρ dφ dz

Splitting terms:

1. Term 1: ∫₀³ dz ∫₀²ⁿ cos² φ dφ ∫₀² 3ρ² dρ = 3 × π × [ρ³]₀² = 3 × π × 8 = 24π

2. Term 2: ∫₀³ z dz ∫₀²ⁿ cos φ dφ ∫₀² dρ = 0 (since ∫₀²ⁿ cos φ dφ = 0)

Total volume integration yields 24π. Verified!

QUESTION 3 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Determine the mathematical expression for the divergence of the spherical vector field:

KNR2433 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • TUTORIAL COMPENDIUM Page 2 of 7

 E = (1/r²) cos θ a_r + r sin θ a_θ + cos φ a_φ

Detailed Solution:

The Divergence operator in Spherical Coordinates is defined as:

∇ · E = (1/r²) ∂(r² E_r)/∂r + (1/(r sin θ)) ∂(E_θ sin θ)/∂θ + (1/(r sin θ)) ∂E_φ/∂φ

Substitute components E_r = (1/r²) cos θ, E_θ = r sin θ, and E_φ = cos φ into the formula:

• Radial Term: (1/r²) ∂(r² · (1/r²) cos θ)/∂r = (1/r²) ∂(cos θ)/∂r = 0
• Colatitude (θ) Term: (1/(r sin θ)) ∂(r sin² θ)/∂θ = (r / (r sin θ)) (2 sin θ cos θ) = 2 cos θ
• Azimuthal (φ) Term: (1/(r sin θ)) ∂(cos φ)/∂φ = - sin φ / (r sin θ)

Combining all computed segments results in the total divergence expression:

∇ · E = 2 cos θ - (sin φ / (r sin θ))

QUESTION 4 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Given the Cartesian coordinate point A(x = -3, y = 3, z = 4), transform it completely into both the Cylindrical
coordinate system (ρ, φ, z) and Spherical coordinate system (r, θ, φ).

Detailed Solution:

1. Cylindrical Coordinate Transformation:

• ρ = √(x² + y²) = √((-3)² + 3²) = √18 = 3√2 ≈ 4.243

• φ = tan⁻¹(y / x) = tan⁻¹(3 / -3). Since x < 0 and y > 0 (Quadrant II): φ = 185° - 45° = 135° (or 3π/4 rad)

•z=4

Hence, Cylindrical form is: A(4.243, 135°, 4).

2. Spherical Coordinate Transformation:

• r = √(x² + y² + z²) = √((-3)² + 3² + 4²) = √(18 + 16) = √34 ≈ 5.831

• θ = cos⁻¹(z / r) = cos⁻¹(4 / √34) ≈ 46.68°

• φ = 135° (Identical to cylindrical angle computation)

Hence, Spherical form is: A(5.831, 46.68°, 135°).

KNR2433 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • TUTORIAL COMPENDIUM Page 3 of 7

 QUESTION 5 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Transform the following vector field specified in Cartesian coordinates into its equivalent expression in
Cylindrical coordinates:

F = -y a_x + x a_y + z² a_z

Detailed Solution:

Use structural conversions: x = ρ cos φ, y = ρ sin φ.

Apply unit vector projections to target components:

• F_ρ = F · a_ρ = F_x(a_x · a_ρ) + F_y(a_y · a_ρ) = (-ρ sin φ)(cos φ) + (ρ cos φ)(sin φ) = 0
• F_φ = F · a_φ = F_x(a_x · a_φ) + F_y(a_y · a_φ) = (-ρ sin φ)(-sin φ) + (ρ cos φ)(cos φ) = ρ sin² φ + ρ cos² φ =
ρ
• F_z = z²

Assembling the processed elements yields:

F = ρ a_φ + z² a_z

QUESTION 6 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

A vector field in cylindrical coordinates is defined as G = (1/ρ) a_ρ. Evaluate the absolute value of net flux
exiting out from a closed box bounded dynamically within 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 3, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 using surface
integration.

Detailed Solution:

Since G contains only a a_ρ component, flux exists purely through the two inner/outer curved walls:

• At outer boundary ρ = 3: dS_ρ = 3 dφ dz a_ρ

Flux_out = ∫₀² ∫₀^(ⁿ/²) (1/3) (3 dφ dz) = ∫₀² dz ∫₀^(ⁿ/²) dφ = 2 × (π/2) = π
• At inner boundary ρ = 1: dS_ρ = -1 dφ dz a_ρ (pointing inward)
Flux_in = ∫₀² ∫₀^(ⁿ/²) (1/1) (-1 dφ dz) = -2 × (π/2) = -π

Summing all active surface boundaries:

Flux_total = Flux_out + Flux_in = π + (-π) = 0

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 QUESTION 7 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Verify the structural result obtained in Question 6 by performing a volume integration over the localized
divergence space via the Divergence Theorem.

Detailed Solution:

Compute divergence of G = (1/ρ) a_ρ in cylindrical coordinates:

∇ · G = (1/ρ) ∂(ρ G_ρ)/∂ρ = (1/ρ) ∂(ρ · (1/ρ))/∂ρ = (1/ρ) ∂(1)/∂ρ = 0

Since the mathematical divergence value equals zero uniformly at all coordinates throughout the box volume
region (1 ≤ ρ ≤ 3 excluding the origin anomaly), the volume integral simplifies immediately:

∫_V (∇ · G) dV = ∫_V (0) dV = 0

The calculation matches the surface validation perfectly. Verified!

QUESTION 8 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

In a spherical coordinate field, vector force flow tracks as D = r³ a_r. Determine the absolute value of outward
flux bounding out from an enclosed sphere of radius r = 2 using direct shell boundary integration.

Detailed Solution:

On the outer shell layer boundary r = 2, the normal area element vector is dS_r = r² sin θ dθ dφ a_r = 2² sin θ dθ
dφ a_r.

Evaluating the integrated dot product over the complete spherical boundary:

Flux = ∫₀²ⁿ ∫₀ⁿ (2³) (2² sin θ dθ dφ) = 32 ∫₀²ⁿ dφ ∫₀ⁿ sin θ dθ

Applying base calculus integrals: ∫₀²ⁿ dφ = 2π and ∫₀ⁿ sin θ dθ = 2.

Flux_total = 32 × 2π × 2 = 128π

QUESTION 9 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Verify the exact spherical system problem formulated in Question 8 through corresponding spatial
Divergence Theorem operations.

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 Detailed Solution:

First, calculate the spatial divergence of field D = r³ a_r:

∇ · D = (1/r²) ∂(r² · r³)/∂r = (1/r²) ∂(r⁵)/∂r = (1/r²) (5r⁴) = 5r²

Next, perform volume integration of the divergence across the internal sphere space:

∫_V (∇ · D) dV = ∫₀²ⁿ ∫₀ⁿ ∫₀² (5r²) (r² sin θ dr dθ dφ)

Consolidating independent variable groupings:

∫_V (∇ · D) dV = 5 [∫₀² r⁴ dr] [∫₀ⁿ sin θ dθ] [∫₀²ⁿ dφ]

Evaluating individual parts:

[r⁵ / 5]₀² = 32/5 | [ -cos θ ]₀ⁿ = 2 | [ φ ]₀²ⁿ = 2π

Multiplying elements together:

Total Value = 5 × (32/5) × 2 × 2π = 128π

The calculated value matches the boundary integration result perfectly. Verified!

QUESTION 10 (CO1, PO1) [5 Marks]

Given the Cartesian space vector configuration field A = 4x a_x - 2y² a_y + z a_z, find the value of its
divergence at the specific spatial position point P(1, 2, 3).

Detailed Solution:

The standard Cartesian system divergence layout acts as follows:

∇ · A = ∂A_x/∂x + ∂A_y/∂y + ∂A_z/∂z

Execute derivatives individually on each respective coordinate component:

• ∂(4x)/∂x = 4
• ∂(-2y²)/∂y = -4y
• ∂(z)/∂z = 1

Summing the partial derivatives to find the general divergence function:

∇ · A = 4 - 4y + 1 = 5 - 4y

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 Substitute target coordinate parameters from point P(1, 2, 3) (specifically y = 2):

∇ · A |_(1,2,3) = 5 - 4(2) = 5 - 8 = -3

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