CHAPTER 2

DIFFERENTIABILITY

9.1 DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT

DEFINITION Let f{x) he a real valued function defined on an open intervaKa, b) and let c e(<i, &). Then,
f{x)-f{c)
f{x) is said to be differentiable or derivable at x = c, iff lim exists finitely.

ww
x-*c x-c

This limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of the function f{x) [Link]=c, and is
df{x)

Flo
denoted by /'(c) or, Df (c) or.
dx
j x = c

e
reree
/(y)-/(c)
Thus, /' (c) = lim

r FF
x-^c x-c

Now,
uurr
f{x) is differentiable atx -c
foor
lim
f(x)-f{c) . ,
—- exists fimtely
ks s
<=>
x~*c x-c
Yoo
ooook

lim
f{x)-m lim
fix) -m
eBB

x-*c
x-c x-c

lim
fic-h)-f{c) f{c + h)-f{c)
uurr

o lim
h~^0 -h h->Q h
ad
Yo

lim
fjx)-f{c) fic-h)-fic)
or, lim is called the left hand derivative of / (x)
dY

X-¥C
x-c h-*0 -h
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innd

at a: = c and is denoted by / '(c“) or, Lf'{c).

FFi

lim
fjx)-fic) f{c + h)-f(c)
or, lim is called the right hand derivative affix)
x-c h-^Q h

at X = c and is denoted by / ’ (c"^) or, Rf' (c).

Thus, if is differentiable at x = c) o Lf '(c) = Rf' (c).
If L/'(c) Rf'(c), we say that/(x) is not differentiable at x = c.
MEANING OF DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT As we have Seen in the chapter on continuity of a
function that if a function f{x) is continuous at a point x=a (say), then its graph is an unbroken
curve at {a, f{a)) and there are no holes and jumps in the graph of the function in the
neighbourhood of point x =a. Now, a natural question arises: What do we mean when we say
that a function f{x) is differentiable at a point x = c? In the following discussion we shall try to
answer this question.
 9.2 MATHEMATICS-Xil

Consider the functidn f{x) defined on an open interval {a, b). Let P {c, /(c)) be a point on the
curve y =f (x), and let Q(c-h, /(c -h)), and R{c + h, f{c + h)) be two neighbouring points on
the left and right hand side respectively of point P as shown in Fig. 9.1. Then,
f(c-h)-fic) AY
Slope of chord PQ = -h }/=A=‘)
IR {c + h,f(c+h))
f{c + h)-f{c)
and. Slope of chord PR = h
yp{c.m
We know that tangent to a curve at a point P (say) is the
limiting position of chord PQ when Q tends to P. Therefore, Q(c-h//(c-h)) X
■>
as /i -> 0 points Q and R both tend to P from left hand and ^ CT

right hand sides respectively. Consequently, chords PQ and Fig. 9.1

PR become tangent(s) at point P.

ww
/(c-h)-f(c)
Thus, lim = lim (Slope of chord PQ)
h^O -h h^Q

FF loo
= lim (Slope of chord PQ)
Q^P

ree
= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position
of the chords drawn on the left hand side of point P.

reFe
f{c + h)-f{c)
and, lim
h
= lim (Slope of chord PR) oor rF
rur
h->0 h^O
s ff
= lim (Slope of chord PR)
R-*P
k

= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position

YYoou
okso

of the chords drawn on the right hand side of point P ...(ii)

BBoo

Now,
r ee

f{x) is differentiable at x = c.
o lim
f{c-h)-f{c) _ lim
f{c + h)-f{c)
ouur
ad

h^O -h h^O h
Yo

Slope of the tangent at point P, which is limiting position of the chords drawn on the
left hand side of P is same as the slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting
d

position of the chords drawn on the irght hand side of P

idnY
Re

o There is a unique tangent at point P.

FFin

Thus, fix) is differentiable at point P, iff there exists a unicjue tangent at point P. In other words, f{x) is
differentiable at a pofnt P iff the curve does not have P as a comer point. Ya

Consider the function fix) = | x |. This function is not differentiable at .y = -x

X = 0, because if we draw tangent at the origin as the limiting

position of the chords on the left hand side of the origin, it is the line >
y = -x whereas the tangent at the origin as the limiting position of ^ 0 X

the chords on the right hand side of the origin is the line y = x.
Mathematically, left hand derivative at the origin is -1 (slope of the
line y = - x) and the right hand derivative at the origin is 1 (slope of V'

Fig. 9.2
the line y = x).
Let/(x) be a differentiable function at a point P. Then the curve y = fix) has a unique tangent at
P. Since tangent at P is the limiting position of the chord PQ when Q -> P. So, if fix) is
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.3

differentiable at a point P, then chords exist on both sides of point P. This r^eans that the curve
exists on both sides of P. Consequently/(x) is continuous at P. r
It follows from the above discussion that, if a function is not differentiable at x = c, then either it
has (c, /(c)) as a comer point or it is discontinuous at x -- c.
Also, ever} differentiable function is continuous as proved below.
THEOREM If a function is differentiable at a point, it is necessarily continuous at that point. But, the
converse is not necessarily true.
OR

/(x) is differentiable atx=c=> /(x) is continuous at x =c

fix)-f(c)
PROOF Let a function /(x) be differentiable at x = c. Then, lim exists finitely.
x->c X -c

m-f{c)

ww
Let lim = f'ic) ...(i)
x-c

In order to prove that/(x) is continuous at x = c, it is sufficient to show that lim /(x) =/(c).

Floo
x-*c
Now,

. (M -fje)

ree
lim fix) lim (x-c)+/(c)
x-*c x-^c x-c

rFee
(m~fic)
lim/(x) = lim
(x-c)^ +/{c)
F
x-c oor r
rur
x-^c x-»c
s ff
lim fix) lim lim (x -c) + /(c) =/'{c) X 0 +/(c) [Using (i)]
x->c x-c x->c
osk
YYoou

lim fix) = /(c)

oook

x->c
eBB

Hence, fix) is continuous at x = c. Q.K.D.

REMARK The converse of the above theorem is not necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at
uur r

a point but may not be differentiable at that point. For example, the function fix) = | x | /s continuous at
ad

X = 0 but it is not differentiable at x = 0 (See Example 1 below.)

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Re
idn

EXAMPLE 1 Show that fix) = | x | is not differentiable atx = 0.

FFin

SOLUTION We observe that:

fix) -m fiO-h)-fiO) /(-^)-/(0)
(LHDatx = 0) = x->0
lim_ x-0
= lim
O-li-O h^O
lim
-h

-h h
lim = lim lim lim -1 = -1
h^O -h /i -)● 0 -h If -> 0 - /i /i 0

and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim

f(x)-m_ lim
fjO + h) -fjO)
x-»0
+ x-0 h-^Q h

lim m-m lim

/z|-|0 = lim
h
— = lim 1=1
h^O h /i->0 h h-^oh h->0

(LHD at X = 0) ^ (RHD at x = 0). So, fix) is not differentiable at x = 0.

 9.4 MATHEMATICS-XII

X -1, i{ X <2
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function f{x) = 2x-3, if X >2 is not differentiable atx = 2.

SOLUTION We observe that:

m-f{2) _ (;r-l)-(4-3)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim lim [v f{x) = x-lfoTx<2]
x->2“ x-2 x^2 x-2

;r-2
lim lim 1=1
x^2 x-2 x^2

/W-/(2)_ (2x-3)-(4-3)
and. (RHDatx = 2)= lim = lim fix) = 2x - 3 for X > 2]
x^2'^ x-2 x^2 x-2

2x-4

ww
lim lim 2 = 2
x-*2 x-2 x-^2

(LHD at x = 2) (RHD at x = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

Flo
EXAMPLE 3 Show that fix) = x^ is differentiable at x=l and find f (1).

e
eree
SOLUTION We observe that:

FFr
fix)-fjr) _ lim
f{\-h)-fj\)
(LHDatx=l)= lim 1-ft-l
x-1
x-*r oorr
uur r
(i-;o^-i^ -2h + h‘^
sf
lim lim = lim (2-/i) =2.
ft->0 -h h^O -h h-*0
sk
Yoo
oook

and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim +

x-1 1 + h-l
eBB

x-*l

il + h)^-l 2h + h^
lim lim = lim (2 + fi) = 2
uurr

h-¥0 h h-*0 h h^O

ad
Yo

(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) = 2. So, /(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and /'(!)= 2.

dY

EXAMPLE 4 Discuss the differentiability o// (x) = x | x | atx = 0.

Re
innd

x^ , X £ 0
SOLUTION We have, fix) = x | x[ = ■ tCBSE 2020, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFi

-x^ ,x < 0
fix)-fj0)_ -x^-0
Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)]
x-0 x->0 x-0

lim -X = 0
x->Q

fix)~fj0)_ x^-0
and. (RHD atx = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)j
x-0 x->0 x-0

lim X = 0.
x-»0

(LHD atx = 0) = (RHD atx = 0). So, / (x) is differentiable at x = 0.

 DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.5

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

1
sin , if X 0
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the function /(x) =● \xj
, if x = 0 is differentiable at x = 0 and
0

/'(0) = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We observe that:

fiO~h)-f{0) fi~h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim lim
x-4 0" x-0 h^O O-h-0 * h~^0 -h

1
{-h)^ sin -h
-0

ww
lim lim h sin
/j-»0 -h /j->0 .h)

= 0 X (an oscillating number between - 1 and 1) = 0

f{x)-m f(0 + h)-f{0)

Flo
and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim + lim

e
x-»0 x-0 h^O 0 + ^-0

eree
h^ sin - -0

FFr
lim
m-m = lim u lim h sin
1
h h \hj
uurr
h->0 h->0 h^O

= 0 X (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0 orr

sfo
(LHD at X = 0) = (RHD at x = 0) = 0.
kks
Yoo

So,/(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and/ '(0) = 0.

oooo

. 1
X sm - , when x^O
EXAMPLE 6 Show that the function f{x) = ■ is continuous but not
eBB

X
, when X = 0
0

differentiable atx = 0.
urr

SOLUTION For the continuity of the function refer Example 11 on page 8.8 of Chapter 8.
ad
YYo

Now,
f(x)-f{0) fi0-h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim
dd

x-J-0 x-0 h^O O-h-0

Re
inn

u . f—
-hsm
F

= hm
f(-h)-0 = lim
K-hJ = - lim sin
/i-+0 -h h->0 -h h^O u
= A number which oscillates between - 1 and 1

(LHD at X = 0) does not exist.

Similarly, it can be shown that RHD at x = 0 does not exist. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at
x = 0.

EXAMPLE? Show that the function /(x) = | x +1 ( + | x-l\forallx e R, is not differentiable at x =-1
andx = l. ICBSE 20151
SOLUTION We have,
-(x + l)-(x-l) = -2x,if x<-l
/(x) =1 X-1 I +1 X + 1 ! = ● x + l-(x-l) = 2 ,if-l<x<l
X + 1 + X -1 = 2x ,ifx>l
9.6 MATHEMATICS-XII

Differentiability afx = -1; We find that

(LHDatA: = -l) = lim
x^-r

-lx~l -2{x + l)
lim lim lim (-2)=-2
x-*-l x +1 .T - r x +1 x^-r

(RHDatx=-l) = lim fix)'/{-!) ^ lim

2-2
lim
0
lim 0=0
x-i-1) 1+ x + 1 1+ x + 1 x-^-l
+

(LHD at X = -1) (RHD at x = -1). So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1.

Differentiability atx= 1: We find that

oww
2-2 0
(LHDatx = l) = Hm lim lim lim 0=0
x-» 1” x-l x-*r x-i x-^r x-l x^r

fix)-fH) lx-2 X-U

(RHDatx=l) = lim + - lim lim 2 lim 2=2
x-l x-l x-^l"^ x-l X-J-1
+

e
x->l

FFrlo
re
(LHDatx=l) (RHDatx = l)
So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1 and x = 1.

ree
F
x/(fl)-g/(x)
EXAMPLE 8 Iffix) is differentiate atx-a, find x-*a
lim

rF
X-fl

fsoor m-fja)
ouur
SOLUTION Itgiventhat/(x)isdifferentiableatx = [Link], x-m
lim exists finitely.
x-fl
skf
m-fja)
ooko

Let lim =/'(«)

Yo

X->(l x-fl
Y

x/(fl)-fl/(x) X /(fl) - a fja) + a fja)-a fjx)

Bo

Now, lim = lim

reB

x-^a x-fl X-^fl x-fl

(x-fl) /(fl)-fl(/(x) -/(fl)} = lim

(x-fl) /(fl) -fl lim
m-fja)
= lim
uur
oY

x~*a x-fl x-*a x-fl x-^a x-fl

ad

= lim /(.)-» lim MzM =fja)-a fja)

dY

X fl X fl X -fl

x/(2)-2/(x)
innd
Re

EXAMPLE 9 If f (2) =4 And/' (2) =1, then find x-*2

lim x-2
Fi
F

SOLUTION Using definition of derivative, we obtain

lim
fjx)-fi2)
=/'(2) => lim /(x)-/(2)_^ [V /'(2)=1] -(i)
x-*2 x-2 x^2 x-2

Now,

lim
x/(2)-2/(x) lim
x/(2)-2/(2) +2/(2)-2/(x)
x^2 x-2 x->2 x-2

lim
(x-2)/(2)-2(/(x)-/(2)) _ lim
jx-2)f(2) -2 lim
fjx)-fi2)
x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2

= /{2)-2/'(2)= 4-2x1 = 2 (Using (i) and f{2) = 4]

x^ / (fl) - fl^ / (x)
EXAMPLE 10 If f (>^) Is differentiable at x = fl, find lim
X ->fl x-fl
 DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.7

fix)-fia)
SOLUTION It is given that / {x) is differentiable at x = a. Therefore, lim exists
x-^a x-a

finitely.
Let lim = /'(«)
x-^a x-a

Now, lim lim x^ f (a) -a^f {a) + f (a) jx)

x-^a x-a x-*a x-a

ix^-a^)f{a)-a^ {fix)-f(a)}
lim
x-*a x-a
lim
x-*a
ix^-a^)f{a) ^2(f(x)-f(a)
x-a x-a

[Link])-f{a)
- lim (x + fl) / (a) - c?~ lim
x-^a x-*a x-a
= 2af,(a)-a^f'(a) [Using (i)]

ww
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

r 1 ii

Flo
+ -

EXAMPLE 11 Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = , X 0

flfx = 0.

e
0 , X = 0

eree
SOLUTION We observe that:

FFr
1
- + -
I'l
\x Xj -Vx
X e = xe , x>0 oorr
uur r
0 , x =0
f(x) =
sf
f-l
— + -
11
V a: xJ
X e = x , x<0
Yoo
ks
oook

f(x)-m =_ x-O
eBB

Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim =1 ['.● / (x) = X for X < 0 and / (0) = 0]
x-^0~ x-O x->0 x-O

and,
fix)-f{0)
(RHDatx = 0) = lim
uurr

x^O* x-O
ad
Yo

-2/x
X e -0 -2x
lim [*.■ / (x) = X e for X >0 and/(0) = 0]
dY

x~* 0 X
Re

lim e~ = 0.
innd

x->0
FFi

(LHD at X = 0) (RHDatx = 0). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

x^ , x< c
EXAMPLE 12 choice of a and b is the function f (x) = is differentiable
atx = c. ax+ b , X >c
SOLUTION It is given that / (x) is differentiable at x = c and every differentiable function is
continuous. So, / (x) is continuous at x = c.
lim_ /(x) = lim
X-*C X
/(x)=/(c)

lim x^ = lim (ax + b) =

x-^c X-4C
[Using definition of / (x)]

c^ = ac + b -(i)
Now, /(x) is differentiable atx = c
9.8 MATHEMATICS-XII

=> (LHDatx = c) = (RHData: = c)

lim /(x)-f(c) _ lim /(x) -fjc)
x-c x-c
x->c

2 2
x^ -c (ax + /;) -
Um lim [Using definition of / (a:)]
x->c x-c x-*c x-c

x^-c^ ax + b -(ac + b)
lim lim [Using (i) ]
x-*c X — c x-*c x-c

a (x-c)
lim (at + c) = lim ^ => lim (:r + c) = lim a => 2c = a ...(ii)
x-*c x-*c x-c x-*c x-*c

From (i) and (ii), we get: c^ = 2c^ + b => b - -c Hence, a = 2c and b = -c^.

w
EXAMPLE 13 A function f:R^R satisfies that equation f(x + y)=f(x)f(}/) for all x,yeR,
f(x) ^ 0. Suppose that the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 0andf (0) = Z Prove that f (x) = 2 f(x).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION

Flo Wehave,/{x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR

ee
/(0 + 0)=/(0)/(0) [Putting X = 0, y = 0]

Fr
m -mm
/(O) {l-/(0)}=0 [●.● f(x) ^ 0 for any x . ./(O) 9^ 0]
l-/(0)=0=i. /(0)=1 or
ur
sf
It is given that f(x) is differentiable at a: = 0 and /' (0) = 2.
/(0 + /z)-/(0) /(c + /t) -f(c)
/'(O) = lim Putting c = 0 in /' (c) = lim
ok
Yo

/i-»0 h /j->0 h
Bo

2 = lim
f{h)-m => 2- lim
m-1
h^O h /i->0 h
re

Now,
f(x + h)-f(x)
f'(x) = lim
ou

h^O h
ad

f(x)f(h)-f(x)
Y

=>
f'(x) = lim h
[●●● f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR f(x + h) =f(x) f(h)]
/j->0
nd
Re

f'(x) =f(x) lim ^ f'(x)=2f(x) [Using (i)]

/i->0 h
Fi

Hence,/'(x) =2/(.t).
EXERCISE 9.1
BASIC

1. Show that/{x) = \x- 3 [ is continuous but not differentiable atx = 3. [CBSE 2012,20131
12X-13, ifx<3
2. Show that f(x) = is differentiable at x = 3. Also, find / '(3).
2x^ +5, if X > 3

3x-2
, 0<x<l
3. Show that the function / defined by f(x) = ■ 2x^ -X, 1 < X < 2 is continuous at x = 2,
5x-4, x>2

but not differentiable thereat. [CBSE 20101

DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.9

4. Find whether the following function is differentiable at = 1 and = 2 or not:

X , x<l
M = 2-x , l<x<2 [CBSE 2015]
-2+3x~x^' x>2

BASED ON LOTS

5. Show that/(at) = x^^ ^ is not differentiable at a: = 0.

6. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function /(x) =| x\ +|x-l| in the interval
(-1,2). [CBSE 2015]
, if x<l

ww
+ 3x + <7
7. Find the vaiues of a and b so that the function /(x) = ● , if x>l
&X + 2

is differentiabie at each x e R. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]

FF loo
ax ^-b
8.1f/(x)= 1 is differentiable at x = 1, find a, b.

ree
, if|x|>l
^1
BASED ON HOTS

reFe
oroFr
rur
x'” sin , X# 0 .
9. Show that the function /(x) = ● \xj IS
s ff
0 , x =0
k

(i) differentiable at x = 0,ifm>l

YYouo
okso

(ii) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, if 0 < m < 1

BBoo

(iii) neither continuous nor differentiable, if m < 0

r ee

I 2x - 31 [x] x>l
10. Show that the function /(x) = is continuous but not
ad
ouur

7tX
sin X<1
Yo

I 2
differentiable at x = 1.
d
idnY
Re

ANSWERS
FFin

3. 12 5. Continuous on (-1, 2) but not differentiabie at x = 0,1.

6. Not differentiable at x = 1, but differentiable at x = 2. 7.a = 3,b=5
8.i7 = -l/2,fc=-3/2
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

7. Use (LHD at x = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) and, lim f{x) = lim + /(x) = /(I)

X->1

1
, if x<-l
X

8. / (x) can be re-written as; /(x) = (flX^ -&) , if -1 <x <1

1
, if x>l
X

Now, check continuity and differentiability of / (x).

 9.10 MATHEMATICS-XII

(2x-3)M
10.
/ (x) can be re-written as: / (x) = -(2x-3) , 1 <x<-
2
. (TlX^
Sin , X <1
1 2
Now, check continuity and differentiablility of / (x).

oww
9.2 DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET

A function f{x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to be differentiable or derivable in open interval
(a, b) if it is differentiable at each point of {a, b).
A function/(x) defined on [a, b\is said to be differentiable or derivable at the end points a and b if

e
it is differentiable from the right at a and from the left at b.

re
FFrlo
In other words, lim
m-f{a) and lim
fix)-fib) both exist.

F
x-b

ee
+ X -a
x^a x-*b

Fr
Iff is derivable in the open interval {a, b) and also at the end points a and b, thenf is said to be derivable in
ouru
the closed interval [a, b].

sor r
A function / is said to be a differentiable function if it is differentiable at every point of its
kffo
domain.

If a function is differentiable at each x e R, then it is said to be every where differentiable.

os
For example, a constant function, a polynomial function, sin x, cos x etc. are everywhere
ook
Yo
Y

differentiable.
Bo

SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON DIFFERENTIABILITY

reeB

(i) Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x eR.

oouY

(ii) The exponential function <j^, a > 0 is differentiable at each x e R.

ur

(iii) Every constant function is differentiable at each x e R.

ad

(iv) The logarithmic function is differentiable at each point in its domian.

dY

(V) Trigonometric and inverse-trigonometric functions are differentiable in their respective

domains,
nidn
Re

(vi) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable functions is
differentiable,
F
Fi

(vii) The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable function,

(viii) If a function / (x) is differentiable at every point in its domain, then
lim fjx + h)-fix) or, lim
fjx-h)-fix)
h^O h /i->0 -h

IS
called the derivative or differentiation of / at X and is denoted by/'(x) or, —(fix)),
dx
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1
f// ix) = x^ + 2x + 7, find f (3).
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x)
is differentiable at x = 3.
f{3 + h)-f{3)
f'{3) = lim
h-^0 h
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.11

{(3 + /i)2 + 2(3 + /i) + 7} -{9 + 6 + 7}- 8/1 +

f'{3)= hm = lim - lim (8 + /i) = 8.
/j->0 h h~yO h h^O

EXAMPLE 2
Find f' (2) and f' (5) when f (x) = x^+7x + 4.
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, f(x)
is everywhere differentiable. The derivative of / at x is given by
f{x-¥h)-f(x) = lim {(a: + h)^ +7(x + h) ¥^-[x^ +7x + ^
fix) = lim

oww
h^O h h^O h

2hx + 7h +
lim - = lim {2x + 7 +h) = 2x + 7
/j->0 h /i->0

e
Putting X = 2 and X = 5 respectively in/'(.r) =2x + 7, we get

re
/'(2) = 2x2 + 7 = Hand /'(5) = 2x5 + 7 = 17.

FFrllo
EXAMPLE 3
For the function/given by f(x) = x^ -6x + 8,prove that f'(5) - 3 f' {2) =/'(8).

reF
SOLUTION Clearly, f{x) being a polynomial function, is everywhere differentiable. The

e
derivative of / at x is given by
uoru
/(x + /i)-/(x) {(x + h)^ - 6(x + h) + 8] - {x^ - 6x + 8}

osFr
f'{x) - lim lim
h-^0 h /j->0 h

lim
2/ix -6h + h^
fkfor
= lim (2x - 6 + /i) = 2x - 6
/i->0 h h^O
kso
ooo

f'{5)-3f'{2) = (2x5-6)-3(2x2-6) = 4 + 6 = 10 and, /'(8) = 2 x 8-6 =10.

Y
Yo
BB

Hence,/'(5)-3/'(2) = /'(8).
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
Y
r ree

1-x , X<1
ouu

EXAMPLE 4
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f (x) = «{(1-x) (2-x), l<x<2
ad
Ydo

3-x , x>2

SOLUTION When X < 1, we have / (x) = 1 - x. We know that a polynomial function is

nidn

everywhere continuous and differentiable. So,/ (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x < 1.
Re

Similarly, / (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x 6 (1, 2) and x > 2.
F
Fi

Thus, the possible points where we have to check the continuity and differentiability of / (x) are
X = 1 and X = 2.

Continuity at X = 1: We find that:

lim /(x) = lim (1-x) = 1-1 = 0 [v f (x) = 1 - X for X <1]
X->1“ x^l

lim /(x) = lim (l-x){2-x)=0 [v/(x) = (l-x)(2-x),forl<x<2]

and. /(I) = (1-1H2-1) = 0.

lim /(x) = lim / (x) =/(l). So,/(x) is continuous at x = 1.
X 1~ X I"*"

Continuity atx = 2: We find that;

lim /(x)= Urn (l-x)(2-x)=(2-l)(2-2) = 0 [v/(x) =(l-x)(2-x) fori <x<2]

x-^2" x->2

and. lim + /(x) = lim (3-x) = 3-2=1 [●.● / (x) = 3 - X for X > 2]
x->2 x-»2
 9.12 MATHEMATICS-XiE

lim f (x) ^ lim / (a:). So,/(x) is not continuous at a: = 2.

x-->2~ x->2

Differentiability at x=l: We observe that:

/W-/(l) (l-.r)-0
(LHD at X = 1) = lim lim [Using definition of / (at)]
x-yl' x-1 x->l x-\

w
x-1
lim = -1
x-j-l a:-1

il-x){l-x)-0
and. (RHDatA:=l)= lim = lim
X-1
[Using definition of / (a:)]
x-1 x->l

e
{x-D ix-2)

row
lim lim x-2 = 1-2 = -1

re
x-*'! x-1 x-^1

FFllo
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Clearly, (LHD at a: = 1) = (RHDatA: = 1). So,/(a:) is differentiable at at = 1.

EXAMPLE 5
u
Differentiability at x = 2: Since/ (a:) is not continuous at a: = 2. So, it is not differentiable at a: = 2.
Discuss the differentiability off (a:) = |a:-1|+|a:-2|.

r
sFr
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = |x-l|+|x~2[
kro
uor
offo
-(x-l)-(x-2) forx<l -2x + 3 , X <1
f(x) = x-l-(x-2)forl<x<2 =>/(x) = 1 , l<x<2
kos
Y

(x-l) + (x-2) forx>2 2x-3 , x>2

Yo
eerBB
oo

When X < 1, we have / (x) = - 2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is continuous and
differentiable.
rY

When 1 < X < 2, we have / (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable on (1,2).
u

When X > 2, we have / (x) = 2x - 3 which, being a polynomial function, is differentiable for all
ou
ad
do

x>2.
nY

Thus, the possible points of non-differentiability of / (x) are x = 1 and x = 2. So, let us check the
differentiability of/(x) at these points.
nid
Re

Differentiability at x= 1:
F

fix)-f{l) (-2x4- 3)-l

Fi

(LHD at X = 1) = lim = lim [v /(x)=-2x+3forx<l]

x-1 x->l x-1

-2 (X-1)
lim lim =-2 = -2
x->l x-1

fix)-fH) _ 1-1
and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim+ lim = 0. [v /(x)=l forl<x<2]
X -> 1 x-1 X-1

(LHD at x=l) ^ (RHD at X = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Differentiability atx = 2:
fix)-fi2)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim
x^2~ x-2

l-(2x2-3)
lim [v /(x)=l forl^x<2&/(2)=2x2-3]
x-^2 x-2
1 -1
A
lim = 0.
x-»2 X-2
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.13

and. (RHD at X = 2) = lim

x-2

(2x-3)-(2x2-3)
lun [v f(x)= 2x-3hrx>2]
x->2 x-2
2x-4 2(x-2)
lim lim = 2
x^2 X-2 x->2 x-2

(LHDatx = 2) ^ (RHD at = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

REMARK
The function fix) giveii by f{x)=\x-ai\+\x-a2\+\x-a^\ +... + \x-Ot,\ is not
differentiable atx- ay a2, a^,a,,. However, it is continuous at these points.
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

w
EXAMPLE 6 x^ + 3x + a , for x ^ 1
// M = is everywhere differentiable, find the values of
&X + 2 , for X > 1

Flo
a and b.
SOLUTION
For X < 1, we have / (x) = x + 3x + a which is a polynomial.

ee
For X > 1, we have / (x) = cfx + 2 which is also a polynomial. Since a polynomial function is

Fr
everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x) is differentiable for all x > 1 and also for all x < 1.
Thus, we have to use the differentiability of / (x) at x = 1 to find the values of a and b.
or
ur
Now,
sf
/ (x) is differentiable at x = 1
/ (x) is continuous at x = 1
ok
Yo

Urn / (x) = lim+ / (x) = / (1)

x-»r X-¥l
Bo

lim x^ + 3x + A = lim &x + 2 = 1 + 3 + a^ l + 3 + a=b + 2 => a-b+ 2 = 0

x-»l X->1
re

Again, / (x) is differentiable at x = 1.

ou
ad

(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1)
fjx)~f{l) fjx)-f{l)
Y

lim lim
x->r x-1 -t- x-1
nd
Re

lim
x^ + 3x + A - (4 + a) = lim
{bx + 2) - (4 + a)
Fi

x->l x-1 X 1 x-1

x^ + 3x-4 fex-(2 + A)
lim lim
X-+1 x-1 x^l x-1

lim
(x + 4)(x-l) lim
bx-b
[From (i), 2 + a = &]
x-*l x-1 x-»l x-1

lim (x + 4) = lim b ^ 5 = b.
x-^l X->1

Putting & = 5 in (i), we get a = 3. Hence, a = 3 and b = 5.

EXAMPLE 7
Discuss the differentiability off (x) = | log^ x|/or x > 0.
SOLUTION We have.
- loge X , for 0 < X < 1
/(x)=|logeX{ =
logf X , for X ^ 1
Clearly,/(x) is differentiable for all x>l as well as for all x<l. So, we have to check its
differentiability at x =1.
 9.14 MATHEMATICS-XH

We have.

(LHDatAT = 1) = lim
x-1

- log a: - log 1
lim f{x) = - log^ a: for 0 < X < 1]
x-»l' x-1

lim
iog^ = - lim
log jl-h) =_ - lim
logd-^) = -1
x^r x-1 h^O l-h-l h-^0 -h

f{x)-f{l)
and, (RHD at X = 1) = lim +
x~*l x-1

log X - log 1 log (1 + h) ^ log (1 + h) ^ ^

w
lim lim lim
x-»l
+ x-1 h->0 1 + h-l h^O h

Clearly, (LHD at x = 1) (RHD at x = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Flo EXERCISE 9,2

ee
BASIC

Fr
1- If /is defined by /(x) = x^, find/'(2).
2. If/ is defined by / (x) = x^-4x + 7, show that/'(5)
for = 2/' ^
ur
3- Show that the derivative of the function/given by/(x) = 2x^-9x^ + 12x + 9, at x = 1
and X = 2 are equal.
ks

4. If for the function O (x) = ^x^ + 7x-4,0'{5) = 97, find X.

Yo
oo

5. If/(x) = x^+7x^ + 8x-9,find/'{4).

eB

6. Find the derivative of the function / defined by / (x) = mx + c at x = 0.

BASED ON LOTS
r
ou
ad

7. Examine the differentiability of the function / defined by

2x+3,if-3^x<-2
Y

/(x) =■ x + 1 ,if -2<x<0 (NCERT EXEMPLAR!

x + 2 , if 0<x<l
nd
Re

8. Write an example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be

Fi

differentiable exactly at five points.

BASED ON HOTS

9. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) =|log|x|j.

10. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x)
. ,
(x - c) cos —
f 1 , X ^ c
11- Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) = X -c

0 , X - c

12. Is I sin XI differentiable? What about cos | x | ?

ANSWERS

1- 4 4. 9 5. 112 6. m

7. Not differentiable at X = 0 and X =-2. 8./(;c) =|x|+|x-l|+|x-2|+|x-31+|x-4

9. Not differentiable at X = ± 1 10. Not differentiable at x = 0
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.15

11* Not differentiable at :c = c

12- I sin a: j is not differentiable atx=nn,ne Z, cos| :r | is everywhere differentiable.

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1.
The function f{x) = | x +11 is not differentiable at a: =

w
2.
The function g{x) = |x-l|+|x + l|is not differentiable at x =
3.
The set of points where/(x) =x-[x]not differentiable is
4.
The number of points in [-n, t:] where /(x) = sin"^(sin x) is not differentiable is

e
5.
The function/(x) = cos"^(cosx), x e {-2n, 2n) is not differentiable at x =

e
71 K

orw
6. The function /(x) = | sin x |, is not differentiable at x =

r
2' 2

F
ax^ + 3, X > 1

ullo
7.
Let/(x) = .If/(x) is differentiable at x =1, then a =

FF
x + —

e
sre
8. If/(x)=x|xl,then/'(-l)=

r
9.
If f{x) = XI XI, then /' (2) =

koF
10. The set of point where the function /(x) 2x -11 is differentiable, is
oofr x + 1, X <2
uor
11.
The set of points where the function /(x) = 2x-l,x>2
is not differentiable, is
sf
ko
Y
12. An example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be differentiable
exactly at two points is
rBB
Yo
oo
eY

13. The set of points where /(x) = cos 1 ^ | is differentiable, is

14.
The set of points where /(x) = [ sin x | is not differentiable, is
re

15. The set of points at which the function f{x) = —-— is not differentiable, is
u

log|x|
d
ou
o

16.
The greatest integer function/(x) = [x], 0 < x < 2 is not differentiable at x =. [CBSE2020]
ad

_ANSWEHS
nY

1. -1 2. ±1 3. Z 4. 2 5. ± 71 6. 0 7. a =- 8. 2
nid
Re

2
F

9. 4
m K-{1} 11- (21 12. /(x)=|x-l|+|x-2 13. R
Fi

14. {0} 15. 1-1,0,!} 16. x=l

VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1. Define differentiability of a function at a point.
2. Is every differentiable function continuous?
3. Is every continuous function differentiable?
4. Give an example of a function which is continuous but not differentiable at a point.
5. If f (x) is differentiable at x = c, then write the value of lim / (x).
x-*c

6. If / (x) =1 X - 21 write whether /' (2) exists or not.

7. Write the points where / (x) = | logg x | is not differentiable.
8. Write the points of non-differentiability off (x) = | log | x|.
 9.16 MATHEMATICS-XII

9. Write the derivative of / (x) = | a: | ^ at a: = 0.

10. Write the number of points where/ (a:) =| x| +| a: -1 ] is continuous but not differentiable.
11. If lim
X -c
exists finitely, write the value of lim / (a:).
x->c
x-*c

12. Write the value of the derivative of / (a:) = | x -11 +1 x - 31 at a: = 2.

/(y)-/(4)
13. If / (x) = Jx^
^
+ 9, write the value of a->4
lim x-4

ANSWERS

2. Yes 3. No 4./(x) =| x| at x = 0 5./(c) 6. Does not exist 7.1

ww
8. ±1 9. 0 10. X = 0,1 11./(c) 12.0 13. i
5

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uurr
foor
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uurr
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dY
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innd
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