NCERT SOLUTIONS REVISION NOTES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Ch 2 Nationalism in India Class 10th Notes
Introduction
•
Mod
ern
natio
nalis
m
was
asso
ciate
d
with
the
form
ation
of
natio
n-
state
s.
•
In
India
like
man
y
othe
r
colo
nies,
the
grow
th of
mod
ern
natio
nalis
m is
conn
ecte
d to
the
an
colo
nial
mov
eme
nt.
The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
• The First World War (1914-1918) created a new political and economic situation.
• India faced various problems during war period:
→ Increase in defence expenditure.
→ Prices increased through the war years.
→ Forced recruitment in rural areas.
• During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failure in many parts of India.
• Hardships did not end after the war was over.
The Idea of Satyagraha
• Satyagraha is a novel fiway
ghting
of the colonial rule in India.
→ It is a non-aggressive, peaceful mass agitation against oppression and injustice.
• Satyagraha means insistence on truth.
• It is a moral force, not passive resistance.
• In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India.
• Gandhiji organised Satyagraha Movements in Champaran, Bihar (1916), Kheda district of
Gujarat (1917) and amongst cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad (1918).
The Rowlatt Act (1919)
• This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Jallianwalagh massacre
Ba
• On 13th April 1919, a huge crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla
Bagh.
• Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundred
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• As the news spread, strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on
government buildingsstarted.
• The government responded with brutal repression.
• Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha as the violence spread.
Khilafat Movement
• Khilafat Movement was led by two brothers Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.
• Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the
Khalifapowers.
Adsconvinced
Gandhiji by the Congress to join hands with the Khilafat Movement and start a Non
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•
Cooperation Campaign for Swaraj.
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•
adopted.
Differing strands within the movement
• The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat
At the Congress sessionMovement
at Nagpur in
began
December
in January
1920,1921.
the Non-Cooperation programme w
The Movement in the Towns
• It started with middle class participation in cities.
• Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal practices and joined movements.
• Council elections were boycotted.
• Foreign goods were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed.
Movement in the countryside
• Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent gradually.
Peasant Movement in Awadh
• The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against landlords and talukdars.
• In 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra
and a few others.
Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh
• Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• The rebels attacked police stations.
• Raju was captured and executed in 1924.
Swara
j in the
Plantations
• For the plantation workers, Swaraj means moving freely.
• They protested against the Inland Emigration Act (1859) which prevented them from leavin
the plantation without permission.
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Younger by like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical
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• Each group interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways.
Towards Civil Disobedience
• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
• Many leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj
Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.
•
mass agitation and for full independence.
Factors that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s
• The Worldwide Economic Depression
→ Agricultural prices collapsed after 1930 as the demand for agricultural goods fell and
exports declined.
• Simon Commission
→ It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain to look into the demands of the
nationalists and suggest changes in the constitutional structure of India.
→ The Commission arrived in India in 1928.
→ The Congress protested against this commission.
• In December, 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of
Congress formalized the demand
“PurnaofSwaraj
”.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
• Gandhiji chose salt as the medium that could unite the nation as it is consumed by all the
sections of the society.
Salt March
• Salt or Dandi March began on March 12, 1930.
→ On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, a village in Gujarat and broke the Salt Law
by water and manufacturing salt.
boiling
→ Thus, it began the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• It was different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now asked not only to
refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws.
• Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, breaking forest laws were its main featur
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• The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression.
• British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru.
• Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• On 5March,
1931, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, signed a pact with
Gandhi.
• • In December, 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference but
returned disappointed.
• Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement but by 1934 it lost its momentum.
How Participants saw the Movement
Richpeasants
• Rich peasant communities expected the revenue tax to be reduced, when the British refus
to do so, they did join the movement.
→ They did not rejoin the movement as the movement was called without revising the
revenue rates.
Poor Peasants
• The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be remitted.
→ The Congress was unwilling to support
“no rent
”the
campaigns due to the fear of upsett
the rich peasants and landlords.
Business Classes
• After the war, their huge
fits were
pro reduced, wanted protection against import of foreign
goods.
→ The spread of militant activities, worries of prolonged business disruptions, growing
influences of socialism amongst the young Congress forced them not to join the movemen
Women
• Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign clot
and liquor shops.
→ Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the
organisation.
Limits of Civil Disobedience
• The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement, they demande
reservation of seats, separate electorates.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an association in 1930, called the
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