Management
Introduction:-
Management is the process of achieving economic
and social goals efficiently and effectively by maximum use of
available limited resources.
It is the act of planning, organizing, directing, staffing, and
controlling an organization using various managerial methods and
tools to achieve its goals and objectives.
Principles of management
a) Principle of scientific management
Was developed by F.W. Taylor
Focusing on the work, not the worker
b) Principle of administrative management
developed by HENRY FAYOL
emphasis on concepts such as division of labor and
authority
c) Principle of bureaucratic
Developed by MAX WEBER
Emphasis on bureaucratic style and principles
d) Principle of human relations
Developed by scholars like ELTON MAYO, MERI PARKER
FOLLET
Emphasis on the human aspect and empathy
e) Principle of methodological
Developed from TALCOTT PERSONS
Recognition based on input, output process
f) Principle of objective management
Developed by PETER DRUCKER
The concept of integrating the objective of employees
and the organization
g) Principle of participatory management
Developed by BENSIS LINKERT
Essence of management in participation
h) Principle of contingency/situation
management
Situation demand management
Public management:-
Public management is the act of
achieving the country economic, social goals efficiently and
effectively by maximize using of available limited resources of the
government.
Conceptual development of public
management
a) the era of traditional administration [TPA]
time period before 1887
administration consider as a part of politics
basic meaning :steering
b) the era of public administration [NPA]
after 1887 time period
wildrow Wilson create a line between politics and
administration
Emphasis on Politics can make rules and administration
regulate that
Basic meaning: steering
c) the era of development administration [DA]
after 1960s there is developed of development
administration
it is promotion of development oriented rule
basic meaning: doing
d) the era of new public management [NPM]
developed after 1980s
emphasis on introduction of private sector qualities in
governance
basic meaning: rowing rather than steering
e) the era of new public service [NPS]
it is established in 1990s
it emphasizes on administration public oriented and
accountability of citizen
basic meaning: serve rather than steering
f) the era of new public governance [NPG]
after 21st century , emphasizes on coordination, collaboration
and partnership among non-state sectors
this concept became stronger after the 2008
basic meaning: networking
g) the era of new public passion [NPP]
after 2011 there is developed of new public passion
basic meaning: passion, pride, purpose and pay
scope of public management
a) planning management
b) organization management
c) development management
d) service management
e) manpower management
f) resource/budget management
g) management of knowledge
QN. Introduction to the Commission for the Investigation of
Abuse of Authority and its main functions
(10 Marks 2077,2080,2079,2081)
Definition:
A constitutional body formed to control corruption.
Investigates misuse of authority by people holding public office.
The CIAA is constitutional body that plays an important role in controlling
corruption by investing cases of corruption and abuse of authority by persons
holding public office.
The central office of the commission is located in Tangal Kathmandu
Legal Provision:
Mentioned in the Constitution of Nepal, Part 21, Articles 238 and 239.
Structure:
1 Chief Commissioner
4 other Commissioners
Main Functions of CIAA (Medium & Easy to Understand)
In case of a person who is removed from office after the passage of an
impeachment motion pursuant to article 101 of the constitution, a judge
removed from office by the judicial council, and a person subject to action
under the military act he may conduct or cause to be conducted an
investigation pursuant to federal law after his removal from office
CIAA can be able to investigation on public service holding person when they
attached into corruption and abuse of authority
Judicial council act authorizes investigation and action to remove a judge
Investigation found a person holding a public office committed an act that is
considered a crime
CIAA investigation corruption and other offense
The commission may delegate any of its function to authorized officers or
employees
Government may prescribe condition for the commission investigation
The commission suggests improvements to existing laws and regulations
To keep the judiciary and public administration free from corruption
Strengthen coordination with relevant organization for prevention
Obtain services of specialized personnel for investigation
According to article 238[6] of the constitution of Nepal, a person with the
following qualification shall be eligible for appointments to the post of chief
commissioner or commissioner of the CIAA.
Have a bachelor degree from recognized university
Not being a member of any political party at time of appointment
At least 20 years of experience working in the fields of accounting, revenue,
engineering, law, development or research and gained fame
Have attained the age of 45 years
Having high normal character
According to article 238[4] of the constitution of Nepal, the post chief
commissioner or commissioner shall become vacant in any of the following
If he/she submits his/her resignation in writing to president
If he/she attains the age of 65 years
If a motion of impeachment is passed against him/her pursuant to article 101
He/she shall be declared incapable of performing his/her duties in the
service due to physical or mental infirmity
If h/she dies
public service commission [psc]
The public service commission is an independent
constitutional body that selects suitable candidates for
positions in the civil service Nepal army, Nepal police, Armed
police force, Nepal, and others federal government services
it was established on 1st Asar 2008
article 241,242,243 of part 23 of the constitution of Nepal
provides regarding PSC
Major function of PSC
a. examination related work
conducting examination to select suitable candidates for
appointment to civil service positions
apart from civil service position, other federal institution
including the Nepal army, Nepal police, conducting exam for
filing positions in government services and organized
organizations
to formulate curricula for various service groups
to carry out others tasks related to the recruitment, selection,
and recommendation of employees
b. consultative work
provide advice to government accordance to
constitution of Nepal part 32
subject of law of condition of public servant
subject of principles of appointment, promotion, and
departmental punishment of public servant position
subject of appointment of position more than
LEADERSHIP, DICISION,
MOTIVATION AND MORAL
Leadership
Leadership is the art of influencing activities of
individuals, groups to achieve the collective goals and motivate
their efforts towards achieving organizational goals and objective.
Leadership influencing people by inspiring, motivating, and
guiding them.
Leadership is the functional relationship between leader, follower,
and situation. [Leadership = LFS]
sources of leadership
leadership from the position
leadership through personal charm divine grace
leadership from moral examples
leadership from balance of power
leadership from intellectual promotion and demonstration
leadership from the ability to accomplish tasks efficiently
functions
determining the organizational goals, objectives, and
organizational structure
to maintain direction control and coordination in the work of
the organization
to carry out the organizational tasks according to the
collective spirit
acting as a guide for subordinates
representing the organization
to work to inspire the organizational work
effective use of power and authority
time management
creating confidence on subordinate
building morale among employees
types/style of leadership
autocratic leadership
nepotism leadership
this type of leadership was more prevalent in ancient time
democratic leadership
developed in 1930s or 1940s
it is a style that welcome the ideas and contributions of
employees but the final decision rests with the leadership
laissez fair leadership
the leadership believed to have developed as an open and
liberal economy
this type of leadership does not interface and provides
minimal direction
bureaucratic/rule based leadership
this type of leadership relies on rules by laws and procedures
this leadership style fosters enthusiasm and instead of
depression in employees
red tropism is a major feature of this because it focuses on
process rather than results
manipulate leadership
this leadership style aims to gain the trust of employees and
make an impact on the entire organization
expert leadership
organization operate based on the knowledge, skills, and
abilities of individuals
this is considered as emerging leadership
visionary leadership
charismatic leadership
green leadership
meta leadership
essential qualities of leadership
confidence
ability to understand and human behavior
ability to work
ability to motivate followers
problem solving skills
honesty and morality
the ability to use rights and resources
mature behavior
willingness to take risk
dedicated to organizational goals
situational awareness
the power of patient listening
physical and mental health
clear vision and ideals
principles of leadership
trait theory
leaders are with born
he is attractive and wealthy and can influence others
this is based on the great man approach
behavioral theory
the conduct and behavior of a leader influence followers
contingency theory
leadership depends on the environment
a leader who is appropriate for one organization or time may
not be a fit for another organization or time
path goal theory
leadership should be focused on followers and production
decision
Decision making is the process and art
of choosing the best option from more than two alternatives
The first step in administrative decision making is decision
Various laws have been enacted to regulate decision in public
bodies in Nepal
The decision is either written or oral
process of decision making
identifying and defining the problem
gathering information and collection data
developing and weighing the options
choosing the best possible option
plan and execute
take follow up action
motivation
Motivation is the process of encouraging people
work by instilling a strong desire interest and awareness among
employees of an organization to achieve organizational objective
Motivation is the act of encouraging a person to do any task,
awakening them to action
types of motivation
monetary and non-monetary
positive and negative
intrinsic and extrinsic
individual and group
principles of motivation
need-based theory
Mosley hierarchy of needs theory
Herzberg two element theory
MC cleans three need theory
ERG theory
human behavior theory
equality theory
expectation theory
reinforcement theory
goal setting theory
importance of motivation in organization
to make effective use of human resources
to achieve job satisfaction by motivating employees
to help employees achieve their own goals and objectives
to maximum use of resources and means
to foster harmonious relations between employees
to engage employees in desired jobs
to make teamwork effective
to increase the productivity of the organization
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The theory of human needs that human psychologist
Abraham Maslow proposed in 1943 is called Maslow’s hierarchy
theory.
The hierarchy of 5 needs that he developed is as follows
Physiological needs
Essential for human / employee survival basic needs are
physical needs
Until these needs are met , peoples do not take action for
other needs
For examples. Food, shelter, clothing, water, sex, medical
treatment, and rest etc.
Security / safety needs
Safety needs are the needs that a person / employee needs
to protect themselves from future dangers and risks and to
protect their body and property after their physical needs
have been met
People do not do anything for other needs until their security
For examples protection from illness, dismemberment, death,
financial ruin etc.
Social and belonging needs
Social needs are the needs that human/employee need to live
in society as social beings
Once employees physical and safety needs are met, they
develop social skills
For example love, affection, friendship, social acceptance etc.
Ego esteem needs
Ego or self-esteem needs are the needs for self-respect or
respect that people feel after social needs are fulfilled
Such as position, power, prestige, dignity, confidence, self-
esteem, self-respect, faith etc.
Self-satisfaction or self-actualization needs
Self-satisfaction or self-realization needs are the needs that
people at a certain level consider essential for achievement
other than financial ones
This is the higher level needs
Herzberg developed the dual factors theory in
1950. It includes hygiene factors and
motivational factors
It can be mentioned as follows
a) Hygiene factors:- it includes elements that prevent
dissatisfaction
Salary
Dignity
Security
policy
supervision
personal life
working environment
b) motivational factors:- it includes elements of
satisfaction and encouraging, which are as follows
achievement
recognition
progress
responsibility
challenging work
development
increase in function
morale
methods of increase employee motivation
a) improvement in monetary facilities
providing salary benefits based on work performance
providing allowance for additional work
to enhance the activities of the salary review commission
providing education, housing, and health facilities to
employee
Providing facilities such as tourists visas, allowance etc.
Providing financial facilities including concessional loans
Providing facilities like employee insurance, fund, provided
fund etc.
Review the current system of accumulating only 180 days of
home leave and pay the amount for accumulated leave
annually
b) Improvement in non-monetary facilities
Maintaining job stability
Job description mandatory
Adopting a participatory management approach
Delegating authority
Job enrichment job evaluation
Implementing a work rotation system
Provide training opportunities to all employees
Provide opportunities to study at home and abroad
Moral