Chapter six

FRICTION
In the previous chapters, it was assumed that the contact surfaces between the contacting
bodies are smooth, that mean, the reaction of one body to the other is perpendicular to the
contact surface. But in practical life, the contact surface is not smooth and this leads to the
reaction not being perpendicular to the contact surface. And when analyzing the reaction
force into two components, one of which is perpendicular to the contact surface and the
second tangential to the contact surface, the tangential component is called the frictional
force, and the effect of this force is usually opposite to the direction of motion.

Definition of friction:
Friction is the force that resists the motion of two connected surfaces that slide over each
other. Usually the effect of this force is opposite to the direction of motion. Often there are
friction forces between two rough surfaces in contact with a relative motion between them
and these forces act on the body to resist its motion or tendency to move.

Fig. (6-1) Friction

The importance of friction and its uses:

Friction is a normal and common phenomenon that occurs in everyday life and in many
industries. There are many different uses for controlling and benefiting from friction,
including:
1- Heat generation: Friction can be used to generate heat, and this is what happens when
you rub your hands together quickly or when an object moves quickly on another
surface. This heat can be used in processes such as heating foods or operating thermal
machines.
2- Movement control: Friction is used in brake systems and clutches for vehicles, trains,
and many equipments to control movement and stop the body safely.
3- Taking advantage of static electricity: sliding and friction between two surfaces can
generate static electric charges, and this phenomenon is used in static electricity meters
and electrostatic printers.

1
4- Dynamic movement and surface movement: Friction can be used to transform
movement between two surfaces, such as using shoes on the ground for walking and
using car tires for driving, friction is also used in belt drives, wedges, and other practical
life applications, as it without friction, these devices cannot performs its functions.
5- Reducing slip: Friction can be used to increase stability and reduce slip, and this is done
by sports shoes or tires specially designed for off-road.
1- Manufacturing and production: Friction is used in manufacturing processes such as
cutting, grinding, welding and forming to achieve the required changes in shape and
size.

Disadvantages of friction:
Friction can cause wear of surfaces, and this phenomenon may damage materials and
machinery. However, it can be controlled and reduced by using lubrication or using less
corrosive materials.

Friction coefficient:
The region up to the starting point of the slip or the start of the slip is called the region of
friction, and the value of the friction force can be calculated by the equations of equilibrium,
where these force are confined between zero and its maximum value. We note that the
maximum static friction value of two contact surfaces is directly proportional to the normal
force ( N ).
Fs  N
Fs = sN ……………….. (6-1)
Where ( s ) is the constant of proportionality and is known as the coefficient of static
friction, and this equation describes the maximum value of static friction, and therefore the
equation applies at the moment of starting the movement and not before or after it.
After slipping, the state of motion is accompanied by what is called kinetic friction, and
the force resulting from this friction is called the kinetic friction force and is usually less
than the static friction force, considering that the static friction force represents the great
force of friction. We note that the value of kinetic friction of two contacting surfaces is also
directly proportional to the vertical force ( N ).
Fk  N
Fk = kN ……………….. (6-2)
Where ( k ) is the constant of proportionality and is known as the coefficient of kinetic
friction, and this equation describes the value of friction during the motion, that is, after the
moment of the start of the motion.

2
Types of friction:
Static friction:
Static friction is the friction produced at the
beginning of the motion as it tries to prevent the
body from moving, and the force of the static
friction approaches the maximum value of ( Fs =
sN ), where ( s ) is the coefficient of static
friction.
Fig. (6-2) Static friction
Kinetic friction:
Kinetic friction is the friction produced during
motion and if slipping occurs, the frictional force
remains constant during the period of motion and is
equal to ( Fk = kN ).
Here ( k ) is the coefficient of kinetic friction, It is
always less than the coefficient of static friction..

Fig. (6-3) Kinetic friction

Fig. (6-4) Forces acting on a body while it is moving on a surface it is in contact with

Fig. (6-5) The relationship between the force

Fig. (6-6) Frictional forces resisting motion
causing the motion of a body and the frictional
between two rough surfaces
force resisting its motion
3
It is necessary to draw a free-body diagram to solve the friction problem.

Fig. (6-7) Free body diagram

Characteristics of friction:
1- During motion, the resulting friction force between the contacting surfaces is in a
direction opposite to the direction of motion or the tendency of motion for one surface
with respect to the other surface ( i.e. it is a force resisting the motion ) and is tangent
to the two surfaces in contact.
2- The normal force to obtain the maximum static frictional force ( Fs ) of the contacting
surfaces must not be so low nor so great that it severely deforms or crushes the
contacting surfaces of the bodies.
3- In general, the maximum force of static friction is greater than the force of kinetic
friction for any two contacting surfaces. However, if the speed of motion between the
two bodies in contact is very low, the force of kinetic friction ( F k ) becomes
approximately equal to the force of static friction ( Fs ), i.e. ( s  k ).
4- The force of static friction between the two contacting surfaces is proportional to the
normal force when slipping on the contacting surfaces is about to occur ( Fs = sN ).
5- The force of kinetic friction between the two contacting surfaces is proportional to the
normal force when sliding occurs on the contacting surface ( Fk = kN ).

4
Friction angle:
Fig. (6-8) shows that the direction (  ) of the resultant
( R ) measured with a respect to the normal force ( N ), which
is the force of the ground reaction to the body.

F
tan  = ……………….. (6-3)
N
Fig. (6-8) Friction angle

From the mathematical law of friction:

F
( Fs = sN ) or ( Fk = kN ) or ( F = N )   = ……….. (6-4)
N
  = tan  s = tan s k = tan k ……………….. (6-5)

Where:
(  ): Friction angle.
( s ): Static friction angle.
( k ): Kinetic friction angle.

Friction laws:
1- The force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force.
2- The force of friction does not depend on the area of contacting surfaces.
3- The maximum force of static friction exceeds the force of kinetic friction.
4- The kinetic friction force does not depend on the relative motion between the contacting
surfaces.
5- The coefficient of static friction increases somewhat in the case of very low pressures,
and in the case of very high pressures, it increases to the extent that it causes distortions
in the contacting bodies.
6- At the low relative velocities between the contacting surfaces, we notice that the
coefficient of kinetic friction increases and is apparently equal to the coefficient of static
friction.
7- At very high speeds, the coefficient of kinetic friction decreases significantly.
8- Normal temperature changes do not affect the coefficient of friction.

5
 Table (6-1) Typical values of coefficient of friction for some contact surfaces

Static coefficient of Kinetic coefficient

Contact surfaces
friction ( s ) of friction ( k )
Steel on Steel ( dry ) 0.6 0.4
Steel on Steel ( greasy ) 0.1 0.05
Teflon on Steel 0.04 0.04
Wood on Wood 0.5 0.2
Wood on Metal 0.6 0.2
Cast iron on Cast iron 0.4 0.3
Brass on Steel ( dry ) 0.5 0.4
Rubber on Concrete 0.8 0.6
Wire rope on Iron pulley ( dry ) 0.2 0.15
Metal on Stone 0.5 0.2
Metal on Ice 0.02
Rubber on Ice 0.2 0.05

6
Example (6-1):
Determine the highest value of the angle of inclination of
the inclined surface (  ) with the horizontal plane before the
block of mass ( m ) begins to slide, given that the coefficient
of friction between the mass and the inclined surface is (  ).
Fig. (Ex. 6-1)
Solution:
To achieve equilibrium in the directions x- and y- axes:

∑ Fx = 0 mg sin – F = 0 F = mg sin
….. (1)
∑ Fy = 0 – mg cos + N = 0 N = mg cos
….. (2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2):
F mg sin
= = tan
N mg cos
Since the maximum angle occurs when ( F = Fmax = s N ), for impending motion we have:

s = tan max or  max = tan–1s

Example (6-2):
The uniform crate shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-2) has a
mass of ( 30 kg ). If a force (P = 100 N) is applied to the
crate, show the movement status of the crate. The
coefficient of static friction is ( s = 0.3 ).
Fig. (Ex. 6-2)

Solution:
W = m g = 30 × 9.81 = 294.3 N

+ → ∑ Fx = 0 100 cos 30° – F = 0

F = 86.6 N
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 – 100 sin 30° + NC – 294.3 = 0
NC = 344.3 N
Fmax = s NC = 0.3 (344.3) = 103.29 N
Since ( F = 86.6 N  103.29 N ), the crate will not slip.

7
 Example (6-3):
If the mass of the block shown in the figure (Ex. 6-3) is
(100 kg), find the magnitude and direction of the frictional
force acting on the block in the case of:
a- ( P = 500 N ). Fig. (Ex. 6-3)
b- ( P = 100 N ).
The coefficient of static friction is ( 0.2 ), and the coefficient of kinetic friction is
( 0.17 ). The forces are applied when the block initially at rest.

Solution:
+ → ∑ Fx = 0 P cos 20° + F – 981 sin 20° = 0
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 N – P sin 20° – 981 cos 20° = 0
Case I: P = 500 N

F = – 134.3 N = 134.3 N
N = 1093 N
Fmax = sN Fmax = 0.2 × 1093 = 219 N
We note that the force (P) is greater than the force required for equilibrium (F), which means that the
equilibrium assumption is correct. The answer will be:

F = 134.3 N down the plane

Case II. P = 100 N

Substitution into the two equilibrium equations gives:

F = 242 N
N = 956 N
But the maximum possible static friction force is:

Fmax = sN Fmax = 0.2(956) = 191.2 N

The force (P) is smaller than the force required for equilibrium (F). Therefore, equilibrium can be
achieved, and we get the correct value of the friction force using the coefficient of kinetic friction associated
with the movement down the plane. So the answer is:

Fk = kN F = 0.17(956) = 162.5 N up the plane

8
Example (6-4):
A ladder with uniform mass of ( 12 kg ) rests against
the smooth wall at ( B ), and the end ( A ) rests on the
rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static
friction is ( s = 0.3 ).
Determine the angle of inclination (  ) of the ladder
and the normal reaction at ( B ) if the ladder is about to
slip.

Fig. (Ex. 6-4)

Solution:
W = m g = 12 × 9.81 = 117.72 N
FA = sNA = 0.3NA
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 NA – 117.72 = 0
NA = 117.72 N
FA = 0.3 × 117.72 = 35.316 N
+ → ∑ Fx = 0 35.316 – NB = 0
NB = 35.316 N

+ ∑ MB = 0
(35.316)(5 sin ) – (117.72) (5 cos ) + (117.72) (2.5 cos ) = 0
176.58 sin – 588.6 cos + 294.3 cos = 0
176.58 sin – 294.3 cos = 0  cos
176.58 tan – 294.3 = 0
176.58 tan = 294.3
tan = 1.667
 = 59°

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Example (6-5):
Find the minimum coefficient of static friction
between the shoe of the man and the surface of the
ground so that the man can move the box, if you know
that the coefficient of static friction between the box and
the surface of the ground is ( s = 0.3 ), the mass of the
box is ( 120 kg ), and the mass of the man is ( 75 kg ).
Fig. (Ex. 6-5)

Solution:
Wc = 120 × 9.81 = 1177.2 N
Wm = 75 × 9.81 = 735.75 N
For the crate:
FC = s NC = 0.3 NC

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 NC + P sin 30° – 1177.2 = 0

NC + 0.5 P – 1177.2 = 0 ………. (1)

+ → ∑ Fx = 0 FC – P cos 30° = 0
0.3 NC – 0.866 P = 0 …...........…. (2)
From (2) : NC = 2.887 P
Sub. In (1) : 2.887 P + 0.5 P – 1177.2 = 0
3.387 P = 1177.2  P = 347.56 N
NC = 2.887 × 347.56 = 1003.4 N
For the man:

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 Nm – 347.56 sin 30° – 735.75 = 0

Nm = 909.53 N
+ → ∑ Fx = 0 347.56 cos 30° – Fm = 0
Fm = 301 N

Thus, the required minimum coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes and the ground is
given by:
Fm 301
s = = = 0.33
Nm 909.53

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Example (6-6):
The center of gravity of the car shown in Fig. (Ex.
6-6) is located at point ( G ). If the car is moving on a
sideways road at a constant speed, and the coefficient
of static friction between the shoulder of the road and
the tires is ( s = 0.4 ), determine the greatest slope the
road shoulder can have without causing the car to slip
or tip over if the car travels along the road shoulder at
constant velocity.
Fig. (Ex. 6-6)

Solution:
Tipping:

+ ∑ MA = 0
– (W cos )(2.5) + (W sin )(2.5) = 0
(W cos )(2.5) = (W sin )(2.5)
tan = 1   = 45°
Slipping:

+ ∑ Fx = 0
0.4 N – W sin = 0 ……. (1)
+ ∑ Fy = 0
N – W cos = 0 ........…. (2)
------------------------- (Division)
0.4 – tan = 0
tan = 0.4   = 21.8°
car slips before it tips

11
 Example (6-7):
Determine the range of mass values ( mo ) so that the
( 100 kg ) block shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-7) will neither start
moving up the plane nor slip down the plane. The
coefficient of static friction for the contact surfaces is
( 0.3 ). Fig. (Ex. 6-7)

Solution:
The maximum value of ( mo ) will be given by the requirement for
motion impending up the plane.

W = m g = 100 × 9.81 = 981 N

+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 N – 981 cos 20° = 0
N = 922 N
Fmax = s N Fmax = 0.3 × 922 = 277 N
+ → ∑ Fx = 0
mo × 9.81 – 227 – 981 sin 20° = 0
mo = 57.3 kg
The minimum value of ( mo ) is determined when motion is
impending down the plane.

+ → ∑ Fx = 0
mo × 9.81 + 227 – 981 sin 20° = 0 Case II
mo = 11.06 kg
Thus, ( mo ) may have any value from ( 11.06 kg - 57.3 kg ).

12
Example (6-8):
The parking brake system shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-8) consists of an arm hinged with a
friction block at ( B ).
If you know that the coefficient of static
friction between the wheel and the arm is
( s = 0.3 ), and a torque of ( 3 [Link] ) is
applied to the disc, determine whether the
brake is able to hold the wheel when the
force that applied to the arm:
(a) F = 6 Ib
(b) F = 14 Ib.
Fig. (Ex. 6-8)
Solution:
Disc:

+ ∑ Mo = 0
3 – FB ( 0.5 ) = 0
FB = 6 Ib
FB = s NB
FB 6
NB = = = 20 Ib
s 0.3
Lever:

+ ∑ MA = 0
(20)(0.7) + (6)(0.17) – (FReq)(2.1) = 0
FReq. = 7.15 Ib
(a) F = 6 Ib  7.15 Ib No
(b) F = 14 Ib  7.15 Ib Yes

13
Example (6-9):
The mass of the tractor shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-9) is (2.5 tons) and its center of gravity
is at (G). The rear wheels exert traction force at point (B), while the front wheels at
point (A) are free to roll.
If the coefficient of static friction between the
wheels at (B) and the ground is (s = 0.45), and
between the contaner of (1 ton) and the ground
is (s = 0.5), determine whether the contaner
can be pulled without causing the rear wheels
at (B) to slip or lifting the front wheels off the
ground at (A).

Fig. (Ex. 6-9)

Solution:
Wt = 2500 × 9.81 = 24525 N = 24.525 kN
Wc = 1000 × 9.81 = 9810 N = 9.81 kN
For Container:
+ ↑ ∑ Fx = 0 FN – 9.81 = 0 FN = 9.81 kN
Ff = s FN = 0.5 × 9.81 = 4.905 kN
+ → ∑ Fx = 0 4.905 – P = 0 P = 4.905 kN

For Tractor:
Slipping:

+ ∑ MA = 0
– (24.525)(1.2) – (4.905)(0.4) + NB (1.95) = 0
NB = 16.1 kN
+ → ∑ Fx = 0
P = FB = 0.45 NB = 0.45 × 16.1
= 7.25 kN
Tipping ( NA = 0 ):

+ ∑ MB = 0 – (P)(0.4) + (24.525)(0.75) = 0 P = 46 kN
Since PRequired = 4.905 kN  7.25 kN  46 kN
It is possible to pull the load without slipping or tipping.

14
Example (6-10):
In Fig. (Ex. 6-10), determine the range
of mass ( m ) for which the ( 50 kg ) block
is in equilibrium. All wheels and pulleys
have negligible friction.

Fig. (Ex. 6-10)

Solution:
W1 = 50 × 9.81 = 490.5 N
W2
T=
cos 15

∑ Fy = 0
N – 490.5 cos 25 = 0
N = 444.54 N
Fmax = s N = 0.4 × 444.54 = 177.82 N
∑ Fx = 0
2 T – Fmax – W1 sin 25 = 0
W2
2( ) – 177.82 – 490.5 sin 25 = 0
cos 15
2.07 W2 – 177.82 – 207.29 = 0
2.07 W2 = 385.11 N
W2 = 186 N
W2 186
m2 = = = 18.96 kg
g 9.81
W2
2( ) + 177.82 – 490.5 sin 25 = 0
cos 15
2.07 W2 + 177.82 – 207.29 = 0
2.07 W2 = 29.47 N
W = 14.24 N
W2 14.24
m2 = = = 1.45 kg
g 9.81
the range of mass is: (1.45 kg - 18.96 kg )

15
Example (6-11):
The car shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-11) is just
beginning to negotiate the ( 15° ) ramp. If
the mass of the car is ( 1.2 ton ) and it has
rear-wheel drive, determine the minimum Fig. (Ex. 6-11)
coefficient of static friction required at ( B ).

Solution:
W = m g = 1200 × 9.81 = 11772 N

+ ∑ MB = 0
(NA cos 15)(2.5) + (NA sin 15)(0.3)
– (11772)(1.5) = 0
2.415 NA + 0.078 NA = 17658
NA = 7083 N
∑ Fy = 0 7083 cos 15 + NB – 11772 = 0
6841.65 + NB – 11772 = 0 NB = 4930.35 N
∑ Fx = 0 FB – 7083 sin 15 = 0 FB = 1833.22 N
FB = s NB  s = FB / NB = 1833.22 / 4930.35 = 0.37

Example (6-12):
Four bolts are used to connect the plates shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-12),
each of which is tightened so that it is subjected to a tensile force of
( 5 kN ). Find the maximum value of the force ( F ) that can be
supported by this connection so that no slippage occurs between the
plates. Note that the coefficient of static friction between each two
plates is ( s = 0.45 ).

Solution:
The tension subjected to the four bolts:
T = N = 5 × 4 = 20 kN
f = s N = 0.45 × 20 = 9 kN
F F
∑ Fy = 0 f– =0 9– =0
2 2 Fig.
F = 18 kN (Ex. 6-12)

16
Example (6-13):
A man of mass ( 90 kg ) and the coefficient of static
friction between his feet and the ground ( s = 0.45 ), uses
a system of pulleys to lift a box as shown in Fig. (Ex. 6-13).
Find the maximum weight ( W ) that the man can lift at a
constant speed using the guide pulley at (A).

Fig. (Ex. 6-13)

Solution:

Wm = mm g = 90 × 9.81 = 882.9 N
Bolly C: 3T – W = 0
W
T=
3
The man:

∑ Fy = 0 N – 882.9 = 0
N = 882.9 N
W
∑ Fx = 0 F– =0
3
W
0.45 N – =0
3
W
0.45 (882.9) – =0
3
1324.35 – W = 0
W = 1192 N

17
Example (6-14):
For equilibrium, determine the range of
masses ( m ) of the uniform bar. Neglect
friction at all bearings.

Fig. (Ex. 6-14)

Solution:
Wblock = 50 × 9.81 = 490.5 N
Bar:

+ ∑ Mo = 0
L 2L
( Wbar ) ( cos 30 ) – ( T sin 60 ) ( ) =0
2 3
0.433 L Wbar – 0.577 L T = 0
0.433 Wbar – 0.577 T = 0
T = 0.75 Wbar
Block:

∑ Fy = 0 N – 490.5 cos 30 = 0
N = 424.79 N
Fmax = N = 424.79 × 0.35 = 148.67 N
∑ Fx = 0
0.75 Wbar – 148.67 – 490.5 sin 30 = 0
Wbar = 525.23 N
W 525.23
mbar = = = 53.54 kg
g 9.81
0.75 Wbar + 148.67 – 490.5 sin 30 = 0
Wbar = 128.77 N
W 128.77
mbar = = = 13.13 kg
g 9.81
the range of masses is: ( 13.13 kg - 53.54 kg )

18
 Example (6-15):
Determine the maximum angle ( ) which the
adjustable arm can be tilted with the horizontal
before the block of mass ( m ) begins to slip. The
coefficient of static friction between the block and the
inclined surface is ( s ).
Fig. (Ex. 6-15)

Solution:

∑ Fx = 0
mg sin – F = 0 F = mg sin ….. (1)
∑ Fy = 0
– mg cos + N = 0 N = mg cos ….. (2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2):
F
= tan
N
Since the maximum angle occurs when ( F = Fmax = s N ), for impending motion we have :

s = tan max or  max = tan–1s

19
Problems:

6-1) The body with weight ( 200 N ) shown 6-2) The force ( P = 375 N ) was applied
in Fig. (Pr. 6-1) started to move under to the ( 100 kg ) crate which was
the action of a horizontal force ( 400 N), stationary before applying the force.
what is the coefficient of friction Determine the magnitude and
between the contact surfaces. direction of the friction force ( F )
exerted by the horizontal surface on
Ans.: µ = 0.66 the crate.
Ans.: F = 490.5 N ←
F  P No motion.

Fig. (Pr. 6-1)

Fig. (Pr. 6-2)

6-3) The mass of the crate shown in Fig. (Pr. 6-4) Determine the limits for the weight
6-3) is ( 75 kg ), and the coefficients of values of the body ( W ) for which the
static and kinetic friction are ( s = 0.3 ) ( 500 N ) block is in equilibrium. All
and ( k = 0.2 ), respectively. Determine pulleys in the system have negligible
the friction force between the crate and friction.
the floor.
Ans.: ( 15 N - 156 N )
Ans.: (Ff) max = 70.725 N
Ff = 47.15 N.

Fig. (Pr. 6-4)

Fig. (Pr. 6-3)

20
6-5) Find the limits for the mass values of 6-6) The two boxes ( A ) and ( B ) shown
the body ( B ) that affect the body ( A ) in Fig. (Pr. 6-6) are tied with a flexible
which has a mass of ( 100 kg ) so that non-elongating rope that passes over a
it prevents its movement up and down smooth ( frictionless ) pulley. If the
the inclined surface shown in Fig. (Pr. masses of the boxes ( A ) and ( B ) are
6-5), knowing that the value of the ( 200 N ) and ( 150 N ) respectively,
friction coefficient between the contact show in which direction the motion is.
surfaces is ( µs = 0.3 ).
Ans.: Motion towards the box ( B ).
Ans.: ( 24 kg - 76 kg )

Fig. (Pr. 6-5) Fig. (Pr. 6-6)

6-7) The ( 100 lb ) uniform box rests on a 6-8) The ladder of ( 20 ft ) length has a
tile floor with coefficient of static friction uniform weight of ( 100 lb ) and rests
of ( s = 0.25 ). Determine the smallest on a smooth wall at point ( B ). If the
magnitude of force ( P ) needed to move coefficient of static friction at point
the box. Also, If the weight of the man ( A ) is ( s = 0.4 ), determine if the
pushing the box is (140 Ib), determine ladder will slip.
the smallest coefficient of static friction Ans.: The ladder will not slip.
between his shoes and the floor so that he
does not slip.
Ans.: P = 33.7 Ib, s = 0.24

Fig. (Pr. 6-7)

Fig. (Pr. 6-8)

21
6-9) To achieve equilibrium in the system 6-10) The ( 3000 Ib ) car is just beginning
shown in Figure (Pr. 6-9), determine the to negotiate the ( 15° ) ramp. If the car
limits of the values of the weight ( W ) has rear-wheel drive, determine the
for the regular bar. Neglect the friction in minimum coefficient of static friction
all bearings. required at ( B ).
Ans.: ( 31.5 Ib - 128.5 Ib ) Ans.: s = 0.356

Fig. (Pr. 6-9)

Fig. (Pr. 6-10)

6-11) The mass of the tractor shown in Fig. 6-12) A man of mass ( 90 kg ) and the
(Pr. 6-11) is (2.5 tons) and its center of coefficient of static friction between
gravity is at (G). The rear wheels exert his feet and the ground ( s = 0.5 ),
traction force at point (B), while the front uses a system of pulleys to lift a box
wheels at point (A) are free to roll. If the as shown in Fig. (Pr. 6-12). Find the
coefficient of static friction between the maximum weight ( W ) that the man
wheels and the ground at (B) is (s = 0.45), can lift at a constant speed.
determine whether a load (P = 6 kN) can be
pulled without causing the rear wheels at Ans.: W = 1250 N
(B) to slip or lifting the front wheels off the
ground at (A).
Ans.: It is possible to pull the load without slipping
or tipping.

Fig. (Pr. 6-12)

Fig. (Pr. 6-11)

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