GNED 03

MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN
WORLD
Compiled by: Mr. Patrick John L. Panopio, LPT
Chapter 1

Mathematics in
Nature
Introduction
Mathematics is a valuable tool
for understanding nature and our
world. It involves exploring patterns
and regularities in the environment.
Introduction
Mathematics is present
everywhere, from our homes to the
streets. It's considered the universal
language that people in the modern
world use to communicate.
Introduction
Like other languages, mathematics
has its own symbols, syntax or rules.
It's characterized as precise, concise,
and powerful.
Introduction
Mathematics is an integral part
of daily life, both formal and
informal. It's used in technology,
business, medicine, natural and data
sciences, machine learning, and
construction.
Introduction
Mathematics helps us organize
patterns in the world, predict the
behavior of nature and phenomena,
and control occurrences for our
benefit. Its numerous applications
make it indispensable.
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
Patterns and counting are
interconnected. When there is
counting, there is logic. Consequently,
patterns in nature are associated with
logic or logical setups.
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
There are reasons behind certain
patterns. That's why many people
understand patterns, relationships, and
functions and use them to explain
real-world phenomena.
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
Mathematics is the science behind
patterns. Patterns exist everywhere,
just as they do in nature.
 Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
Number patterns are familiar since
they are among the first patterns
learned in early years. As we advance,
we encounter number patterns through
functions in mathematics, both within
and outside the classroom.
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World

Patterns can be sequential, spatial,

linguistic, etc.
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
The most basic patterns include:
* The sequence of dates in a calendar (1
to 30)
* The seven days of the week (Sunday,
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday)
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World These recurring
The most basic patterns include:events create a
* The twelve months of the yearregularity.
* Regular holidays (New Year's Day,
Valentine's Day, Holy Week, Labor Day,
Independence Day, National Heroes Day,
Ramadan, All Saints Day, Bonifacio Day,
Christmas Day, Rizal Day)
Patterns in Nature and the
Regularities in the World
According to Ian Stewart (1995), we
live in a universe of patterns. By using
mathematics, we understand patterns
in nature and not only to admire it but
to utilize it for further investigation
and study.
Some Examples of
Patterns in Nature
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Symmetry in nature
is a fundamental
concept that refers to
the balance or
correspondence of
parts in a whole.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
A. Bilateral Symmetry - This is the most
common type of symmetry in animals. It
means that an organism can be divided
into two identical halves by a central line.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
A. Bilateral Symmetry
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
B. Radial (Rotational) Symmetry - This
type of symmetry is found in organisms
that have a circular shape, such as starfish
and jellyfish. They can be divided into
identical sections radiating from a central
point.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
B. Radial (Rotational) Symmetry
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
C. Translational Symmetry - this kind of
symmetry is exhibited by objects which do
not change its size and shape even if it moved
to another location.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
1. Kinds of Symmetry
C. Translational
Symmetry
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
2. Spirals are one of the most common
and fascinating patterns found in
nature. They are characterized by a
curved line that winds around a central
point, either expanding outwards or
contracting inwards.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
2. Spirals
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
3. Meander is a term used to describe a
winding, sinuous course of a river or
stream. It often forms a series of loops
and curves as the river flows across a
relatively flat landscape.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
3. Meander
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
4. Waves are ubiquitous patterns in
nature, found in everything from the
ocean to sound to light. They are
characterized by their rhythmic
oscillations or fluctuations, which
create a repeating pattern.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
4. Waves
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
5. Foam is a complex material that can
exhibit a variety of patterns in nature. It
is typically formed when a gas is
dispersed in a liquid, creating a bubbly
or frothy substance.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
5. Foam
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
6. Tessellation is a pattern formed by
repeating a single shape or tile to cover
a plane without any gaps or overlaps. In
other words, it's like fitting puzzle
pieces together perfectly, but with the
same shape repeated infinitely.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
6. Tessellation
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
7. Crack or fracture are indeed a
fascinating example of patterns in
nature. These breaks or fissures in
materials often exhibit intricate and
repeating patterns.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
7. Crack or fracture
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
8. Fractals are complex geometric
shapes that exhibit self-similarity at
different scales. This means that if you
zoom in or out on a fractal, it will look
similar to itself at the original scale.
They are often characterized by their
intricate patterns and infinite detail.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
8. Fractals
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
9. Stripes are parallel lines that are
often found in nature and human-made
designs. They can be vertical,
horizontal, or diagonal, and they can
vary in width, color, and spacing.
Some Examples of Patterns in Nature
9. Stripes
Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci sequence is the series of
numbers where each number is the sum
of the two preceding numbers. For
example, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, …
Fibonacci Sequence
Another one in this world that involves
pattern is the Fibonacci number (Grist,
2011). These numbers are nature's
numbering system.
Fibonacci Sequence
They appear everywhere in nature,
from the leaf arrangement in plants, to
the pattern of the florets of a flower, the
bracts of a pinecone, or the scales of a
pineapple.
Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci sequence in plants

Count the number of branches per generation.

 Name: Leonardo Bonacci
Popularly known as FIBONACCI

Also known as . . .
Leonardo of Pisa
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo
Leonardo Fibonacci

Most talented
Born: 1170, Pisa, Italy mathematician
Died: 1250, Pisa, Italy of the middle
ages
Fibonacci Sequence
The Golden Ratio is a mathematical
constant approximately equal to 1.618.
It is often represented by the Greek
letter phi (φ). This could be solve using
the terms in Fibonacci sequence.
Fibonacci Sequence
The Golden Ratio is often considered to
be the most aesthetically pleasing
proportion, and it appears in many
natural and man-made objects. The
Fibonacci sequence is closely related to
the Golden Ratio, which suggests that it
may also have aesthetic significance.
Fibonacci Sequence
As the Fibonacci numbers get larger,
the ratio of two consecutive numbers
approaches the Golden Ratio. For
example, 89/55 is approximately 1.618,
and 144/89 is even closer to 1.618.
Fibonacci Sequence
As the Fibonacci numbers get larger,
the ratio of two consecutive numbers
approaches the Golden Ratio. For
example, 89/55 is approximately 1.618,
and 144/89 is even closer to 1.618.
In 1202, Fibonacci wrote a very famous book
“Liber abaci” to describe mathematics he
learned.

If two new be in the

rabbits are pen after
put in a pen, one year?
How many
rabbits will
 “If 2 new born rabbits are
put in a pen, how many
rabbits will be in the pen
after one year?”
Assume that rabbits...
... always produce one male and one
female offspring
. ... can reproduce once every month.
... can reproduce when they are one month
old.
... never die!
Applications of
Mathematics
Applications of Mathematics
Physics: Mathematics is the backbone of
physics, used to describe and model
physical phenomena.
Chemistry: Chemical reactions,
molecular structures, and properties are
often analyzed and predicted using
mathematical models.
Applications of Mathematics
Biology: Biological systems, from
population dynamics to genetic analysis,
are studied using mathematical tools.
Astronomy: Celestial bodies'
movements, distances, and properties are
calculated using mathematical
principles.
Applications of Mathematics
Engineering: Civil, Mechanical, Electrical
Economics: Economic theories, market
analysis, and financial modeling are driven by
mathematical concepts.
Psychology: Statistical analysis and
mathematical models are used to study human
behavior and cognitive processes
Applications of Mathematics
Art and design: Mathematical principles like
symmetry, proportion, and perspective are
used in artistic creations.
Finance: Financial instruments, risk
assessment, and investment strategies are
based on mathematical principles.
Medicine: Medical imaging, drug
development, and epidemiological modeling
rely on mathematical techniques.
 Thank you for listening!
•Prepare for quiz #1 next meeting.
•Reference: Reyes, S. (2024). Nature’s
Numbers
 MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Made by: Mr. Robert R. Bayan and Mr. Still John F. Reyes
Modified by: Mr. Patrick John L. Panopio, LPT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
The Language of Mathematics is the structure
used by the mathematicians to communicate
mathematically.
1. Precise – make an exact and accurate
expressions
2. Concise – say things briefly.
3. Powerful – express complex thoughts with a
comparative event.
 ENGLISH, NOUN AND SENTENCE
Noun – a word used to identify the class of people,
places, or things.
Sentence – used to state complete thoughts. An English
sentence has at least one noun, and at least one verb.
Examples:
1. Janice loves mathematics.
2. Janice and mathematics are nouns and love is verb.
NOUN VERSUS SENTENCE

NOUN SENTENCE
James James is the name of her brother.
Manila The capital of Philippines is Manila.
mango The national fruit of the Philippines is
mango.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
- a name given to mathematical object of
interest. An expression does not state a
complete thought, it does not as if an
expression is true or false.
 MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
- expresses a complete thought, it asks about
the TRUTH of a sentence. It is either True or
False or Sometimes True/Sometimes False.
EXAMPLES:
Mathematical Mathematical Sentence
Expression
7+6 7 + 6 = 13
5 (6) 5 (6) = 30
(2 + 3) – 1 (2 + 3) – 1 = 4
MORE EXAMPLES: CLASSIFY IF THE GIVEN IS
AN ENGLISH NOUN, MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION, ENGLISH SENTENCE OR
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE.
1. Car
2. 2
3. The word “cat” begins with the letter
“k”.
4. 1 + 2 = 4
5. 5 - 3
6. 5 – 3 = 2
7. The cat is black.
8. x
9. x = 1
10. x – 1 = 0
11. t + 3
12. t + 3 = 3 + t
13. This sentence is false.
 TRANSLATION OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATEMENTS INTO
SYMBOLS
Translate – changing words into math
symbols.
Phrase – words translated into
expressions (no equal or inequality
symbol)
Sentence – words are translated into
equations or inequalities.
BASIC STEPS TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH SENTENCE TO
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OR SENTENCE

[Link] variable/s.
[Link] the word expression.
[Link] the right math symbol.
 MATHEMATICAL OPERATION SYMBOLS
AND THEIR WORD EXPRESSIONS
OPERATION WORD EXPRESSION
Addition Add, added to, plus, the sum of, more than, the total of,
+ increased by, going up by, bigger by.
Subtraction Subtract, subtract from, less, minus, less than, decreased by,
- diminished by, take away, reduced by, the difference between.
Multiplication Multiply, times, the product of, multiply by, times as much as
( ) or •
Division Divide, divided by, the quotient of, the ratio of, equal amounts
/ or  of, per
Equation Equals, is equal to, is, exactly as, equivalent to, as similar to.
=
EXAMPLES:
Translate the following statements into
Symbols.

1. The sum of 6 and a number.

Answer: let n be a number, 6 + n
2. The difference between 5 and a number.
Answer: let x be a number, 5 - x
EXAMPLES:
3. 11 more than a number.
Answer: let n be a number, 11 + n
4. A number decreased by 10.
Answer: let z be a number, z - 10
5. 8 less than a number.
Answer: let x be a number, x – 8
6. Four more than twice a certain number.
Answer: let x be a certain number, 2x + 4
7. The square root of a certain number.
Answer: let x be a certain number, 𝑥
8. 2 times the sum of x and 3.
Answer: 2 (x + 3)
9. The square of the sum of a and b.
Answer: (a + b)2
10. The sum of three consecutive number.
Answer: let x be the first number,
x + 1 be the second number
x + 2 be the third number
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2)
USING A VERBAL MODEL

In Mathematics there is a difference between a phrase

and a sentence. Phrases translate into expressions;
sentences translate into equations or inequalities.

Phrases Expressions

Sentences Equations or Inequalities

TRANSLATING VERBAL PHRASES

Verbal Phrase Expression

The sum of six and a number 6+x

Eight more than a number y+8

A number plus five n+5

A number increased
increased by seven x+7

A number decreased by nine n–9

Ten times a number 10 • n or (10n)

10n)
(10
(10n
7
Seven divided by a number
x
USING A VERBAL MODEL

Phrase Expression

The sum of six and a number 6+x

The sum of six and a number is 6+x=

In this sentence, “is” says that

Sentence one quantity is equal to one another. Equation

The sum of six and a number

number is twelve.
twelve. 6 + x = 12

In this sentence, the words

Sentence “is less than” indicate an inequality. Inequality

The sum of six and a number 6 + x < 12

is less than
thantwelve.
twelve.
 Tricky Ones!
5 plus x 5+x
add 5 and x 5+x
the sum of 5 and x 5+x
5 increased by x 5+x

5 more than x x+5

5 is more than x 5>x

 Tricky Ones!
5 minus x 5-x
5 less x 5-x
the difference of 5 and x 5-x
5 decreased by x 5-x
5 less than x x-5

5 subtracted from x x-5

5 is less than x 5<x
OTHER MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
SYMBOL WORD USE SAMPLE
EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
> … is greater than... Indicates value on 3>2
Inequality sign left is larger than
the value on right
< … is less than… Indicates value on 2<3
Inequality sign left is smaller than
the value on right
 … is not equal… Indicates that two xy
Inequality sign values are different
= … is equal to … Indicates two 2+3=5
equal sign values are equal
 SYMBOL WORD USE SAMPLE
EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
𝑛
Ʃ The summation of Sum of may or
Summation sign infinitely many ෍ 𝑥1
value 𝑖=1

! … factorial Product of all

Exclamation positive integral up 4! = 24
to a certain value
√ The square root of Algebraic 𝑥
Square root … expressions
% … percent… proportion 10%
Percent
∴ Therefore … Logical statement
Three dots or mathematical ∴x=y
proof
 SYMBOL WORD USE SAMPLE
EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
≤ …at most… or Indicates value on left
less than or equal less than or equal is less than or equal x≤4
the value on right
≥ …at least… or Indicates value on left
greater than or greater than or equal is greater than or equal x≥4
equal the value on right

∈ … is an element of sets aϵA

epsilon …
U …union… sets AUB
union
∩ … intersection… sets A∩B
intersection
EXAMPLES: CONVERT EACH SENTENCE INTO ITS
APPROPRIATE MATHEMATICAL SYMBOL.

[Link]’s (M) height is greater than or equal to 63

inches.
2.A number (x) increased by seven is greater than
seventy.
[Link]’s weekly earnings (E) at P80 per hour is less
than P500.
[Link] sum of Sam (S) and Jay’s (J) age is less than
their mom’s age of 40.
[Link]’s (E) age at least 14.
SEATWORK #1
 THE BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
MATHEMATICS
GNED 03: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Compiled by Mr. Patrick John L. Panopio, LPT

 INTRODUCTION
• Mathematics has four basic concepts:
sets, relation, function, and binary
(Dalidig, R., 2019). Each concept has
significant part in learning
mathematics in the contemporary
world.
 SET
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 SET
• Set is a well-defined collection of
objects, people, events, numbers
having similar characteristics.
• The members of a set are called
elements.

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 The symbol used for
element

The symbol used for not

an element.

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 SET
Illustrative examples:
A = {school days in a week}
A = {Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri.}
These are called members or elements of
a given set.
We can say that:
Monday  A Sunday  A
Tuesday  A Saturday  A
Friday  A Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 SET
B = {counting numbers less than 5}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
1,2,3,4 are called members or elements of a
given set.
C = {primary colors}
C = {yellow, red, blue}
yellow, red and blue are called members or
elements of a given set.
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 SET
Fill in the blank with  or .

1) 8 ___ A 4) 0 ___ C

2) 6 ___ B 5) 3 ___ A

3) -2 ___ C 6) 5 ___ B
A = {even numbers}
B = {odd numbers}
C = {whole numbers}
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 Well – Defined Set
A = {set of factors less than 50} Yes!
B = {set of beautiful girls in BSIT} No!
C = {set of months in a year} Yes!
D = {set of handsome actors} No!
E = {set of excellent politician} No!
F = {set of integers between -5 to 5} Yes!
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 Empty Set or Null Set
A set with no members or elements.
It is denoted by the symbol {} or .

A = {set of triangles with 4 sides)

B = { set of days in a week start with
letter A}
 Cardinality
Refers to the number of elements in a given set. It
is denoted by the symbol n.
“Cardinality of a set A” is written as n(A)
A={set of primary colors} n(A) = 3
A={yellow, red, blue}
B={set of school days in a week} n(B) = 5
B={Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri.}
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 What if there is no element in a given set?
What will be its cardinality?
A={set of days in a week start with A}

n(A) = {} n(A) = 0

n(A) = 0

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Finite or Infinite Set
A set is finite if its elements are countable.
A = {set of integers between -3 to 10}
B = {set of fishes in Science laboratory}
A set is infinite if there is no end in the counting of
its element.
A = {set of integers}
B = {set of fishes in Manila Bay}
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 Roster Method Builder Method
• Listing down or • The elements is
enumerating the identified or
elements. described.

A = {0,1,2,3,4…) A = {set of whole

numbers}

A = {apple, samsung, A = {set of cell phone

huawei,nokia} brands}

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 SET
OPERATIONS

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Venn Diagram
➜ A Venn Diagram is used to
represent relationships
between a collection of objects
or sets.

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Venn Diagram
➜ It usually has a rectangle with
circles inside. The rectangle
represents the universal set and
the circles inside represent the
different subsets in the universal
set. The letter name of the set is
written beside it.
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
U
A B
5 6
7
1 8
3 9
10

2 4

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 ➜ In the illustration, the universal
U set contains natural numbers
from 1 to 10.
A B U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
5 6 Set A = {1,3,5,7,9}
7
1 8 Set B = {6,7,8,9,10}
3 9 10 ➜ Notice that 2 and 4 are
outside the circles that
2 4 represent sets A and B. this
means that both numbers are
**NOT** elements of either
A or B.
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 “
There are four
basic operations
that are best
understood using
Venn Diagrams.

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

Four Operations of SET

UNION ( U )
INTERSECTION ( ∩ )
COMPLEMENT ( ‘ )
DIFFERENCE ( - )

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Set Operation:

•Union ( U ) U
A B
5 6

A U B is the set 1
3
7
9
8
10

that contains all 2 4

the elements in
either A or B. A U B = {1,3,5,6,7,8,9,10}

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Set Operation:
U
A B
• INTERSECTION ( ∩ )
A ∩ B is the set that
U
A B
contains all common 5
7
6
8
1
3 9 10
elements between A or B.
2 4

A ∩ B = { 7, 9 }
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
• Complement ( ‘ )
U
A B
A’ is the set that
contains all elements
U
in the universal set A B
5 6
7
that are not in set A. 1
3 9
8
10

2 4
A’ = {2,4,6,8,10}
A’ = read as a prime

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

• Difference ( - ) U
A B

A-B is the set that

contains all elements U A B
5 6
of A that are not in B. 1
3 9
7 8
10

2 4

A-B = {1,3,5}
A = read as a minus b
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 Visual representation of venn diagram
Subset and Superset
. Joint Sets

Disjoint Sets

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

“all poodles are
dogs”

poodles 
dogs

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B={1}

BA

Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)

 Example 1:
USING THE SET OPERATION:

U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
A U B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
A = { 1,2,3,4 }
A  B = { 3, 4 }
A’ = {5,6,7,8}
A-B = {1,2}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6,}
B-A = {5,6}
B’ = {1, 2, 7, 8}
Lessons cited from: Ms. Ruth S. Olip, LPT, MMEM (2025)
 Example 2:
USING THE SET OPERATION:

U 5
A B
2 3
1 -2
4, -3, 0
-1 -4

-5
RELATIONS
AND
FUNCTIONS
 RELATIONS
•A relation describes a relationship
between two sets of objects (often
numbers).
•It's represented as a set of ordered
pairs (x, y), where x is an element
from the first set and y is an element
from the second set.
 FUNCTIONS
•A function is a special type of
relation where each input (x-value) is
paired with exactly one output (y-
value).
•If an input has multiple outputs, it's a
relation but not a function.
 FUNCTIONS
•For example, the set {(1, 2), (2, 4),
(3, 6)} is a function, as each input (1,
2, and 3) has only one corresponding
output (2, 4, and 6 respectively).
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
A relation is a set of values defining
the relationship between given values.
A function is a relation wherein no
value of x will repeat in a given set.
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
A domain is the x value in a given
ordered pair.
A range is the y value in a given
ordered pair.
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
P = {(1,9), (1, 4), (2, 0), (2, 1)}
Domains (x) = 1, 1, 2, 2
Range (y) = 9, 4, 0, 1
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
O = {(-12, 2), (-11, 2), (-10, 2), (-9, 2)}
Domains (x) = -12, -11, -10, -9
Range (y) = 2, 2, 2, 2
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
L = {(a, 3), (e, 6), (i, 9), (o, 12), (u, 15)}
Domains (x) = {x/x is a vowel from the
English alphabet}
Range (y) = {y/y is a multiple of 3 less
than or equal 15}
 WAYS HOW TO
REPRESENT RELATIONS
AND FUNCTIONS
 1. ORDERED PAIRS
P = {(1,9), (1, 4), (2, 0), (2, 1)}
Domains (x) = 1, 1, 2, 2
Range (y) = 9, 4, 0, 1
NOT FUNCTION
 1. ORDERED PAIRS

O = {(-12, 2), (-11, 2), (-10, 2), (-9, 2)}

Domains (x) = -12, -11, -10, -9
Range (y) = 2
FUNCTION
 1. ORDERED PAIRS
J = {(-2, 2), (2, 2), (-2, -2), (2, -2)}
Domains (x) = -2, 2, -2, 2
Range (y) = 2, 2, -2, -2
NOT A FUNCTION
2. MAPPING

FUNCTION
2. MAPPING

NOT A
FUNCTION
2. MAPPING

FUNCTION
3. VERTICAL LINE TEST

FUNCTION
3. VERTICAL LINE TEST

NOT A
FUNCTION
 FUNCTIONS
• f(x) is a function notation and
commonly used to represent an
output (y) given x as an input.
 FUNCTIONS
• Evaluating Functions:
- let x is equal to a certain number to
find the value of y.
Ex. Let x be equal to 7, evaluate:
1. y = 5x
f(x) = 5x
f(7) = 5(7) = 35
 FUNCTIONS
• Evaluating Functions:
- let x is equal to a certain number to
find the value of y.
Ex. Let x be equal to 7, evaluate:
2. y = 3x + 2
f(x) = 3x + 2
f(7) = 3(7) + 2 = 21 + 2= 23
 FUNCTIONS
• Evaluating Functions:
- let x is equal to a certain number to
find the value of y.
Ex. Let x be equal to 7, evaluate:
2
2. y = −3𝑥 − 𝑥
2
f(x) = −3𝑥 − 𝑥
2
f(7) = −3 7 − 7 = −3 49 − 7 = −147 − 7 = −154
 Lesson 4:
Introduction to
Statistics
Made by: Mr. Robert Jan R. Bayan
Modified by: Mr. Patrick John L. Panopio
 The word statistics is derived from the
Latin word status meaning “state”.
It is a collection of quantitative data,
Definition, such as statistics of crimes, statistics on
Natures and
enrollment, and statistics on
Importance of
Statistics unemployment.
It is also a science, which deals with
the collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data.
 Statistics involves much more
than the simple collection,
tabulation, and summarizing of
Definition,
Natures and data.
Importance of Statistics is also a tool that
Statistics
helps us develop general and
meaningful conclusions that go
beyond the original data.
  Surveys are designed to collect
The following are some
earlyexamples
returns ofontheelection
uses of day to
statistics:
forecast the outcome of an election.
Definition,  Consumers are samples to provide
Natures and information for predicting product
Importance of preference.
Statistics  Newly manufactured fuses are
sampled before shipping to decide
whether to ship or hold individual
lots.
 The economist observes
various indices of economic
Definition,
Natures and health over a period of time
Importance of and uses the information to
Statistics
forecast the condition of the
economy next year.
 The economist observes
various indices of economic
Definition,
Natures and health over a period of time
Importance of and uses the information to
Statistics
forecast the condition of the
economy next year.
 Natures of Statistics
Two areas of interest
Government (political science)
Games of chance (probability)
 Deals with the methods of
organizing, summarizing,
Descriptive
and presenting (describing)
Statistics
a mass of data so as to yield
meaningful information.
 Deals with making
generalizations about a body
where only a part of it is
examined. This comprises
Inferential those methods concerned with
Statistics the analysis of a subset of data
leading to predictions or
inferences about the entire set
of data.
 Descriptive Inferential
Feature
Statistics Statistics
Summarizing Making
Focus
data inferences
Sample or
Data Sample
Statistics population
Make
Describe
Goal predictions or
characteristics
test hypotheses
Summary Statistical
Outcome
statistics conclusions
Examples:
Determine whether 1. A bowler wants to find his bowling
the following
statements use the average for the past 12 games.
area of descriptive
statistics or inferential
statistics:
 1. A bowler wants to find his bowling
average for the past 12 games.
This is descriptive statistics. The bowler is
Examples: Determine simply summarizing past data (his bowling
whether the following
statements use the area scores) to calculate an average. No
of descriptive statistics inference is being made about future
or inferential statistics: games or a larger population of bowlers.
Examples:
Determine whether
2. A manager would like to predict based
the following on previous years’ sales, the sales
statements use the performance of a company for the next
area of descriptive
statistics or five years.
inferential statistics:
 2. A manager would like to predict based
on previous years’ sales, the sales
performance of a company for the next
Examples: five years.
Determine whether
the following This is inferential statistics. The manager
statements use the
area of descriptive is using past data (previous years' sales) to
statistics or make a prediction about the future (next
inferential statistics:
five years' sales). This involves making an
inference about a future population of
sales data based on a past sample.
Examples: 3. A politician would like to estimate,
Determine whether based on an opinion poll, his chance for
the following
statements use the winning in the upcoming senatorial
area of descriptive election.
statistics or
inferential statistics:
 3. A politician would like to estimate,
based on an opinion poll, his chance for
winning in the upcoming senatorial
election.
Examples:
Determine whether This is inferential statistics. The politician
the following
statements use the is using a sample of voters (the opinion
area of descriptive poll) to make an inference about the entire
statistics or
inferential statistics: population of voters and their voting
intentions. This inference helps estimate
his chances of winning the election.
 4. A teacher wishes to determine the
percentage of students who passed the
examination.
Examples: 5. A student wishes to determine the
Determine whether
the following average monthly expenditures on school
statements use the supplies for the past five months.
area of descriptive
statistics or 6. A basketball player wants to estimate
inferential statistics:
his chance of winning the most valuable
player (MVP) award based on his current
season averages and the averages of his
opponents.
 1. Population – the set of all
individuals for entities under
Definition of consideration or study. It may be
Some Basic a finite or infinite collection of
Statistical objects, events, or individuals,
Terms with specified class or
characteristics under
consideration.
2. Variable – these are the factors that can change or vary
within a study. They are essential in research as they allow
us to investigate relationships and cause-and-effect.
Examples:
a. The researcher would like to determine the
average age of patients infected with dengue
fever for the month of October at PGH.
b. The researcher would like to determine the
number of female PT students in CvSU –
Carmona.
 a. Qualitative Variable consists
of categories or attributes, which
have non-numerical
characteristics.
Types of Examples: classification,
Variable year level, sex, and subjects
enrolled this semester.
b. Quantitative Variable
consists of numbers representing
counts or measurements.
 a. Discrete Quantitative
Classification of Quantitative Variable
Variable results from either a
finite number of possible values
or a countable number of
possible values.
Examples: no. of students,
no. of books, and no. of
patients.
 b. Continuous Quantitative
Classification ofVariable
Quantitative Variable
results from infinitely
many possible values that can
be associated with points on a
continuous scale in such a way
that there are no gaps or
interruptions.
Examples: height, weight,
grade point average, and time.
 3. Sample is a part of the
population or a sub-collection of
elements drawn from a population.
Definition of 4. Parameter is a numerical
Some Basic measurement describing some
Statistical characteristic of a population.
Terms
5. Statistics is a numerical
measurement describing some
characteristic of a sample.
6. Survey is often conducted to
gather opinions or feedbacks
about a variety of topics.
a. Census Survey, most often
simply referred to as census, is
conducted by gathering
information from the entire
population.
b. Sampling Survey, most
often simply referred to as
survey, is conducted by
gathering information only
from part of the population.
 Level of Measurement of Data
Nominal is characterized by data
that consist of names, labels, or
1. Nominal
categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme.
Examples: name, religion, civil
status, address, sex, degree program
 Ordinal involves data that may be
arranged in some order. This
means that you can rank the
categories from highest to lowest,
2. Ordinal or vice versa, but the differences
between the categories aren't
necessarily equal.
Examples: military rank, job
position, year level
 Interval is like the ordinal level,
with the additional property that
meaningful amounts of differences
between data can be determined.
However, there is no inherent
3. Interval
(natural) zero starting point.
- the distance between attributes
does have meaning.
Examples: IQ Score, temperature
(in oC)
 Ratio is the interval level
modified to include the
inherent zero starting point
4. Ratio (true zero point). For values at
this level, differences and
ratios are meaningful.
Examples: height, width, area,
and weekly allowance
Levels of Measurement
SEATWORK #3