Grammar

Present tenses
Present simple:
The Present Simple is used:
1) To describe permanent situations.
Tina lives in London.
2) To describe repeated/habitual actions.
He wakes up at 7:30 every morning.
3) To talk about general truths.
Water boils at 100°C.
4) To talk about future actions related to timetables and programs.
Our plane leaves at 10:00 tomorrow.
5) To refer to the plot of a book, etc.
The wolf lives deep in the forest.
6) In sport commentaries.
Jefferson shoots and he scores!

TIME EXPRESSIONS
Adverbs of frequency: always / usually / often / sometimes / occasionally /
rarely / seldom / hardly ever/ never/ constantly / every day/week, in the
morning/spring, at the weekend- once/twice/three times, a week/day- on
Mondays/Monday morning)
They are usually positioned:
- Before the main verb.
Richard never comes to work late.
- After the verb be.
He is often away at the weekends

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 Present continuous
The Present Progressive is used:
1) To describe actions happening now.
Robert is talking to his boss right now.
2) To describe temporary situations.
I’m staying with my aunt at the moment.
3) To talk about annoying actions which happen repeatedly (with the adverbs of
frequency always, constantly, continually).
You’re always interrupting me!
4) To describe situations which are changing or developing around the present time
Air pollution is increasing in our city.
5) To talk about future arrangements.
I’m visiting some friends at the weekend.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
(now, at present, at the moment, today, these days /this week / year, next
week / year, tonight, tomorrow)

Stative verbs
The following verbs are not normally used in progressive tenses:
• Verbs of the senses: feel, hear, smell, taste, notice, see)
• Verbs of emotions: like, love, hate, dislike, want, need, prefer, fear, wish, admire,
mind)
• Verbs of perception and opinion: know, agree, and think (= believe),
understand, remember, forget, hope, expect, mean, imagine)
• verbs of ownership: have, possess, belong, own)
• Other verbs which describe permanent states: be, cost, seem, appear, weigh,
consist)
NOTE that Certain stative verbs can be used in progressive tenses when they
express actions rather than states but with a difference in meaning:
1) think (= consider)
I’m thinking of buying a car.
2) see (= meet, visit)
She’s seeing her sister tonight.

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 3) have (= drink, eat, take)
Glenn is having lunch at the cafeteria at the moment.
4) taste (= try food)
I’m just tasting the food to see if it’s ready.
5) feel (= touch)
John is feeling the packet in order to find out what’s inside.

The present perfect simple is used:

1) For actions that happened in the past but the exact time is not mentioned.
Ex: I have been to several breathtaking natural wonders.
2) For recently completed actions. Ex:
Jane has just finished his work.
3) For past actions whose results are obvious in the present. Ex:
Amy looks happy. She has passed her exams.
4) For actions which started in the past and continue up to the present. Ex:
They have lived in London since 2007. (still living)
5) With adjectives in the superlative form and expressions like the
only/first/second…….
Ex: It’s the first time I’ve seen such an impressive spectacle.
Form: Has / have + p.p

Time Expressions:
( just, ever, never, before, always, yet, already, how long, since, for, recently,
lately, so far, once, twice)
Notes:

- I have never seen a lion before. (ever)

This is the first time I have ever seen a lion.
- I haven’t seen him since last week.
I haven’t seen him since he left for Cairo. (past simple)
- I last ate fish when I was in Alex. (since)
I haven’t eaten fish since I was in Alex.

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 - I haven’t seen him for ages. (It’s……)
It’s ages since I last saw him.
- He has been to Spain. (He went and came back now)
- He has gone to Spain. (He went and still there)
- She has played tennis for two hours. (How
long…) How long has she played tennis?
Present perfect continuous is used:
1) For actions which started in the past and continue up to the present
(emphasis on the duration of the action)
Ex: I have been travelling around the world for more than a quarter of a
century...
2) For actions which happened over a period of time in the past and may have
finished, but the results are obvious in the present.
Ex: They have been hiking all day, that’s why they are so tired.
3) To show annoyance resulting from a recent action.
Have you been playing games on my computer again?
Time Expressions:
(How long, for, since, all day/morning/week / evening / afternoon…)
Notes:
1) When the number of times mentioned, we use present perfect simple.
I have written 3 reports since last night.
2) When the action hasn't stopped and still happening.
She has been doing the housework since 7:30 and she hasn't finished yet
3) Present perfect progressive is used with verbs that take longer time.
Travel – work – wait – live – stay – sleep – learn ……)
4) Present perfect simple can be only used with verbs of feelings, possession, love,
hate ………………..
He has owned a car.

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1. Choose the correct answer:
1. This is the third time I …………………to Italy this year.

(have been travelling - travel - travelled - have travelled)

2. I……………………… in a lake since I was six years old.

(don’t swim - didn’t swim -haven’t swum- haven’t been swimming)

3. I -------------my homework yet

(haven’t done - have done - didn't do - will not do)

4. I --------------this secret for a week now.

(have known - have been - had known - will be knowing)

5. Noha has ----------------drunk coffee.

(ago - since - ever – just)

6. Many improvements -------------------in Egypt since 1952.

(have made-have been making-have been made -had been made)

7. He -----------------in hospital since he was ill.

(had stayed - stayed - has stayed - stays)

8. Have you----------------- seen a beautiful garden like this?

(never - already - since - ever)

9. It ----------------------- all day. It hasn't stopped yet.

(has rained - has been rained- had been raining -has been raining)

10. I have been learning English -------------------------------10 years now.

(for - ago - since -yet)

11. He graduated from the faculty of engineering ------------------------ 2005.

(for - since - in -ago)

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12. She ----------------------for seven hours now.
(has slept - have slept - has been slept -has been sleeping)

13. This is the most exciting story I------------------------------.

(read - have read - am reading - had read)

14. We have been living in Tanta --------------we returned from Saudi Arabia.

( since - for - ago - when)

14. He is away, I don't know where he --------------------- --.

(was gone - has gone - has been to - is going)

16. Have you ever ------------------to the pyramids?

(visited - been visited - been - been visiting)

17. Look! The children ............................. football.

( play – played – are playing – play )

18. Enas ……………………….a letter on the computer now.

( types – typing – is typing – type )

19. Susan ………………………… to Italy next August.

( travelled – travel – travels- is travelling )

20. The moon ………………………. around the earth.

( move – moves – moving – has moved

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2. Rewrite using the words in brackets:
1. It hasn't rained her for years. (The last time)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It is still raining. ( yet)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The last time I visited my village was two years ago. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. I went to Alexandria and came back. (been)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. It's a long time since we he wrote to me. (for)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. We last phoned him when he was in the hospital. (since)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. My uncle phoned us a moment ago. (just)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. It's a week since I last talked to him. (for)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. He began to learn English five years ago. (been)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. She hasn't tided her room since Monday. (last)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. How long have you been cooking. (How long ago)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. It's more than a month since I saw her. (seen)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. He finished his work a moment ago. (just)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. We last phoned him when he was in the hospital. (haven't)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 1- The Future with "will"

We use" will" to speak about:

1. Quick decisions:
The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.
2. Offers , requests and promises:
- Will you make me a cup of coffee, please? (request)
- I will help you with the housework, Mum. (offer)
- I 'll buy you a computer if you get the full mark. (promise)
3. Threats and warnings:
- I will punish you if you don't do your homework.
4. predictions with these verbs:
(believe – think – predict – expect – hope – promise and adverbs like
definitely – probably)
- I expect it will rain tomorrow.
- She'll probably be here tomorrow.

2- Future with be / going to

We use "going to" speak about:

1. Predictions:
We use "going to" to make predictions based on the present evidence that
you have.
- Look! It is going to rain.
- It's getting cloudy. It's going to rain.
2. Plans , decisions and intentions:
We use "going to" to about personal plans that we have decided to do.
I've decided. I'm going to visit Luxor next week.
(decision)
He has intended. He's going to travel to London next year. (intention)
I've planned. I'm going to buy a car next week. (planning)
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 3- The Present Continuous Tense

It used to: make future arrangements

I've arranged everything. I'm travelling to Paris tomorrow.
Everything is arranged. They are flying to London next week

4- The Present Simple Tense

We use the "present simple" for future actions related to official

timetables and programs
Examples:
- The plane takes off at two tomorrow.
- The final exam takes place next May.
- The concert starts at 9:15 p.m.

5- The Future continuous Tense

Form : Subject+ will + be+ V+ ing

Usage :
1. To talk about actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
Ex: At 9 a.m. tomorrow, she'll be flying to Paris.

2. To talk about something which we expect to happen soon.

Ex: When will your parents be arriving?

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 6- The Future Perfect Tense

Form : Subject + will + have + P.p

Usage :
To talk about actions that will be completed before a specific time or
another action in the future.

By the next year, they will have built the bridge.

I'll have cleaned the flat in two hours from now.
Within two hours , I will have finished the homework.
Time expressions:
(By + (2020/next ……..+ a certain time)
(By the time , by then , before + present simple)
(In + period of time from now)
(Within (an hour/ two weeks)

7- The Future perfect continuous

Form: will + have + been + v+ing

Usage:
It is used to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the
future. It is often used with "for"
By the time he finishes, he will have been working for sixteen hours.

3. Choose the correct answer:

1. They're stuck in traffic. They………………………………their flight.

(will miss - will be missing - are going to miss – are missing)

2. By the end of March, Ben……………………………………as a chef for 20 years.

(will have worked – will have been working - will be working - will work)

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3. By 6:00 pm, the tour guide …………us to all the major sights around the city.

(will have taken - will take - is going to take - is taking)

4. These bags look heavy. I……………………………you carry them.

(am going to help - am helping - will help - will have helped)

5. This time tomorrow, he…………………………….in the mountains.

(will be hiking - is going to hike - will hike - is hiking)

6. Alan hopes he……………………a job with a higher salary.

(is going to find - will be finding - finds - will find)

7. I ……………… a friend from Cairo on Monday. I’ve arranged that.

a) meet b) am meeting c) will meet d) is going to meet

8. He ……………… to London tomorrow. He’s got his ticket.

a) will fly b) is going to fly c) is flying d) will be flying

9. You ……………… it if you aren’t careful.

a) will break b) would break c) have broken a) should break

10. We won’t start the meeting until you ………………

a) arrive b) had arrived c) will arrive d) arrives

11. The concert this evening ……………… at 7.

a) starts b) will start c) is starting d) is going to start

12. We ……………… the meeting as soon as he arrives.

a) start b) have started c) will start d) started

13. When he ……………… me tomorrow, I’ll tell him all about my new book.

a) visits b) will visit c) visiting a) visit

14. I think it ……………… The sky is cloudy.

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a) will rain b) is going to rain c) is raining d) rains

15. I can't see you tomorrow we ……………… our relatives.

a) visit b) are visiting c) visits d) is visiting

16. By 2020, They …………………………………………………here for twenty years.

a. will live b. will have been living c. lives d. are going to live

4. Rewrite using the words in brackets:

1- He made all arrangements to fly to Paris next week. (flying)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- Our flight arrives at 10 tomorrow. (By 10:30 ….)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- He plans to spend the summer holiday in Greece. (going to)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4- I threaten to punish you if you make noise. (will)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5- I will visit my relatives tomorrow. (This time tomorrow)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. She intends to buy a new flat next year. (going to)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. My father promised to give me a present. (will)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. I have decided to start an English course next summer. (going to)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Choose the correct answer:
1) - Don't be late. The bus .................... at exactly ten o'clock!
a) leaves b) going to leave c) has left d) left
2) Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she.................. the baby by the time we get to
the hospital.
a) will have b) will have had c) will be having d) is having
3) A lot of people are waiting for the museum to open. It. ..................................... busy
there today!
a) is being b) was c) is going to be d) has been
4) It is very hot in the house. I .................... on the air conditioner.
a) am turning b) turn c) will turn d) am going to turn
5) We can't use classroom five tomorrow because they. .................................... the
walls.
a) paint b) will have painted c) are painting d) will paint
6) The mechanic ......................repairing your car by the end of the week.
a) will finish b) will have finished c) will be finishing d) is finishing
7) Your bags look heavy. I ................... you to carry them.
a) will be helped b) am helping c) help d) will help
8) The teacher says that we ................... relative clauses next week.
a) going to study b) study c) are studying d) studying
9) My grandfather................... 70 on his next birthday!
a) is being b) will be c) is going to be d) will have been
10) At ten o'clock tomorrow, I ................... on a train to Aswan.
a) travel b) will have travelled c) going to travel d) will be
travelling
11) We ................... studying this book by the end of this year.
a) finish b) will be finishing c) will have finished d) are finishing
12) Tomorrow we're playing tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4
o'clock, we .................. tennis.
a) are playing b) will be playing) will have played d) played

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13) Tomorrow we're playing tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 5
o'clock, we .................. tennis.
a) are playing b) will be playing) will have played d) played
14) It's 35 degrees and it's only 7 a.m. It ................... very hot today.
a) was b) is going to be c) is being d) will be being
15) There are no clouds in the sky today. I think that it.............. very hot.
a) 's going to be b) will be c) has been d) was
16) I predict that in the future mobile phones..................... much smaller.
a) were b) are going to be c) are d) will be
17) There's a book club meeting after school and everyone ............................ there.
a) will go b) are going c) is going to go d) go
18) I'll call you when I ................. at my hotel.
a) arrives b) will arrive c) arrive d) am arriving
19) The train to Cairo is on platform four and it..................... in thirty
minutes.
a) left b) leaves c) has left d) will leave
20) Next year, my grandfather........................ 75 years old!
a) is b) is being c) 's going to be d) will be
21) Those bags look heavy, so I....................... them for you.
a) carries b) am carrying c) will carry d) carried
22) Don't phone her now. She ............................... dinner.
a) will have b) may be having c) will have had d) are having
23) I'm going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week I.................... on a
beach.
a) am going to lie b) am lying c) will lie d) will be lying
24) At one o'clock tomorrow, I..................... lunch with my friends.
a) was eating b) eating c) will be eating d) ate
25) By ten o'clock tonight, I...................... all my homework.
a) will finish b) will have finished c) finish d) will be finishing

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5. Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
Is it difficult for you to remember things for a test? Do you feel tired a
lot of the time? Try eating breakfast. Eating a good breakfast can improve
memory, concentration and test marks, especially in maths and reading.
Breakfast eaters usually eat more fruit, drink more milk and eat a larger
variety of food than non-breakfast eaters. This gives them more energy.
People who eat a lot of fruit and vegetables are less likely to have heart
problems. You should eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a
day. One portion is e.g. a banana, an apple, one slice of melon or pineapple
or two plums.
Eating too much salt can raise your blood pressure. People with high blood
pressure are three times more likely to develop heart disease than people
with normal blood pressure. Three-quarters of the salt we eat is already in
the food we buy, such as ready meals. So you could easily be eating too
much salt without realizing it.
Having too much saturated fat can cause heart disease. Products that
contain large amounts of saturated fats are meat, cheese, butter, cream,
cakes. You should replace butter with vegetable oils, which don’t contain
saturated fat.
Having sugary foods and drinks too often can cause tooth decay. Cutting
down on sugar will help you control your weight. Sugar is added to many
types of food e.g. fizzy drinks, juices, sweets, biscuits, cakes, ice cream.
We should drink about 6 to 8 glasses of water every day and even more
when the weather is warm. Don’t drink too much coffee or tea as they can
dehydrate you.

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A) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1. Breakfast can help us to..................
a. raise pressure
b. concentrate
c. reduce salt
d. misunderstand
2. Which school subjects are most affected by having
breakfast?
a. Maths and reading.
b. Reading and English.
c. English and Arabic
d. Maths and sports.
3. What helps protect from heart attacks?
a. Eating a lot of fruit and vegetables. b. Salt and plums.
c. Drinking coffee and tea. d. Having too much
saturated fat.
4. What causes blood pressure to rise?
a. Having a lot of fruit and vegetables. b. Eating too
much salt.
c. Having sugary foods and drinks. d. Drinking too
much water.
5. We should replace butter with vegetable oils
because.................
a. butter contains much sugar. b. butter contains much
blood pressure.
c. vegetable oils contain much water. d. vegetable oils are less
harmful.
6. The best title to the passage would be...................
a. Cutting down on salt. c. Dangers of
 saturated fat.
b. Cutting down on sugar. d. How to stay
healthy.