TRANSFORMER
What is Transformer?
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It is
mainly used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC) voltage
without changing the frequency.
Transformers are an essential part of power generation,
transmission, and distribution systems. They help in transmitting
electricity over long distances with minimum power loss.
Principal of Transformer.
A transformer works on the principle of Mutual Electromagnetic
Induction.
Theory: The given source of emf, say AC mains, is always
connected to the primary coil. When alternating current flows
through the primary coil, then in each cycle of current, the core is
magnetised once in one direction and once in the opposite
direction. Hence an alternating magnetic flux is produced in the
core. Since, the secondary coil is also wound on the same core,
the magnetic flux passing through it changes continuously due to
the repeated magnetisation and demagnetisation of the core.
Therefore, by mutual induction, an alternating emf of the same
frequency is induced in the secondary coil. The induced emf in
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio of the number of turns
in the two coils.
Transformer Formula
Let Np and Ns be the number of turns in the primary and the
secondary coils respectively. Let us assume that there is no
leakage of magnetic flux so that the same flux passes through
each turn of the primary coil and the secondary coil. Let PiB be
the magnetic flux linked with each turn of either coil at any
instant. Then, by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
the emf induced in the primary coil is given by
the emf induced in the secondary coil is given by
If the resistance of the primary circuit be negligible and there will
be no loss of energy in it, then the induced emf ep in the primary
coil will be nearly equal to the applied voltage Vp across its ends.
Similarly, if the secondary circuit is open, then the voltage V s across
its ends will be equal to the emf es induced in it. Under these ideal
conditions, we have
Where r is called the ‘transformation ratio’. In step-up transformer,
r is more than 1; whereas in step-down transformer, r is less than 1.
Thus
If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and the secondary coils at
any instant and the energy losses be zero, then
power in the secondary coil = power in the primary coil
that is,
Type of Transformer and their uses…
1. Step-Up Transformer
It increases voltage from low to high.
Uses
Power stations
Electricity transmission lines
2. Step-Down Transformer
It decreases voltage from high to low.
Uses
Mobile chargers
Home supply
Electronic devices
3. Distribution Transformer
Used to distribute electricity to homes and buildings.
Uses
Residential areas
Shops
Schools
Offices
4. Power Transformer
Used in generating stations and transmission substations.
Uses
Thermal power plants
Grid stations
High-voltage transmission
5. Isolation Transformer
Used to separate two circuits for safety.
Uses
Hospitals
Laboratories
Sensitive electronic equipment
6. Auto Transformer
Has a single winding and is used where small voltage changes are
needed
Uses
Voltage stabilizers
Motor starters
Construction of Transformer
A transformer mainly consists of three important parts:
1. Primary Winding
Connected to the AC input supply.
Produces magnetic flux.
2. Secondary Winding
Connected to the output circuit.
Receives induced EMF.
3. Laminated Soft Iron Core
Provides a path for magnetic flux.
Reduces energy loss due to eddy currents
Advantages of Transformer
High efficiency (up to 98%).
No moving parts, so maintenance is low.
Transfers power safely over long distances.
Works automatically and continuously.
Helps reduce power loss in transmission.
Reliable and long-lasting device.
Disadvantages of Transformer
Works only on AC supply.
Cannot increase power, only voltage/current.
Large transformers are expensive.
Heating and energy losses occur.
Requires cooling system in heavy transformers.
Oil transformers may catch fire if damaged.
Energy Losses in Transformer
In practice, the power output of a transformer is less than the
power input because of unavoidable energy losses
i. Copper Losses: As the alternating current flows through the
primary and the secondary coils, heat is developed inside the
copper turns. This waste of energy is known as ‘copper losses’.
ii. Eddy Current Losses: Eddy currents are set up in the iron core
of the transformer and generate heat, with consequent loss of
energy. To minimise these losses the iron core is laminated by
making it of a number of thin sheets of iron insulated from
each other, instead of making it from one solid piece of iron.
iii. Hysteresis Losses: During each cycle of AC the core is taken
through a complete cycle of magnetisation. The energy
expanded in this process is finally converted into heat and is
therefore wasted. This loss is minimised by using the core of a
magnetic alloy for which the area of the hysteresis loop is
minimum.
iv. Flux Losses: The coupling of the primary and the secondary
coils is never perfect. Therefore, the whole of the magnetic
flux generated in the primary coil does not pass through the
secondary coil.
v. Dielectric loss: The oil of the transformer is the reason for this
loss. Oil in transformer is an insulating material. When the oil
in the transformer gets deteriorate then the transformer’s
efficiency will be affected.
Importance of Transformer
Transformers are very important in modern electrical systems.
Without transformers, long-distance transmission of electricity
would not be possible. They help provide safe and efficient
electricity to homes, industries, schools, hospitals, and offices. Their
primary importance lies in enabling efficient, long-distance power
transmission, minimizing energy loss, ensuring grid stability, and
adapting voltage levels for safe industrial and residential use.
Conclusion
A transformer is a very important electrical device used to transfer
electrical energy efficiently from one place to another. It works on
the principle of electromagnetic induction and is widely used in
power systems, industries, and household applications. Proper
construction and working of transformers make electricity
transmission safe and economical. Different types of transformers
are used in power systems, industries, homes, hospitals, and
electronic devices. Thus, transformers play a major role in the
generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity.