Portable Fire

Extinguishers
Definitions

Fire
• A process in which substances
combine chemically with
oxygen from the air and heat,
typically give out bright light,
and smoke; combustion or
burning.
 Fire
Tetrahedron
 Fire Tetrahedron
Fuel:
• Substance can take almost any form: Solids like wood, fabric,
rubber, and plastic. Liquids such as petrol, oil, cooking oil or even nail
varnish remover. Gases like propane, butane and 'natural' gas.
• Different fuels burn at different rates and with different intensities.
Oxygen:
• When Oxygen in the air combines with the right Concentration of
flammable vapors given off by Fuels.
• Then, a source of ignition can cause it to combust. (Oxygen 21%)
 Fire Tetrahedron
Heat:
• A source of ignition may be (Heat, Light, Spark, Flame,….)
Combustion (FIRE):
• Combustion occurs when (Fuel) mixes with (Oxygen) and (Heat)
source it must reach a certain temperature in which a (Chemical
Reaction) occurs producing the light heat and smoke.
• The above-mentioned elements create the “fire tetrahedron”.
• Fire tetrahedron is a simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for fires.
Definitions

Flash Point
• Is the temperature in degrees Celsius (closed
cup test) at which a product will give off enough
flammable vapor to be ignited, as determined by
an approved flashpoint apparatus.
Ignition Point
• Is the ignition temperature of substances is the
lowest temperature at which sustained
combustion will occur.
Non-Combustible Material
• Is a material which neither burns nor gives off
flammable vapours in sufficient quantity for self-
ignition when heated to approximately 750ºC,
this being determined in accordance with the
Fire Test Procedures Code.
Definitions
Auto-ignition
• Is the lowest temperature at which a
combustible substance will ignite
spontaneously in the presence of air or
oxygen without the presence of flame
or other source of ignition
Spontaneous ignition
• Ignition occurring when an internal
chemical or biological reaction
generates enough heat to cause the
material to combust. Substances that
have been known to self-heat to
temperatures sufficient for
spontaneous combustion include
linseed oil rags, hay, and powder-free
latex gloves.
Definitions Flashover
• The phase of a fire where most unburned
pyrolsis gases and fuels (furniture and
floor coverings) in the room reach ignition
temperature almost simultaneously and
burst into flame. The temperature at
which flashover occurs is approximately
600°C. When flashover occurs, all fuels in
the room are on fire and temperature in
the room reaches its maximum.
Definitions

Back Draft
• An explosion that occurs when oxygen is
rapidly introduced into a superheated, but
oxygen-poor, confined space. For example,
if a fire occurs in a well-sealed room, it will
burn until it uses up the oxygen in the room.
This burning can intensely heat the
atmosphere in the room, and its contents.
As the fire starves for oxygen, it leaves fuels
incompletely burned and superheated. If
oxygen is rapidly introduced into this
environment, such as by opening the door,
the superheated pyrolysis products can
explode in rapid combustion.
Flammable Range (Explosive Range)

• Flammable gas or vapor of a liquid mix with the air in the proper
proportion to make ignitable mixture.
• The smallest percentage of a gas that will make an ignitable air-vapor
mixture is called Lower Explosive Limit.(LEL)
• The greatest percentage of a gas that will make an ignitable air-vapor
mixture is called the Upper Explosive Limit.(UEL)
 Combustion and Fire

• Fire is an external indication of combustion which can be

defined as the rapid chemical union of an oxidizing agent
with a gas accompanied by the release of heat and light.
 Combustion and Fire
• In order to burn solids and liquids must be heated to temperature at which
flammable vapours are emitted.

n Solid fuel: before n Liquid fuel: release n Gases:

solid fuel will vapor, some gases gaseous fuel
burn, it must be lease vapor over a is already in
changed to vapor wide temperature the required
state. In a fire
situation this ranges (Gasoline - vapor state.
change usually is 50oC ). This process
known as is called
Pyrolyses vaporization.
 Combustion and Fire
Source of Ignition
• The heat initiate the chemical reaction that is
called combustion, the source of ignition can
be (Match, spark, friction, lighting, welding,
electric short, static electricity ….etc).
 Fire

Fire tetrahedron sides illustrate

the elements of fire: Heat, Fuel The elements must be Fire is extinguished by
Oxygen and Chemical combined in the right removing any of the elements.
Reaction. proportions for a fire to
occur.

Ø Oxygen is removed when a space is closed and sealed, and the Oxygen is consumed by the
fire. Oxygen can also be displaced by the release of inert gas such as CO2. Foam can restrict
oxygen reaching the fuel’s surface; (Smothering Less than 16%)
Ø Heat is removed by cooling with water, which also generates steam. Steam has a smothering
effect by displacing oxygen;(Cooling Less than Ignition Point)
Ø Fuel, in the form of cargo, packaging and dunnage is difficult to remove from most
compartments. The removal of unnecessary combustible material is essential.(Starvation)
Ø Chemical Reaction is removed by stopping or breaking the Chain Reaction.(Stop or Break
H&C&O from combining)
 Fire Extinguishing

Smothering Cooling

Stop / Break
Chain Reaction

Starving or
Isolation
Classes of Fires NFPA

• Fire is divided into classes (A, B, C, D, and K) that are

primarily based on the fuel that is burning. This
classification system helps to assess hazards and
determine the most effective type of extinguishing
agent.
• Class A Fires : involve common combustibles such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, trash and plastics.
• Class B Fires : involve flammable liquids, solvents,
oil, gasoline, paints and other oil-based products.
• Class C Fires : involve energized electrical equipment
such as wiring, controls, motors, machinery, or
appliances.
• Class D Fires : involve combustible metals such as
magnesium,
• lithium and titanium.
• Class K Fires : involve combustible cooking media
such as oils
• and grease commonly found in commercial kitchens
Classes of Fire According to ISO
• Class A Fire are fires caused by solid fuels. Solid fuels mean any combustible
materials such as wood, paper, rubber, plastic, cardboard, fabric, etc.
• Class B Fire As per ISO (Europe), Class B fires are fires that involve combustible
liquids.
• Class C Fire refers to a fire caused by flammable gases.
• Class D Fire are fires involving combustible metals. examples of combustible
metals are aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, plutonium,
sodium, titanium, uranium, and zirconium.
• Electrical Fires do not have their own class in ISO as electricity is not a fuel
source. Instead, it only sets alight combustible materials in its surrounding. There
is no Class E in ISO. When denoting an electrical fire, a “spark” symbol is used
without the letter “E”.
• Class F Fire are those that are fueled by cooking oils and fats.
 Fire on board is one of the most dangerous
emergencies for a vessel and must be managed
not only successfully, but also quickly, in order to
prevent larger damages or even loss of vessel and

Fire
crew, which could happen if the fire spreads.

Fire can spread within a compartment and

Onboard
through openings by the motion of hot gas and
the emission of heat energy. A ship’s metal
structure readily enables fire to spread, from the
compartment containing the fire to an adjacent
compartment, by direct transfer of heat through

Ships
the material.

One way to address this emergency is the proper

training through efficient and regular drills which
ensure that crew members are ready to handle a
fire onboard.
Causes of Fire
There are several causes of fire but the most relevant to ferries are:
• Electrical defects, such as overloaded electrical equipment,
damaged cables and poorly formed connections. Electrical faults in
vehicles, especially when engines are hot/running. Reefer
containers are major sources of fire;
• Mechanical failure, such as ignition from overheated bearings or
engine failure;
• Uncontrolled release of oil or flammable liquid meeting a hot
surface, or the release of a low flashpoint fuel, such as petrol vapor,
meeting a source of ignition;
• Dry, readily combustible materials (such as wood, paper, textiles)
meeting an ignition source, such as a lighted cigarette, sparks or
conducted heat from burning or cutting, high intensity lights or
defective electrical equipment.
• Actions to be taken
As soon as a fire is detected, several actions should be
taken to ensure the safety of the vessel and the personnel.
• General alarm should be sounded
• Bridge team should be informed
• Fire party should muster
• The fire should be isolated, by closing ventilation
system, skylights, doors, boundary cooling, etc
• Before entering the fire space, crew should wear the
appropriate PPE and use the proper fire extinguishing
system, regarding to the type of fire
• Interested parties should be notified
 Fire on Board Ships
• Galley (where food is prepared)
• Accommodation
• Cargo Holds, Containers and
Cargo tanks and fuel tanks
• Lockers (Example paint locker)
• Engine Room Spaces (Boiler –
Bilge – Generator, etc……)
• Ship’s Funnel
• Pump room (in oil tanker ships)
Galley

Oil – fats - Electricity - Materials

(clothes – plastics – papers
…..etc)
Accommodation

Furniture – Electricity - Materials

(clothes – plastics - papers…..etc)
Cargo Holds,
Containers and
liquid Tanks
Different types of dangerous cargo (wood
– plastics – papers- cool…etc)
Cargo Holds,
Containers and
liquid Tanks
• Different types of dangerous
cargo (reefer containers – self
ignition cargo –…etc)
Cargo Holds,
Containers and
liquid Tanks
Different types of dangerous cargo
(Fuel - oil – chemicals – LPG– LNG)
Lockers
(Example paint
locker, rope,….)
Engine Room
Spaces
(M/E – Boiler
– Bilge –
Generator,
etc……)
oil – chemicals – Electricity
Ship’s Funnel
Pump room
(Oil Tanker
Ships)
 Types Of
Extinguishing

Wet
Water Foam CO2 Powder
Chemical
 Categorization
• Extinguishers may be categorized according to :

Working Mechanical
Theory

Chemical

Portability

Portable Semi-Portable
General Requirements

• All fire extinguishers shall be of approved types and designs.

• The capacity of required portable fluid extinguishers shall be
not more than 13.5 liters and not less than 9 liters.
• Spare charges shall be provided in accordance with
requirements to be specified by the Administration.
• Fire extinguishers shall be periodically examined and
subjected to such tests as the Administration may require.
• One of the portable fire extinguishers intended for use in any
space shall be stowed near the entrance to that space.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
 1. Water Fire Extinguisher

Mechanical water extinguisher

This type can be either:

A Chemical water extinguisher :

that depends on chemical reaction between acid and alkaline fluids,

resulting pressurizing CO2, salt and water

Or

A Mechanical water extinguisher

that depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the water

out.
2. Foam Fire
Extinguisher
• This type can be either:
• Chemical Foam extinguisher.
• Depends on chemical
reaction between Chemical "A"
& Chemical "B" resulting
pressurizing CO2 and Foam.
• Mechanical Foam
extinguisher.
• Depends on cartridge filled
with CO2 that will pressurize
the ready-made foam out.
3. CO2 Fire
Extinguisher
• This type is always Mechanical type
• It depends on pressurizing the whole
cylinder with CO2 and have the advantage
of being used on several occasion till the
extinguisher is emptied.
 • This type is always
Mechanical type, and it can
be either :
• Pressurized Extinguisher.
• Depends on pressurizing
4. Powder Fire the whole cylinder with
dry powder which have
Extinguisher a good advantage that it
can be used on several
occasion till the
extinguisher is emptied.
• Extinguisher with CO2
cartridge.
• Depends on cartridge
filled with CO2 that will
pressurize the dry
powder out.
5. Wet Chemical Fire
Extinguisher
• Wet chemical fire extinguishers
are designed to tackle fires
involving cooking oils and fats,
which are prevalent in commercial
kitchens. They discharge a liquid
solution containing potassium
compounds that react with the oil
or fat to form a soapy foam.
6. Fire Blankets

• Fire blankets are effective in smothering

small fires in kitchens, if a good seal is
made.
• Wrapping round people whose clothing
is on fire.
• Made of fiberglass, they can withstand
temperatures of up to 500° C and are
compact and portable.
• They don’t need any maintenance but
can only be used once.
Note That
Mechanical type are used in upright position and all have hose and
nozzle varying according to type.

Chemical type must be turned upside down to use and they don't
have hoses.

CO2 extinguisher is distinguished with its big nozzle to tackle the

whole fire.
Use of Fire Extinguisher
Fire Fighting Fixed systems

Fire Safety System

Fixed Fire
Extinguishing
Systems
• These are fixed stations
that are built in the ship
and are connected to the
areas that requires
protection.
• The type of the fixed
installation and the
extinguishing agent in use
will depend on the nature
of the area to be
protected.

52
Water Line
Components of Fixed Water Fire Fighting
System

Fire Fire
Fire Line
Pumps Hydrant
 The fire pumps shall be independently driven.

Fire
Pumps
Ballast, bilge or general service pumps may be accepted
as fire pumps,

& Fire Transfer or pumping of fuel oil not to be used

Mains Relief valves shall be provided in conjunction with all

fire pumps, these valves shall be so placed and adjusted
as to prevent excessive pressure in any part of the fire
main system.
57
58
Number
and • The number and position of the

Position of
hydrants shall be such that at
least two jets of water not
emanating from the same
hydrant, one of which shall be

Hydrants
from a single length of hose,
may reach any part of the ship
normally accessible to the
passengers or crew while the
ship being navigated.

59
Pipes and
Hydrants
• The pipes and hydrants shall be
so placed that the fire hoses
may be easily coupled to them.
• Unless there is provided one
hose and nozzle for each
hydrant in the ship, there shall
be complete interchangeability
of hose couplings and nozzles.

61
Fire Hoses

• Fire hoses shall be of material

approved by the Administration
and sufficient in length to
project a jet of water to any of
the spaces in which they may
be required to be used.
• Each hose shall be provided
with a nozzle and the
necessary couplings.
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 •

Nozzles •
65
66
 Jet Spray

Comparing •
•
Can be Aimed with better accuracy.
Has a good reach.
•
•
Difficult to aim.
Limited reach.

between Jet • Must hit the seat of fire to cool •

•
Excellent cooling effect.
Much steam is generated.
and Spray •
effectively.
Run-off water may be extensive.
• Less amount of Run-off water

Nozzles
(most of the water vaporize into
• Very little steam is generated.
steam).
• Can push fire and smoke.
• Does not need to hit the seat of
fire to be effective.
67
Fire box

• Such boxes are either built-in while

the ship is being built or may be wall
mounted (especially on open decks),
they are of red color with letter "F" or
word "FIRE”

68
 • Fire axe
Required to be carried board ships, the

A Fire Box usual type is the pick-up axe with a

wooden handle as it also can act as a
wrenching lever when the fire fighting

may also
persons try to break in closed spaces .

• Fire hose shall be of material

contain
approved by the Administration

• Nozzle

69
• Hose Wrench
Hence, the hydrant, hose and nozzle will
be very wet; it will be very difficult to
connect or disconnect them together and
a special wrench is used for some types of
connectors.

• Valve Spanner
It is obvious that there must be a coupling
at each end of any hose so the hose can
be connected to the hydrant and nozzle or
may be two hoses together for more
length.

70
71
International Ship/Shore Connection

• At least one on the ship to get water

from the port when the ship along
side or in the dry dock in case of
there’s lack of access to water
through Ship’s pumps.

• Internationally Standard dimensions .

• Must provide facilities that allow the

use of the link on both sides of the
ship .

72
Purpose of International Shore Connection
74
FIRE PROTECTION

• ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION:

detection and suppression by automatic or manual
means

• PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION:

which is compartmentalization of the fire through the
use of walls and floors, and their components, that
are designed to withstand fire of a standard
duration and intensity, organized into fire
compartments, which may consist of one or more
rooms or floors, allowing evacuations and
protection of critical building components
Sprinkler System

• Used Inside Alleyways and passages,

inside garages of RORO ships to suit
expected fires of type A
• Combined system for fire detection and
fighting.
• Two types available: (Automatic &
Manual)
• Form of Active Fire Protection.
• Subject to STRINGENT Bounding (Passive
Fire Protection)
 The sprinkler is the spray nozzle which distributes
Automatic water a defined fire hazard area. Each sprinkler
operates by actuation of its own temperature
Sprinkler & Fire linkage. The typical sprinkler consists of a frame,
thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and
Alarm Systems deflector. Styles of each component may vary but
the basic principles of each remain the same.

78
79
80
81
General Requirements

• Any required automatic sprinkler and fire alarm and fire

detection system shall be always capable of immediate
operation.
• Any parts of the system which may be subjected to
freezing temperatures in service shall be suitably
protected against freezing. It shall be kept charged at
the necessary pressure and shall have provision for a
continuous supply of water as required.
• Each section of sprinklers shall include means for giving
a visual and audible alarm signal automatically at one or
more indicating units whenever any sprinkler comes into
operation.
• A gauge indication the pressure in the system shall be
provided at each section stop valve and at a central
station.
• The sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion by marine
atmosphere.

82
General Requirements

A test valve shall be provided for testing the

automatic alarm for each section of sprinklers by a
discharge of water equivalent to the operation of
one sprinkler. The test valve for each section shall be
situated near the stop valve for that section.

Spare sprinkler heads shall be provided for each

section of sprinklers to the satisfaction of the
Administration.

83
Automatic Sprinkler system
Automatic Sprinkler system
Water Mist System
• Small droplets absorbs heat more than bigger droplets.

• Higher cooling effect.

• Small droplets vaporize & reduce O2 from air (Smothering).

• Advantages:

1. Uses smaller pipes (Less weight & Cost)

2. Reduced pump size.

3. Less damage than caused by water.

4. Less adverse effect on stability.

FOAM Systems
 1. Seawater and foam compound are mixed in the
Foam Making equipment which produces a foam solution.
2. This solution then passes through a foam-making branch
pipe where air is induced.
3. The finished foam is discharged as a multiplicity of small
bubbles through a nozzle at the end of the branch pipe.

94
Portable Foam
Applicator

• Consist of a foam nozzle of an

inductor type capable of being
connected to the fire main by a
fire hose
• Portable tank containing at least
20 litres of foam-making liquid
and one spare
• The nozzle shall be capable of
producing effective foam
suitable for extinguishing an oil
fire, at the rate of at least 1.5
m3/min

95
 Foam-Making Nozzles (Inductor)

'Venturi' principle

96
Foam

Fire-fighting foam is used to form a blanket on the

surface of flaming liquids, including oils. The blanket
of foam keeps flammable vapors from leaving the
surface and keeps oxygen from reaching the fuel.
Fire cannot exist when the fuel and oxygen are
separated. The water in the foam also has a cooling
effect.

The Quality of Foam is Influenced by:

• The chemical nature of the foam
concentrates.
• The temperature and pressure of the water.
• The efficiency of the foam-making device.

97
98
 Chemical Foam
Foam can be formed as chemical foam by
mixing an alkali (usually sodium bicarbonate)
with acid (usually aluminum sulphate) in water

Mechanical Foam
Is produced mixing a foam concentrate with water to produce a foam
solution.

99
100
101
102
CO2 System
Fixed CO2 System
General Requirements
• Means shall be provided for automatically
giving audible warning of the release of
fire-extinguishing gas into any space to
which personnel normally have access.
• The alarm shall operate for a suitable
period before the gas is released.
• The means of control any fixed gas fire-
extinguishing system shall be readily
accessible and simple to operate and shall
be grouped together in as few location as
possible at positions not likely to be cut
off by a fire in the protected space.

104
105
 How to operate CO2 System in the engine room

When you open the control box shall issue an audible and visible alarm in the
machinery room in all sectors in order to alert the staff should evacuate.

• At the same time, the ventilation is turned off automatically when you open the
door of the control box.

• Stop quick release valve which control the fuel pump is turned off and thus stop
the main machinery and generators work.

• All doors and openings leading to the room must be closed.

• Open pilot cylinder ( small Co2 cylinder in the room of carbon dioxide ) which
flowing carbon dioxide gas in the system and will open valves of all cylinders
room mechanically, then the gas flows through the pipe to the engine room.
106
 Fixed Dry
Chemical
Powder
System (DCP)
Fixed Dry Chemical Powder System (DCP)
Fixed Dry Chemical Powder System (DCP)
Fixed Dry Chemical Powder System (DCP)
Fixed Dry Chemical Powder
System (DCP)
• The new IMO regulation requires the powder used to be
based on Potassium Sulphate and that testing is carried out
with this type of powder.
• Potassium Sulphate offers better compatibility with foam
compared to the historical choice, Sodium Bicarbonate and
hence the system can be used together with foam fire-
fighting systems.
• The regulation also states that any Type Approval test shall be
carried out using the same type of powder that will be
supplied with the unit, a test the system was able to satisfy.
• The DCP system is extensively and independently tested:
Fixed Dry Chemical
Powder System (DCP)
• The DCP System utilizes dry chemical powder based on
Potassium Sulphate in accordance with IMO Circ 1315.
• This ensure highest performance with flow capability and
extinguishing effect.
• The powder is mixed with additives that protect against
lumping and moisturizing.
• The DCP System is a highly effective medium to extinguish
flammable gas fires.
• When powder is released directly to a fire, the extinguishing
effect is caused by suffocation and an anti-catalytic effect, a
chemical intervention into the combustion process.
• The dry powder is non-toxic and stable at both low and high
temperatures. However, it should be kept tightly closed and
stored in a dry location in order to prevent absorption of
moisture.
DCP Skid System
1. Small system that can be moved easily as the entire skid is on wheel arrangement thus
providing better demonstrability.
2. The skid can be brought to the centre of the firefighting field. The front panel of the skid holds
the hose cabinet, release levers, pilot bottles and pressure gauges. The rear portion of the skid
is open permitting easier and better inspection by candidates so that the various components
and parts of the system can be clearly studied and comprehended in terms of function as well
as position in the system integration.
3. The quantity of DCP discharged is small thereby reducing the environmental impact of
frequent releases and also keeping the DCP suspension levels down to minimum, posing lesser
challenges for disposal of chemical waste.
4. Operational cost is controlled, considering the volume of DCP discharged.
5. The discharge pressures are controlled thereby enhancing the safety of the installation
6. Multiple candidates get an opportunity to handle the charged DCP hose and approach the gas
fire to practice the correct application technique.
The system allows for multiple discharges during the same course as readying and refilling the
system will be quick and efficient requiring no special techniques
DCP Skid
 Places where the fixed systems can be used

• Fixed water : all ships

• Fixed CO2 system : Cargo/ Machinery spaces

• Fixed Foam Main : Deck of tanker ships - Car carrier -Bilge

• Inert gas system : Cargo spaces of oil tankers .

• Sprinkler system : Accommodation / Passenger ships .

• DCP : Gas Carriers

115
Fire Man’s Outfit, SCBA & EEBD
FIRE MAN’S OUTFIT :
To extinguish a fire, it is
important to attack the root of
the fire.
To approach the root of the
fire, adequate protection is
required from heat and smoke.
For this reason, fireman outfit
is used on board ships to fight
emergency fire.
There are certain rules and
regulations to be followed
while carrying fireman’s outfit
on ships.
The fireman’s outfit is
mandatory on every ship.
The outfit consists
of the following
things:-
1) Breathing apparatus of an approved type, the volume of
air in the cylinder ( cylinders ) not less than 1.2 liter and
capable of functioning for at least 30 minutes

2) Water resisting clothing protective clothing from

material protect the skin from the heat which radiant from
the fire , burns and scalding by steam
3) Safety shoes

4) Hand Gloves (Boots and gloves of rubber or other

electrically non-conducting material .)

5) Rigid Helmet
6) Electric safe hand lamp that lasts for about three
hours duration.

7) Fire Axe

8) A belt for carrying Auxiliary equipment

9) A strong fireproof line
SOLAS Approved Fire Man Outfit
 Instructions should include details of the signals to be used between
the firefighting party and the wearer of the breathing apparatus.
All members of firefighting parties should be thoroughly familiar
with the signals.
The following signals, which could be made by short, sharp pulls on
the lifeline, would be suitable:
By wearer of breathing apparatus
Lifeline
signals 1 pull I am all right

2 pulls I am going ahead

3 pulls Take up my slack

4 pulls Help me out immediately

To wearer of breathing apparatus

1 pull Are you all right?

2 pulls Advance

3 pulls Back out

4 pulls Come out immediately

In every instance when line signals are employed, they should be

acknowledged by the recipient of the order by repeating the signal to
show that it has been received.
As per SOLAS the minimum number of fire fighter outfit required
on board are as follows:-
1) For ship between 500-2500 tons minimum two sets are required.
2) For ship between 2500-4000 tons minimum three sets required.
3) For ships 4000 tons and above minimum four sets are required.

Note :
•The fire man’s outfit can be donned without any assistant .
• Number and places of fire man’s out fits found in the fire plan
which approved by administration .
•All fire man’s outfits must be checked in all fire drills .
Fire Proximity
Suit
• The fire proximity suit is designed
to reflect 90% of Heat.
Fire Entry Suit
• The suit is designed from 8 layers
of Aluminum Foil & 8 layers of
Fiberglass Insulation.
• It can withstand heat up to 815 ℃
• It covers all the body and the SCBA
SCBA

• Self Contained-Air Breathing Apparatus

SCBA
• Breathing apparatus shall be a self-contained compressed air.
• Breathing apparatus for which the volume of air contained in the
cylinders shall be at least 1,200 L, or other self-contained
breathing apparatus which shall be capable of functioning for at
least 30 min.
• All air cylinders for breathing apparatus shall be interchangeable.
• Compressed air breathing apparatus shall be fitted with an
audible alarm and a visual or other device which will alert the
user before the volume of the air in the cylinder has been
reduced to no less than 200 L.
The main components of a SCBA system:
• A cylinder containing air under pressure
• A means of reducing the pressure of air
from the cylinder and supplying the
wearer with air on demand
• A facemask
Breathing Apparatus
The purpose of
Breathing Apparatus
• (BA) is to enable a person to survive in an
atmosphere which would not normally support
life, either because of oxygen deficiency or the
presence of toxic gases.
Breathing Apparatus
• the volume of air contained in the cylinders of which shall be at least 1200L/, or at
least 30min.
• All air cylinders for breathing apparatus shall be interchangeable.
 Crew Procedures
Wearers of BA set should adhere to the following rules:
• At the commencement of operations, a BA set is NOT to be used
if the cylinder has less than 80% of its maximum contents
• BA set must be donned in fresh air
• Persons are to work in teams of at least two. NO person is to be
left alone at work
• Whenever a member of a team has to withdraw for any reason,
the whole team must withdraw. Reasons for withdrawal include
one team member’s reaching the end of his BA’s working
duration; or accident, injury or illness affecting a team member
• BA operators should enter a module without deposition their
tallies with a BA controller. On leaving must report to the control
and collect their tallies. There should be a separate record of
each re-entry.
EEBD
Emergency Escape Breathing Device
• Studies of fire casualties have proven that most casualties
are the result of smoke and toxic fumes and not from the fire
itself. For this reason, the EEBD was developed for emergency
escape.

• It provides the wearer with 15 minutes of breathable air.

• It is to be worn until you can get topside during

evacuation from below deck spaces.

• The EEBD is designed to provide respiratory and eye

protection in an atmosphere that will not support life.

• With the proper training you should be able to activate

and don an EEBD in less than 30 seconds.
 EMERGENCY ESCAPE BREATHING DEVICE
(EEBD)
• A self-contained compressed air apparatus for escape from a
contaminated environment.

• It consists of a compressed air cylinder with air capacity of 600

liters (15 minutes duration).

• Within accommodation areas all ships are to carry at least two

EEBD.

• The quantity of EEBD within machinery spaces is dependent on the

layout of the space and the number of persons normally working
there.
[Link]
Fire Alarm System
 Fire Detectors

Fire detectors on board ships are mainly to discover fires as soon as possible
•The fire is a chemical oxidization process that will result some heat , smoke ,
and flame , so fire detectors on board ships will depend on reading these fire
signatures as follows :
• Heat detectors
• Smoke detectors
• Optical flame detectors
• Carbon Monoxide detectors
• Multi-sensor detectors
• Manual Call Points
 1. Heat Detectors
• Fusible Links/Frangible Bulbs
Fusible links are used to hold a spring device in the
detector in the open position. When the melting
point of the fusible link is reached, it melts and
drops away. This action causes the spring to release
and touch an electrical contact that completes a
circuit and sends an alarm signal

• Bimetallic Heat Detector

A bimetallic heat detector uses two types of metal
with different heat-expansion ratios that are bonded.
When subjected to heat, one metal expands faster
than the other and causes the combined strip to arch.
 2. Smoke Detectors
There are three basic types of smoke detectors including:

Ionization

Light Obscuring Light Scattering

3. Flame Detector
• A flame detector is sometimes called a light detector. There are three basic types:
• detect light in the ultraviolet wave spectrum (UV detectors)
• detect light in the infrared wave spectrum (IR detectors)
• detect light in both UV and IR waves

(UV detectors)

(IR detectors)
Manual Call
Point MCP
• MCP is used to alert
when discovering a fire
by any person on board
it will trigger the fire
alarm.
F.F. & SAR Techniques
 Stand Always stand within an exit at your back.

Keep Keep away from the fire(Safe Distance), moving closer

Away once the fire starts to diminish.

Use a sweeping motion and/or aim at the base of the

Use
Safety Tips fire.

Work in Work in Pair System

Be sure to watch the area for a while to ensure it

Be doesn’t re-ignite.
Fire Fighting Techniques
Direct

-
Semi Direct
Extreme
Heat
Extreme
Heat
Prevent
Entrance
Indirect
SAR and Casualty
Retrieve
SAR Priorities
• First priority is the immediate
search in the fire zone then the
surrounding areas
• Second priority is for places on
top of the fire zone
• Third priority is for upper floors
and areas moving from bottom
till top areas where heat
transfer by convection could
occur
• Last priority is for areas below
the fire zone
SAR techniques

Two SAR
techniques:

Primary Secondary
Search Search
Primary Search

• Quick immediate search

• Primary All Clear
• Begins with First Priority areas
• High Risk Search
• Time factor critical
• Depends on senses such as sight, sound and
touch
Search patterns
 Executed after fire is
extinguished

Second Conditions safer than

Search Primary Search

Hazardous atmosphere still

possible
Rescue Techniques
Rescue
Techniques
• Removing the casualty or
trapped person from the
danger zone.
• Divided into two types:
1. Conscious casualty
2. Unconscious casualty
Unconscious casualty
One man drag