Contents

1 The Ultimate Complete Calculus Formula Bible 6

1.1 Every Known Formula in Differential and Integral Calculus . . . . . . . . 6

2 CHAPTER 1: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 6

2.1 1.1 Fundamental Limit Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 1.2 One-Sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 1.3 Limits at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 1.4 Special Trigonometric Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 1.5 Special Exponential and Logarithmic Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 1.6 Squeeze Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 1.7 L’Hopital’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 CHAPTER 2: DERIVATIVES — ALL RULES AND FORMULAS 8

3.1 2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 2.2 Basic Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 2.3 Power and Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 2.4 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 2.5 Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 2.6 All Six Trigonometric Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.7 2.7 All Six Inverse Trigonometric Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8 2.8 Hyperbolic Function Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.9 2.9 Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.102.10 Higher Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.112.11 Parametric Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.122.12 Polar Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.132.13 Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.142.14 Logarithmic Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 CHAPTER 3: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 14

4.1 3.1 Tangent and Normal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 3.2 Linear Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 3.3 Mean Value Theorem and Related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 3.4 Increasing, Decreasing, Concavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.5 3.5 Critical Points and Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.6 3.6 Newton’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.7 3.7 Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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 4.8 3.8 Related Rates Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.9 3.9 Asymptotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 CHAPTER 4: INTEGRAL CALCULUS — DEFINITIONS AND PROPERTIES 16

5.1 4.1 Riemann Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 4.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 4.3 Properties of Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 CHAPTER 5: ALL ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL) FORMULAS 17

6.1 5.1 Power Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 5.2 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3 5.3 Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.4 5.4 Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.5 5.5 Trigonometric Reduction Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.6 5.6 Inverse Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.7 5.7 Hyperbolic Function Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.8 5.8 Inverse Hyperbolic Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.9 5.9 Algebraic and Radical Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.105.10 Rational Functions — Partial Fractions Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7 CHAPTER 6: INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 25

7.1 6.1 Substitution (u-substitution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 6.2 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.3 6.3 Trigonometric Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4 6.4 Partial Fractions — Complete Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5 6.5 Weierstrass (Half-Angle) Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.6 6.6 Special Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.7 6.7 Completing the Square (for integration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8 CHAPTER 7: IMPROPER INTEGRALS 27

8.1 7.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.2 7.2 Convergence Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.3 7.3 Key Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

9 CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 28

9.1 8.1 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.2 8.2 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.3 8.3 Surface Area of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.4 8.4 Volume — Disk/Washer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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 9.5 8.5 Volume — Shell Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.6 8.6 Volume by Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.7 8.7 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.8 8.8 Hydrostatic Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.9 8.9 Moments and Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.108.10 Pappus’s Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

10 CHAPTER 9: SEQUENCES AND SERIES 31

10.19.1 Sequence Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.29.2 Series Convergence Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.39.3 Famous Series Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

11 CHAPTER 10: POWER SERIES AND TAYLOR SERIES 32

11.110.1 Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11.210.2 All Standard Maclaurin Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.310.3 Taylor’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

12 CHAPTER 11: MULTIVARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 35

12.111.1 Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.211.2 Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.311.3 Directional Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.411.4 Chain Rules — All Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.511.5 Tangent Plane and Normal Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.611.6 Total Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.711.7 Second Derivative Test (Two Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.811.8 Lagrange Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.911.9 Linear Approximation (Two Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

13 CHAPTER 12: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 37

13.112.1 Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.212.2 Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.312.3 Jacobians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.412.4 Applications of Multiple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

14 CHAPTER 13: VECTOR CALCULUS 38

14.113.1 Vector Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
14.213.2 Curl and Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
14.313.3 Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
14.413.4 Green’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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 14.513.5 Surface Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
14.613.6 Stokes’ Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
14.713.7 Divergence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
14.813.8 Green’s Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

15 CHAPTER 14: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 40

15.114.1 First Order ODEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
15.214.2 Second Order — Homogeneous with Constant Coefficients . . . . . 41
15.314.3 Second Order — Nonhomogeneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
15.414.4 Higher Order Linear ODEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
15.514.5 Systems of ODEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
15.614.6 Laplace Transform — Complete Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
15.714.7 Fourier Series — All Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
15.814.8 Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

16 CHAPTER 15: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND ADVANCED FORMULAS 44

16.115.1 Gamma Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
16.215.2 Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
16.315.3 Error Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
16.415.4 Gaussian Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
16.515.5 Frullani Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.615.6 Dirichlet Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.715.7 Mellin Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.815.8 Wallis Formula and Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.915.9 Zeta Function Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16.10
15.10 Bessel Function Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

17 CHAPTER 16: NUMERICAL METHODS IN CALCULUS 47

17.116.1 Numerical Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
17.216.2 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

18 CHAPTER 17: ADVANCED INTEGRATION IDENTITIES 48

18.117.1 Differentiation Under the Integral Sign (Feynman) . . . . . . . . . . 48
18.217.2 Integration of Power-Trig Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
18.317.3 Catalan’s Constant (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
18.417.4 Ahmed’s Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
18.517.5 Log-Trig Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
18.617.6 Beta-Trig Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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19 CHAPTER 18: KEY THEOREMS OF CALCULUS 49

20 APPENDIX: Algebraic Summation Formulas 50

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1 The Ultimate Complete Calculus Formula Bible

1.1 Every Known Formula in Differential and Integral Calculus

2 CHAPTER 1: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

2.1 1.1 Fundamental Limit Laws

lim[f (x) ± g(x)] = L ± M

x→a

lim[f (x) · g(x)] = L · M

x→a

f (x) L
lim = , M ̸= 0
x→a g(x) M
lim[f (x)]n = Ln
x→a
p √n
lim n f (x) = L, L > 0 if n even
x→a

lim c = c
x→a

lim x = a
x→a

lim xn = an
x→a

2.2 1.2 One-Sided Limits

lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L

x→a x→a− x→a+

2.3 1.3 Limits at Infinity

1
lim = 0, p>0
x→∞ xp
lim xp = ∞, p>0
x→∞

P (x) leading coeff of P

lim = if same degree
x→∞ Q(x) leading coeff of Q

6
2.4 1.4 Special Trigonometric Limits

sin x
lim =1
x→0 x
cos x − 1
lim =0
x→0 x
cos x − 1 1
lim 2
=−
x→0 x 2
tan x
lim =1
x→0 x
sin(ax)
lim =a
x→0 x
sin(ax) a
lim =
x→0 sin(bx) b
arcsin x
lim =1
x→0 x
arctan x
lim =1
x→0 x
1 − cos x 1
lim =
x→0 x2 2
π
lim n sin = π
n→∞ n

2.5 1.5 Special Exponential and Logarithmic Limits

lim(1 + x)1/x = e
x→0
 
1 n
lim 1 + =e
n→∞ n
 a x
lim 1 + = ea
x→∞ x
ex − 1
lim =1
x→0 x
eax − 1
lim =a
x→0 x
ax − 1
lim = ln a
x→0 x
ln(1 + x)
lim =1
x→0 x
loga (1 + x) 1
lim =
x→0 x ln a
ln x
lim =0
x→∞ x

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 xn
lim = 0, ∀n
x→∞ ex

lim x1/x = 1
x→∞

lim x ln x = 0
x→0+

lim xx = 1
x→0+

(ln x)n
lim = 0, ∀n
x→∞ x
xa
lim bx = 0, b > 0
x→∞ e

2.6 1.6 Squeeze Theorem

If g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) near a and lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L, then lim f (x) = L.
x→a x→a x→a

2.7 1.7 L’Hopital’s Rule

0 ∞
For 0 or ∞:
f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

Indeterminate forms and conversions:

0 0
0·∞→ =
1/∞ 0

∞ − ∞ → rationalize or common denominator

1∞ → elim f ln g
00 → elim f ln f
∞0 → elim g ln f

3 CHAPTER 2: DERIVATIVES — ALL RULES AND FORMU-

LAS

3.1 2.1 Definition

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
f (x) − f (a)
f ′ (a) = lim
x→a x−a

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3.2 2.2 Basic Rules
d
[c] = 0
dx
d
[x] = 1
dx
d
[cf (x)] = cf ′ (x)
dx
d
[f ± g] = f ′ ± g ′
dx
d
[f g] = f ′ g + f g ′ (Product Rule)
dx
 
d f f ′g − f g′
= (Quotient Rule)
dx g g2
d
[f (g(x))] = f ′ (g(x)) · g ′ (x) (Chain Rule)
dx

3.3 2.3 Power and Polynomial

d n
[x ] = nxn−1
dx
d 1/n 1
[x ] = x1/n−1
dx n
d √ 1
[ x] = √
dx 2 x
d √ 1
[ n x] = x(1−n)/n
dx n
 
d 1 1
=− 2
dx x x
 
d 1 n
n
= − n+1
dx x x
d r
[x ] = rxr−1 for all real r
dx

3.4 2.4 Exponential Functions

d x
[e ] = ex
dx
d f (x)
[e ] = ef (x) f ′ (x)
dx
d ax
[e ] = aeax
dx
d ax+b
[e ] = aeax+b
dx

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 d x
[a ] = ax ln a
dx
d f (x)
[a ] = af (x) f ′ (x) ln a
dx
d g(x)h(x)
[a ] = ag(x)h(x) ln a · [g ′ (x)h(x) + g(x)h′ (x)]
dx

3.5 2.5 Logarithmic Functions

d 1
[ln x] =
dx x
d 1
[ln |x|] =
dx x
d f ′ (x)
[ln(f (x))] =
dx f (x)
d a
[ln(ax + b)] =
dx ax + b
d 1
[loga x] =
dx x ln a
d f ′ (x)
[loga |f (x)|] =
dx f (x) ln a
d p 1
[ln(x + x2 + a2 )] = √
dx x + a2
2

d p 1
[ln(x + x2 − a2 )] = √
dx x − a2
2

3.6 2.6 All Six Trigonometric Derivatives

d
[sin x] = cos x
dx
d
[cos x] = − sin x
dx
d 2 2
[tan x] = sec x = 1 + tan x
dx
d 2 2
[cot x] = − csc x = −(1 + cot x)
dx
d
[sec x] = sec x tan x
dx
d
[csc x] = − csc x cot x
dx
Composed forms:
d
[sin(f (x))] = cos(f (x)) · f ′ (x)
dx

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 d
[cos(f (x))] = − sin(f (x)) · f ′ (x)
dx
d
[tan(f (x))] = sec (f (x)) · f ′ (x)
2
dx
d n n−1
[sin x] = n sin x cos x
dx
d n n−1
[cos x] = −n cos x sin x
dx
d m n m−1 n−1 2 2
[sin x cos x] = sin x cos x(m cos x − n sin x)
dx

3.7 2.7 All Six Inverse Trigonometric Derivatives

d −1 1
[sin x] = √ , |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1 −1
[cos x] = √ , |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1 1
[tan x] =
dx 1 + x2
d −1 −1
[cot x] =
dx 1 + x2
d −1 1
[sec x] = √ , |x| > 1
dx |x| x2 − 1
d −1 −1
[csc x] = √ , |x| > 1
dx |x| x2 − 1

Composed forms:
d h −1 x i 1
sin =√
dx a a − x2
2

d h −1 x
i a
tan = 2
dx a a + x2
d h −1 i f ′ (x)
sin (f (x)) = p
dx 1 − [f (x)]2
d h −1
i f ′ (x)
tan (f (x)) =
dx 1 + [f (x)]2

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3.8 2.8 Hyperbolic Function Derivatives
d
[sinh x] = cosh x
dx
d
[cosh x] = sinh x
dx
d 2
[tanh x] = sech2 x = 1 − tanh x
dx
d
[coth x] = −csch2 x
dx
d
[sech x] = −sech x tanh x
dx
d
[csch x] = −csch x coth x
dx

3.9 2.9 Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives

d −1 1
[sinh x] = √
dx x2 + 1
d −1 1
[cosh x] = √ , x>1
dx x2 − 1
d −1 1
[tanh x] = , |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1 1
[coth x] = , |x| > 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1
[sech−1 x] = √ , 0<x<1
dx x 1 − x2
d −1
[csch−1 x] = √ , x ̸= 0
dx |x| 1 + x2

Alternative forms: p
−1
sinh x2 + 1)
x = ln(x +
−1
p
cosh x = ln(x + x2 − 1)
1−1 1+x
tanh ln x=
2 1−x
−1 1 x+1
coth x = ln
2 x−1

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3.10 2.10 Higher Order Derivatives

d2 y d3 y
f ′′ (x) = , f ′′′ (x) =
dx2 dx3
n-th derivatives of standard functions:
dn ax
[e ] = an eax
dxn
dn m m!
[x ] = xm−n , m≥n
dxn (m − n)!
dn (−1)n−1 (n − 1)!
[ln x] =
dxn xn
dn  nπ 
[sin x] = sin x +
dxn 2
d n  nπ 
[cos x] = cos x +
dxn 2
d n  nπ 
n
[sin(ax)] = a sin ax +
dxn 2
d n
[ax ] = ax (ln a)n
dxn
 
dn 1 (−1)n n!
=
dxn x + a (x + a)n+1

Leibniz Rule for n-th derivative of product:

n  
X
(n) n
(f g) = f (k) g (n−k)
k
k=0

3.11 2.11 Parametric Differentiation

dy dy/dt ẏ
= =
dx dx/dt ẋ
d2 y (d/dt)(dy/dx) ẋÿ − ẏẍ
2
= =
dx dx/dt ẋ3
d3 y (d/dt)(d2 y/dx2 )
=
dx3 dx/dt

3.12 2.12 Polar Differentiation

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
dy r′ sin θ
+ r cos θ dr
= ′ , r′ =
dx r cos θ − r sin θ dθ

13
3.13 2.13 Implicit Differentiation
dy
Differentiate both sides with respect to x, then solve for dx .
Formula: If F (x, y) = 0:
dy Fx
=−
dx Fy
d2 y Fxx Fy2 − 2Fxy Fx Fy + Fyy Fx2
= −
dx2 Fy3

3.14 2.14 Logarithmic Differentiation

For y = f (x)g(x) :
ln y = g(x) ln f (x)
y′ f ′ (x)
= g ′ (x) ln f (x) + g(x)
y f (x)
 
g(x)f ′ (x)
y ′ = f (x)g(x) g ′ (x) ln f (x) +
f (x)

For products/quotients of many functions: ln first, then differentiate.

4 CHAPTER 3: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.1 3.1 Tangent and Normal Lines

Tangent at (a, f (a)): y − f (a) = f ′ (a)(x − a)

Normal at (a, f (a)): y − f (a) = − f ′1(a) (x − a)

4.2 3.2 Linear Approximation

f (x) ≈ f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a)

∆y ≈ f ′ (x)∆x
dy = f ′ (x) dx

Standard approximations (near x = 0):

ex ≈ 1 + x

(1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx
sin x ≈ x
x2
cos x ≈ 1 −
2

14
 ln(1 + x) ≈ x
tan x ≈ x
√ x
1+x≈1+
2

4.3 3.3 Mean Value Theorem and Related

f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = , c ∈ (a, b)
b−a
f (b)−f (a) f ′ (c)
Cauchy MVT: g(b)−g(a) = g ′ (c)
Rolle’s Theorem: f (a) = f (b) ⇒ f ′ (c) = 0 for some c.

4.4 3.4 Increasing, Decreasing, Concavity

• f ′ > 0 on (a, b): f increasing

• f ′ < 0 on (a, b): f decreasing
• f ′′ > 0: concave up
• f ′′ < 0: concave down
• f ′′ = 0 with sign change: inflection point

4.5 3.5 Critical Points and Extrema

First Derivative Test: f ′ changes sign at c Second Derivative Test: f ′ (c) = 0: -

f ′′ (c) > 0: local min - f ′′ (c) < 0: local max
Absolute extrema on [a, b]: compare all critical points and endpoints.

4.6 3.6 Newton’s Method

f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f ′ (xn )

4.7 3.7 Curvature

|f ′′ |
κ= (Cartesian)
(1 + f ′2 )3/2
|ẍẏ − ẋÿ|
κ= (Parametric)
(ẋ2 + ẏ 2 )3/2
|r2 + 2r′2 − rr′′ |
κ= (Polar)
(r2 + r′2 )3/2
1
Radius of curvature: R =
κ

15
4.8 3.8 Related Rates Formulas

Sphere: V = 43 πr3 ⇒ dV 2 dr
dt = 4πr dt
Cylinder: V = πr2 h ⇒ dVdt = 2πrh dt
dr
+ πr2 dh
dt
Cone: V = 13 πr2 h
dy
Pythagorean: z 2 = x2 + y 2 ⇒ z dz dx
dt = x dt + y dt

4.9 3.9 Asymptotes

Vertical: x = a if limx→a± f (x) = ±∞

Horizontal: y = L if limx→±∞ f (x) = L
f (x)
Oblique: y = mx + b if limx→∞ [f (x) − mx − b] = 0, where m = limx→∞ x

5 CHAPTER 4: INTEGRAL CALCULUS — DEFINITIONS

AND PROPERTIES

5.1 4.1 Riemann Sum

Z X
n
b
b−a
f (x) dx = lim f (x∗i )∆x, ∆x =
a n→∞ n
i=1

Left, Right, Midpoint sums:

X
n X
n X
n
Ln = f (xi−1 )∆x, Rn = f (xi )∆x, Mn = f (x̄i ) ∆x
i=1 i=1 i=1

5.2 4.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

FTC Part 1: Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt ⇒ F ′ (x) = f (x)
a

FTC Part 2: Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a), F′ = f
a

Leibniz Rule: Z h(x)

d
f (t) dt = f (h(x))h′ (x) − f (g(x))g ′ (x)
dx g(x)

16
5.3 4.3 Properties of Definite Integrals
Z a
f =0
a
Z b Z a
f =− f
a b
Z b Z b
cf = c f
a a
Z b Z b Z b
(f ± g) = f± g
a a a
Z b Z c Z b
f= f+ f
a a c
Z b
If f ≥ 0 : f ≥0
a
Z b Z b
If f ≥ g : f≥ g
a a
Z b Z b
f ≤ |f |
a a
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f ≤ M (b − a), m≤f ≤M
a

Even/Odd functions on [−a, a]:

Z a Z a
f even : f =2 f
−a 0
Z a
f odd : f =0
−a

Average value:
Z b
1
favg = f (x) dx
b−a a

6 CHAPTER 5: ALL ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL) FOR-

MULAS

6.1 5.1 Power Functions

Z
xn+1
xn dx = + C, n ̸= −1
n+1
Z
x−1 dx = ln |x| + C

17
 Z
1 x1−n
dx = + C, n ̸= 1
xn 1−n
Z
2
x1/2 dx = x3/2 + C
3
Z
√
x−1/2 dx = 2 x + C
Z
1 √
√ dx = 2 x + C
x
Z
√ n
n
x dx = x(n+1)/n + C
n+1
Z
1 (ax + b)1−n
dx = +C
(ax + b)n a(1 − n)
Z
1 ln |ax + b|
dx = +C
ax + b a

6.2 5.2 Exponential Functions

Z
ex dx = ex + C
Z
eax
eax dx = +C
a
Z
eax+b
eax+b dx = +C
a
Z
ax
ax dx = +C
ln a
Z
abx
abx dx = +C
b ln a
Z
xex dx = (x − 1)ex + C
Z
eax (ax − 1)
xeax dx = +C
a2
Z
x2 ex dx = (x2 − 2x + 2)ex + C
Z  
x2 2x 2
x2 eax dx = eax − 2 + 3 +C
a a a
Z X
n
n!
xn ex dx = ex (−1)k xn−k + C
(n − k)!
k=0

18
6.3 5.3 Logarithmic Functions
Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
Z
ln(ax) dx = x ln(ax) − x + C
Z
(ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C
Z
ln x (ln x)2
dx = +C
x 2
Z
x2 x2
x ln x dx = ln x − +C
2 4
Z
xn+1 ln x xn+1
xn ln x dx = − +C
n+1 (n + 1)2
Z
1
dx = ln | ln x| + C
x ln x
Z
x ln x − x
loga x dx = +C
ln a
Z
ln x ln x 1
2
dx = − − +C
x x x

6.4 5.4 Trigonometric Functions

Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C = ln | sec x| + C
Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C = − ln | csc x| + C
Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Z
csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C = ln | csc x − cot x| + C
Z
2
sec x dx = tan x + C
Z
2
csc x dx = − cot x + C
Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

19
 Z
csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
Z
2 x sin 2x
sin x dx = − +C
2 4
Z
2 x sin 2x
cos x dx = + +C
2 4
Z
2
tan x dx = tan x − x + C
Z
2
cot x dx = − cot x − x + C
Z 3
3 cos x
sin x dx = − cos x + +C
3
Z 3
3 sin x
cos x dx = sin x − +C
3
Z
4 3x sin 2x sin 4x
sin x dx = − + +C
8 4 32
Z
4 3x sin 2x sin 4x
cos x dx = + + +C
8 4 32
Z
cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x
sin mx cos nx dx = − − + C, m ̸= n
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
Z
sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x
sin mx sin nx dx = − + C, m ̸= n
2(m − n) 2(m + n)
Z
sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x
cos mx cos nx dx = + + C, m ̸= n
2(m − n) 2(m + n)
Z
x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x + C
Z
x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x + C
Z
x2 sin x dx = 2x sin x − (x2 − 2) cos x + C
Z
x2 cos x dx = 2x cos x + (x2 − 2) sin x + C
Z
eax (a sin bx − b cos bx)
eax sin(bx) dx = +C
a 2 + b2
Z
eax (a cos bx + b sin bx)
eax cos(bx) dx = +C
a 2 + b2
Z
x(sin ln x − cos ln x)
sin(ln x) dx = +C
2
Z
x(sin ln x + cos ln x)
cos(ln x) dx = +C
2

20
6.5 5.5 Trigonometric Reduction Formulas
Z n−1 Z
n sin x cos x n − 1 n−2
sin x dx = − + sin x dx
n n
Z n−1 Z
n cos x sin x n − 1 n−2
cos x dx = + cos x dx
n n
Z n−1 Z
n tan x n−2
tan x dx = − tan x dx
n−1
Z n−1 Z
n cot x n−2
cot x dx = − − cot x dx
n−1
Z n−2 Z
n sec x tan x n − 2 n−2
sec x dx = + sec x dx
n−1 n−1
Z n−2 Z
n csc x cot x n − 2 n−2
csc x dx = − + csc x dx
n−1 n−1
Z Z
x sin x dx = −x cos x + n xn−1 cos x dx
n n

Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − n xn−1 sin x dx
n n

Z Z
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − n (ln x)n−1 dx
n n

Z Z
xn eax n
xn eax dx = − xn−1 eax dx
a a
Wallis integrals:
Z Z (
(n−1)!!
π/2
n
π/2
n n!! · π
2 n even
sin x dx = cos x dx = (n−1)!!
0 0 n!! n odd

6.6 5.6 Inverse Trigonometric Integrals

Z
1 −1 −1
√ dx = sin x + C = − cos x + C
1−x 2
Z
−1 −1
√ dx = cos x + C
1−x 2
Z
1 −1
2
dx = tan x + C
1+x
Z
−1 −1
dx = cot x + C
1 + x2
Z
1 −1
√ dx = sec |x| + C
x x −1
2
Z
−1 −1
√ dx = csc |x| + C
x x −1
2

21
 Z
1 −1 x
√ dx = sin +C
a2 − x2 a
Z
1 1 −1 x
2 2
dx = tan +C
a +x a a
Z
1 1 −1 |x|
√ dx = sec +C
x x2 − a2 a a
Z
1 1 a+x
dx = ln + C, |x| < a
−x
a2 2 2a a−x
Z
1 1 x−a
dx = ln +C
x −a
2 2 2a x+a
Z p
−1 −1
sin x dx = x sin x + 1 − x2 + C
Z p
−1 −1
cos x dx = x cos x− 1 − x2 + C
Z
−1 −1 1
tan x dx = x tan x− ln(1 + x2 ) + C
2
Z
−1 1 −1
cot ln(1 + x2 ) + C
x dx = x cot x+
2
Z p
−1 −1
sec x dx = x sec x − ln |x + x2 − 1| + C
Z p
−1 −1
csc x dx = x csc x + ln |x + x2 − 1| + C

6.7 5.7 Hyperbolic Function Integrals

Z
sinh x dx = cosh x + C
Z
cosh x dx = sinh x + C
Z
tanh x dx = ln(cosh x) + C
Z
coth x dx = ln | sinh x| + C
Z
−1 −1
sech x dx = 2 tan (ex ) + C = tan (sinh x) + C
Z
x
csch x dx = ln tanh +C
2
Z
sech2 x dx = tanh x + C
Z
csch2 x dx = − coth x + C

22
 Z
sech x tanh x dx = −sech x + C
Z
csch x coth x dx = −csch x + C
Z
2 sinh 2x x
sinh x dx = − +C
4 2
Z
2 sinh 2x x
cosh x dx = + +C
4 2
Z
2
tanh x dx = x − tanh x + C

6.8 5.8 Inverse Hyperbolic Integrals

Z p
−1 −1
sinh x dx = x sinh x− x2 + 1 + C
Z p
−1 −1
cosh x dx = x cosh x− x2 − 1 + C
Z
−1 −1 1
tanh x dx = x tanh x+ ln(1 − x2 ) + C
2

6.9 5.9 Algebraic and Radical Forms

Z
1 −1 x
√ dx = sin +C
−x 2 a2 a
Z p
xp 2 a2 −1 x
a2 − x2 dx = a − x2 + sin +C
2 2 a
Z p
1
x a2 − x2 dx = − (a2 − x2 )3/2 + C
3
Z p
x
√ dx = − a2 − x2 + C
a 2 − x2
Z √
1 1 a + a2 − x2
√ dx = − ln +C
x a2 − x2 a x
Z
x2 a2 −1 x xp 2
√ dx = sin − a − x2 + C
a2 − x2 2 a 2
Z
x(2a2 − 5x2 ) p 2 3a4 −1 x
(a2 − x2 )3/2 dx = a − x2 + sin +C
8 8 a
Z  p 
1 −1 x
√ dx = ln x + x2 + a2 + C = sinh +C
2
x +a 2 a
Z p
xp 2 a2  p 
x2 + a2 dx = x + a2 + ln x + x2 + a2 + C
2 2

23
 Z p 1
x x2 + a2 dx = (x2 + a2 )3/2 + C
3
Z p
x
√ dx = x2 + a2 + C
x2 + a2
Z
x2 xp 2 a2  p 
√ dx = x + a2 − ln x + x2 + a2 + C
x2 + a2 2 2
Z √
1 x2 + a2
√ dx = − +C
x2 x2 + a 2 a2 x
Z p
1 −1 x
√ dx = ln x + x2 − a2 + C = cosh +C
x −a
2 2 a
Z p
xp 2 a2 p
x2 − a2 dx = x − a2 − ln x + x2 − a2 + C
2 2
Z p
1
x x2 − a2 dx = (x2 − a2 )3/2 + C
3
Z p
x
√ dx = x2 − a2 + C
x2 − a2
Z
1 1 x−a
dx = ln +C
x −a
2 2 2a x+a
Z
1 1 −1 x
2 2
dx = tan +C
x +a a a
Z
x 1
dx = ln |x2 ± a2 | + C
x ±a
2 2 2
Z
1 x 1 −1 x
2 2 2
dx = 2 2 2
+ 3 tan +C
(x + a ) 2a (x + a ) 2a a
Z
1 −x 1 x−a
dx = 2 2 + 3 ln +C
(x − a )
2 2 2 2a (x − a ) 4a
2 x+a

6.10 5.10 Rational Functions — Partial Fractions Results

Z
1 1 x+a
dx = ln + C, a ̸= b
(x + a)(x + b) a−b x+b
Z
x 1
dx = [a ln |x + a| − b ln |x + b|] + C
(x + a)(x + b) a−b
Z
1 1 x
dx = ln +C
x(x + a) a x+a
Z
1 1 1 x+a
2
dx = − + 2 ln +C
x (x + a) ax a x
Z
1 1
2
dx = − +C
(x + a) x+a
Z
x a
2
dx = + ln |x + a| + C
(x + a) x+a

24
 Z
1
dx = complete the square, then arctan or log
x2 + bx + c
Z
Ax + B A 2B − Ab −1 2x + b
dx = ln |x2 + bx + c| + √ tan √ +C
x2 + bx + c 2 4c − b2 4c − b2

7 CHAPTER 6: INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

7.1 6.1 Substitution (u-substitution)

Z Z
f (g(x))g ′ (x) dx = f (u) du, u = g(x)

Standard substitutions:

Integrand contains Substitution

eax u = ax
sin(ax), cos(ax) u = ax
f ′ (x)/f (x) u = f (x)
√ √
x u = x, x = u2
√n n
√x x=u √
ax + b u = ax + b
ex in denom u = ex
ln x u = ln x

7.2 6.2 Integration by Parts

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

Repeated IBP (tabular method):

Z Z
′ ′′
u · v dx = u · v
(n) (n−1)
−u ·v (n−2)
+u ·v (n−3)
− · · · + (−1) n
u(n) · v dx

LIATE rule for choosing u: Logs, Inverse trig, Algebraic, Trig, Exponential.

7.3 6.3 Trigonometric Substitution

Integrand Substitution Result

√
√a − x
2 2 x = a sin θ a cos θ
2 2 x = a tan θ a sec θ
√a + x
x − a2
2 x = a sec θ a tan θ

25
 Integrand Substitution Result
2
a2 − x2 x = a sin θ a2 cos θ
2
a2 + x2 x = a tan θ a2 sec θ
2
x2 − a2 x = a sec θ a2 tan θ

7.4 6.4 Partial Fractions — Complete Setup

Degree check first: if deg(P ) ≥ deg(Q), do polynomial division.

A
Linear non-repeated factors: (x − a) gives
x−a
A1 A2 An
Linear repeated factors: (x − a)n gives + + ··· +
x − a (x − a)2 (x − a)n
Ax + B
Irreducible quadratic: x2 + bx + c gives 2
x + bx + c
P Ak x + B k
Repeated irreducible quadratic: (x2 + bx + c)n gives nk=1 2
(x + bx + c)k

7.5 6.5 Weierstrass (Half-Angle) Substitution

t = tan(x/2):
2t 1 − t2 2 dt
sin x = , cos x = , dx =
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2

7.6 6.6 Special Substitutions

Z
f ′ (x)
dx = ln |f (x)| + C
f (x)
Z p
f ′ (x)
p dx = 2 f (x) + C
f (x)
Z
[f (x)]n+1
f ′ (x)[f (x)]n dx = +C
n+1
Z
f ′ (x)ef (x) dx = ef (x) + C

7.7 6.7 Completing the Square (for integration)

 2
b b2
2
x + bx + c = x+ +c−
2 4

Then use standard arctan or log formulas.

26
8 CHAPTER 7: IMPROPER INTEGRALS

8.1 7.1 Definitions

Z ∞ Z t
f = lim f
a t→∞ a
Z b Z b
f = lim f
−∞ t→−∞ t
Z ∞ Z c Z ∞
f= f+ f
−∞ −∞ c
Z b Z t
f = lim f (discontinuity at b)
a t→b− a
Z b Z b
f = lim f (discontinuity at a)
a t→a+ t

8.2 7.2 Convergence Tests

p-integral: Z  
∞
−p 1
x dx : converges iff p > 1 =
1 p−1
Z 1  
−p 1
x dx : converges iff p < 1 =
0 1−p

Comparison, Limit Comparison, Absolute Convergence (same as series tests)

8.3 7.3 Key Improper Integrals

Z ∞
1
e−ax dx = , a>0
0 a
Z ∞ √
π
e−ax dx = √
2

0 2 a
Z ∞ r
π
e−ax dx =
2
, a>0
−∞ a
Z ∞ r
−ax2 +bx π b2 /(4a)
e dx = e
−∞ a
Z ∞
sin x π
dx =
0 x 2
Z ∞
cos x π
2
dx =
0 1+x 2e
Z ∞
xp−1 π
dx = , 0<p<1
0 1+x sin(pπ)

27
 Z ∞
xn−1 e−x dx = Γ(n)
0
Z ∞
xp−1
dx = Γ(p)ζ(p), p>1
0 ex − 1
Z ∞
1 π
dx =
0 xp (1 q
+x ) q sin(π(1 − p)/q)
Z ∞
xa−1 ln x d cos(πa)
dx = π csc(πa) = −π 2 2
0 1+x da sin (πa)
Z ∞
ln x
dx = 0
0 1 + x2
Z ∞
(ln x)2 π3
dx =
0 1 + x2 8
Z 1
ln x π
√ dx = (ln 2 − 1)
0 1 − x2 2

9 CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

9.1 8.1 Area

Z b
A= [f (x) − g(x)] dx (f ≥ g)
a
Z d
A= [h(y) − k(y)] dy horizontal strips
c
Z β
1
A= r2 dθ polar
2 α
Z β
1
A= [r12 − r22 ] dθ between polar curves
2 α

9.2 8.2 Arc Length

Z bp
L= 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a
  2 s
Z
dx 2 dyb
L= + dt parametric
a dt dt
s  2
Z β
dr
L= r2 + dθ polar
α dθ

28
9.3 8.3 Surface Area of Revolution

About x-axis: Z b p
S = 2π f (x) 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a
Z b p
S = 2π y ẋ2 + ẏ 2 dt parametric
a

About y-axis:
Z b p
S = 2π x 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a

About line y = k:
Z b p
S = 2π |f (x) − k| 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a

9.4 8.4 Volume — Disk/Washer Method

Disk (about x-axis): Z b

V =π [f (x)]2 dx
a

Washer: Z b
V =π [f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 dx
a

Disk about y-axis:

Z d
V =π [g(y)]2 dy
c

9.5 8.5 Volume — Shell Method

About y-axis:
Z b
V = 2π x · f (x) dx
a

About x-axis: Z d
V = 2π y · g(y) dy
c

About line x = h: Z b
V = 2π |x − h|f (x) dx
a

About line y = k:
Z d
V = 2π |y − k|g(y) dy
c

29
9.6 8.6 Volume by Cross-Sections
Z b
V = A(x) dx
a

where A(x) is the cross-sectional area.

Common cross-sections: - Square: A = s2 - Semicircle: A = π8 d2 - Equilateral trian-
√
3 2
gle: A = 4 s - Right triangle: A = 12 ab

9.7 8.7 Work

Z b
W = F (x) dx
a

Spring (Hooke’s Law): F = kx, W = 12 kx2

Pumping liquid:
Z b
W = ρgA(y)(h − y) dy
a

Gravitational work:
 
Mm 1 1
W =G 2 , Wa→b = GM m −
r a b
RL µgL2
Lifting chain: W = 0 µgx dx = 2 (where µ = linear density)

9.8 8.8 Hydrostatic Force

Z b
F = ρg d(y) w(y) dy
a

where d(y) = depth, w(y) = width at height y.

9.9 8.9 Moments and Center of Mass

Single region:
Z b Z b
1
My = x[f (x) − g(x)] dx, Mx = [f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 dx
a 2 a
My Mx
x̄ = , ȳ =
A A
Variable density ρ(x, y):
ZZ RR RR
xρ dA yρ dA
m= ρ dA, x̄ = , ȳ =
D m m

Moments of inertia:
Z b Z b
Ix = y 2 ρ dA, Iy = x2 ρ dA, I 0 = Ix + Iy
a a

30
9.10 8.10 Pappus’s Theorems

Volume: V = 2π d¯ · A where d¯ = distance from centroid to axis.

Surface Area: S = 2π d¯ · L where L = arc length.

10 CHAPTER 9: SEQUENCES AND SERIES

10.1 9.1 Sequence Limits

1
lim = 0 (p > 0)
n→∞ np

0 a < b
na 
lim = 1 a=b
n→∞ nb 

∞ a>b
lim cn = 0 (|c| < 1), ∞ (c > 1)
n→∞

lim n1/n = 1
n→∞
cn
lim =0
n→∞ n!
n!
lim n = 0
n→∞ n
 x n
lim 1 + = ex
n→∞ n
ln n
lim =0
n→∞ n

10.2 9.2 Series Convergence Tests

Divergence Test: lim an ̸= 0 ⇒ diverges.

P n
Geometric: a
ar = 1−r for |r| < 1.
P1
Harmonic: n diverges.
P 1
p-series: np converges iff p > 1.
P R∞
Integral Test: an and 1 f (x) dx behave alike.
P P
Comparison: 0 ≤ an ≤ bn : bn converges ⇒ an converges.
Limit Comparison: lim abnn = c > 0: same behavior.
P
Alternating Series: (−1)n bn converges if bn ≥ 0, bn+1 ≤ bn , bn → 0.
Ratio Test: L = lim an+1
an : L < 1 converges; L > 1 diverges; L = 1 inconclusive.
p
Root Test: L = lim n |an |: same as ratio test.
P P
Absolute Convergence: |an | < ∞ ⇒ an converges.

31
10.3 9.3 Famous Series Values
∞
X 1 π2
=
n2 6
n=1
∞
X 1 π4
=
n4 90
n=1
∞
X 1 π6
=
n6 945
n=1
∞
X (−1)n+1
= ln 2
n
n=1
∞
X (−1)n π
=
2n + 1 4
n=0
∞
X 1
=e
n!
n=0
∞
X (−1)n+1 π2
=
n2 12
n=1
∞
X 1 π2
=
(2n − 1)2 8
n=1
∞
X (−1)n π3
=
(2n + 1)3 32
n=0
∞
X 1 π 2 (ln 2)2
= −
n 2 2n 12 2
n=1

11 CHAPTER 10: POWER SERIES AND TAYLOR SERIES

11.1 10.1 Power Series

∞
X cn
cn (x − a)n , R = lim
n→∞ cn+1
n=0

Term-by-term differentiation and integration:

d X X
cn xn = ncn xn−1
dx
Z X X cn xn+1
cn xn dx = +C
n+1

32
11.2 10.2 All Standard Maclaurin Series
∞
X xn x2 x3
ex = =1+x+ + + ··· R=∞
n! 2 6
n=0

∞
X (−1)n xn
e−x = R=∞
n!
n=0

∞
X
x2 x2n
e = R=∞
n!
n=0

∞
X (−1)n x2n+1
sin x = R=∞
(2n + 1)!
n=0

∞
X (−1)n x2n
cos x = R=∞
(2n)!
n=0

x3 2x5 17x7 π
tan x = x + + + + ··· |x| <
3 15 315 2

x2 5x4 61x6
sec x = 1 + + + + ···
2 24 720

X ∞
1
= xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · |x| < 1
1−x
n=0

X ∞
1
= (−1)n xn |x| < 1
1+x
n=0

X ∞
1
= nxn−1 |x| < 1
(1 − x)2
n=1

X n(n − 1)∞
1
= xn−2 |x| < 1
(1 − x) 3 2
n=2

∞
X (−1)n+1 xn x2 x3
ln(1 + x) = =x− + − ··· −1<x≤1
n 2 3
n=1

∞
X xn
ln(1 − x) = − −1≤x<1
n
n=1

X x2n+1 ∞
1+x 2x3 2x5
ln =2 = 2x + + + ··· |x| < 1
1−x 2n + 1 3 5
n=0

33
 ∞  
X α α(α − 1) 2
(1 + x) = α
xn = 1 + αx + x + ··· |x| < 1
n 2!
n=0

√ x x2 x3
1+x=1+ − + − ···
2 8 16

∞
X (2n)!
1 x 3x2
√ = x n
= 1 + + + ···
1 − x n=0 4n (n!)2 2 8

∞
X
−1 (−1)n x2n+1 x3 x5
tan x= =x− + − ··· |x| ≤ 1
2n + 1 3 5
n=0

∞
X
−1 (2n)! x3 3x5
sin x= x 2n+1
= x + + + ··· |x| ≤ 1
4n (n!)2 (2n + 1) 6 40
n=0

∞
X
−1 x2n+1
tanh x= |x| < 1
2n + 1
n=0

∞
X x2n+1
sinh x = R=∞
(2n + 1)!
n=0

∞
X x2n
cosh x = R=∞
(2n)!
n=0

∞
X
−1 (−1)n (2n)!
sinh x= x2n+1 |x| ≤ 1
4n (n!)2 (2n + 1)
n=0

X Bn xn ∞
x x x2 x4
= = 1 − + − + ···
ex − 1 n! 2 12 720
n=0

(Bernoulli numbers: B0 = 1, B1 = −1/2, B2 = 1/6, B4 = −1/30, B6 = 1/42, …)

∞
sin x X (−1)n x2n x2 x4
= =1− + − ···
x (2n + 1)! 6 120
n=0

∞
1 − cos x X (−1)n+1 x2n−1
=
x (2n)!
n=1

34
11.3 10.3 Taylor’s Theorem

X
N
f (n) (a)
f (x) = (x − a)n + RN (x)
n!
n=0

Lagrange form:
f (N +1) (c)
RN (x) = (x − a)N +1
(N + 1)!

Cauchy form:
Z
(x − a)N +1 1
RN (x) = (1 − t)N f (N +1) (a + t(x − a)) dt
N! 0

Integral form: Z x
(x − t)N (N +1)
RN (x) = f (t) dt
a N!

Error bound:
M |x − a|N +1
|RN (x)| ≤ , M = max |f (N +1) |
(N + 1)!

12 CHAPTER 11: MULTIVARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL CAL-

CULUS

12.1 11.1 Partial Derivatives

∂f f (x + h, y) − f (x, y)
fx = = lim
∂x h→0 h
Mixed partials (Clairaut): fxy = fyx when continuous.

12.2 11.2 Gradient

∇f = ⟨fx , fy , fz ⟩
∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f
g∇f − f ∇g
∇(f /g) =
g2
∇(f ◦ g) = f ′ (g)∇g
∇(f n ) = nf n−1 ∇f

35
12.3 11.3 Directional Derivative

Du f = ∇f · û, |û| = 1

Maximum: |∇f | in direction ∇f .

12.4 11.4 Chain Rules — All Cases

dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s

Implicit differentiation:
dy Fx ∂z Fx ∂z Fy
=− , =− , =−
dx Fy ∂x Fz ∂y Fz

12.5 11.5 Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Tangent plane to z = f (x, y) at (a, b):

z = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)

Tangent plane to F (x, y, z) = 0:

Fx (x − x0 ) + Fy (y − y0 ) + Fz (z − z0 ) = 0

Normal line direction: ∇F

12.6 11.6 Total Differential

dz = fx dx + fy dy
df = ∇f · dr = fx dx + fy dy + fz dz

12.7 11.7 Second Derivative Test (Two Variables)

fxx fxy
D = fxx fyy − (fxy )2 =
fyx fyy

• D > 0, fxx > 0: local min

• D > 0, fxx < 0: local max
• D < 0: saddle
• D = 0: inconclusive

36
12.8 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers

∇f = λ∇g

Two constraints: ∇f = λ∇g + µ∇h

12.9 11.9 Linear Approximation (Two Variables)

f (x, y) ≈ f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)

13 CHAPTER 12: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

13.1 12.1 Double Integrals

ZZ Z bZ d
f dA = f (x, y) dy dx
R a c

Polar coordinates:
ZZ Z β Z r2
f dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) r dr dθ
α r1

13.2 12.2 Triple Integrals

Rectangular:
ZZZ Z bZ dZ f
f dV = f dz dy dx
E a c e

Cylindrical (x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z):

ZZZ ZZZ
f dV = f (r, θ, z) r dz dr dθ

Spherical (x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ):

ZZZ ZZZ
f dV = f (ρ, ϕ, θ) ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ

13.3 12.3 Jacobians

ZZ ZZ
∂(x, y)
f dA = f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) du dv
R S ∂(u, v)

Jacobian determinant:
∂(x, y) x xv
J= = u
∂(u, v) yu y v

37
3D Jacobian:
xu xv xw
∂(x, y, z)
J= = y u yv yw
∂(u, v, w)
zu z v z w

Standard Jacobians: - Polar: |J| = r - Cylindrical: |J| = r - Spherical: |J| = ρ2 sin ϕ

13.4 12.4 Applications of Multiple Integrals

ZZ
Area = dA
D
ZZZ
Volume = dV
E
ZZ ZZZ
m= ρ dA = ρ dV
ZZ ZZ
1 1
x̄ = xρ dA, ȳ = yρ dA
m m
ZZ ZZ
Ix = y 2 ρ dA, Iy = x2 ρ dA
ZZ q
S= 1 + zx2 + zy2 dA
D

14 CHAPTER 13: VECTOR CALCULUS

14.1 13.1 Vector Operations

q
|a| = a21 + a22 + a23
a · b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = |a||b| cos θ
i j k
a × b = a1 a2 a3
b 1 b2 b 3
|a × b| = |a||b| sin θ
a·b
projb a = b
|b|2

38
14.2 13.2 Curl and Divergence

i j k
curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R
div F = ∇ · F = Px + Qy + Rz
∇2 f = ∆f = fxx + fyy + fzz

Identities:
div(curl F) = 0
curl(∇f ) = 0
curl(curl F) = ∇(∇ · F) − ∇2 F
∇ · (f F) = f ∇ · F + ∇f · F
∇ × (f F) = f ∇ × F + ∇f × F
∇(f · g) = f ∇g + g∇f
∇(F · G) = F × (∇ × G) + G × (∇ × F) + (F · ∇)G + (G · ∇)F
∇ × (F × G) = F(∇ · G) − G(∇ · F) + (G · ∇)F − (F · ∇)G
∇ · (F × G) = G · (∇ × F) − F · (∇ × G)

14.3 13.3 Line Integrals

Z Z b
f ds = f (r(t))|r′ (t)| dt
C a
Z Z b Z
′
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r (t) dt = P dx + Q dy + R dz
C a C
R
Conservative field: F = ∇f ⇒ C F · dr = f (B) − f (A)

14.4 13.4 Green’s Theorem

I ZZ
P dx + Q dy = (Qx − Py ) dA
C D

Area formulas: I I I
1
A= x dy = − y dx = (x dy − y dx)
C C 2 C

39
14.5 13.5 Surface Integrals
ZZ ZZ
f dS = f (r(u, v))|ru × rv | dA
S D
q
For z = g(x, y): dS = 1 + gx2 + gy2 dA
Flux: ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (ru × rv ) dA = (−P gx − Qgy + R) dA
S D D

14.6 13.6 Stokes’ Theorem

I ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS
C S

14.7 13.7 Divergence Theorem

ZZ ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E

14.8 13.8 Green’s Identities

ZZZ ZZ ZZ
(f ∇2 g + ∇f · ∇g) dV = f (∇g · n) dS
E S
ZZZ ZZ ZZ
(f ∇2 g − g∇2 f ) dV = (f ∇g − g∇f ) · n dS
E S

15 CHAPTER 14: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

15.1 14.1 First Order ODEs

dy R dy R
Separable: dx = f (x)g(y) ⇒ g(y) = f (x) dx
Linear: y′ + P (x)y = Q(x)
∫ Z
P dx 1 C
µ=e , y= µQ dx +
µ µ

Bernoulli: y ′ + P y = Qy n , let v = y 1−n : v ′ + (1 − n)P v = (1 − n)Q

Exact: M dx + N dy = 0, My = Nx : find F with Fx = M , Fy = N
Homogeneous: y ′ = f (y/x), let v = y/x: x dx
dv
= f (v) − v
Riccati: y ′ = P (x) + Q(x)y + R(x)y 2
Clairaut: y = xy ′ + f (y ′ ), solution: y = cx + f (c) (singular: eliminate c)

40
15.2 14.2 Second Order — Homogeneous with Constant Coefficients

ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0, characteristic eq: ar2 + br + c = 0

• Two distinct real r1 , r2 : y = c1 er1 x + c2 er2 x

• Repeated r: y = (c1 + c2 x)erx
• Complex α ± βi: y = eαx (c1 cos βx + c2 sin βx)

15.3 14.3 Second Order — Nonhomogeneous

Undetermined Coefficients:

g(x) Form of yp
Pn (x) xs Qn (x)
eax Pn (x) xs eax Qn (x)
eαx cos βx · Pn xs eαx (Qn cos βx + Rn sin βx)

s = multiplicity of relevant root.

Variation of Parameters:
Z Z
−y2 g y1 g
yp = y1 dx + y2 dx
W W

y1 y 2
W =
y1′ y2′

Reduction of Order: Given y1 , let y2 = v(x)y1 , substitute, solve for v ′ .

15.4 14.4 Higher Order Linear ODEs

For y (n) + pn−1 y (n−1) + · · · + p0 y = g:

Characteristic polynomial: rn + pn−1 rn−1 + · · · + p0 = 0
Euler-Cauchy: xn y (n) + · · · = g, try y = xr or x = et .

15.5 14.5 Systems of ODEs

x′ = Ax, x(t) = eAt x0

P
For distinct eigenvalues: x = c i e λ i t vi
Matrix exponential:
∞
X (At)n
eAt =
n!
n=0

Diagonalization: If A = P DP −1 , then eAt = P eDt P −1

41
15.6 14.6 Laplace Transform — Complete Table
R∞
Definition: L{f }(s) = 0 e−st f (t) dt

f (t) L{f }(s)

1
1
s
1
t
s2
n!
tn n+1
s
Γ(p + 1)
tp (p > −1)
sp+1
1
eat
s−a
1
teat
(s − a)2
n!
tn eat
(s − a)n+1
b
sin(bt)
s + b2
2
s
cos(bt)
s + b2
2
b
sinh(bt)
s 2 − b2
s
cosh(bt)
s − b2
2
b
eat sin(bt)
(s − a)2 + b2
s−a
eat cos(bt)
(s − a)2 + b2
2bs
t sin(bt)
(s + b2 )2
2
s 2 − b2
t cos(bt)
(s2 + b2 )2
2b3
sin(bt) − bt cos(bt)
(s2 + b2 )2
2b(3s2 − b2 )
t2 sin(bt)
(s2 + b2 )3
e −as
u(t − a)
s
δ(t − a) e−as
δ(t) 1
f ′ (t) sF (s) − f (0)
f ′′ (t) s2 F (s) − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
f (n) (t) sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) − · · · − f (n−1) (0)
Rt F (s)
0 f dτ s
tf (t) −F ′ (s)
tn f (t) (−1)
Z
n F (n) (s)
∞
f (t)
F (σ) dσ
t s

42
 f (t) L{f }(s)
eat f (t) F (s − a)
f (t − a)u(t − a) e−as F (s)
(f ∗ g)(t) F (s)G(s)
1 s
f (ct) F
c c

Rt
Convolution: (f ∗ g)(t) = 0 f (τ )g(t − τ ) dτ
Periodic functions (f (t + T ) = f (t)):
Z T
1
L{f } = e−st f (t) dt
1 − e−sT 0

15.7 14.7 Fourier Series — All Forms

Full range [−L, L]:

a0 X  nπx 
∞
nπx
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 L L
n=1
Z Z
1 L nπx 1 L nπx
an = f cos dx, bn = f sin dx
L −L L L −L L

Half-range cosine ([0, L]):

∞
a0 X nπx
f (x) = + an cos
2 L
n=1

Half-range sine ([0, L]):

∞
X nπx
f (x) = bn sin
L
n=1

Complex form:
∞
X Z L
1
f (x) = cn e inπx/L
, cn = f (x)e−inπx/L dx
n=−∞
2L −L

Parseval’s Identity:
Z ∞
1 L
a20 X 2
|f |2 dx = + (an + b2n )
L −L 2
n=1

15.8 14.8 Fourier Transform

Z ∞
fˆ(ω) = f (x)e−iωx dx
−∞
Z ∞
1
f (x) = fˆ(ω)eiωx dω
2π −∞

43
Properties:
fb′ (ω) = iω fˆ(ω)

fd
(n) (ω) = (iω)n fˆ(ω)

\ d
xf (x)(ω) = i fˆ(ω)
dω
\
f (x − a) = e−iaω fˆ(ω)
\
eiax f (x) = fˆ(ω − a)
f[∗ g = fˆ · ĝ
1 ˆ
fd·g = f ∗ ĝ
2π
Parseval’s Theorem: Z ∞ Z ∞
1
|f |2 dx = |fˆ|2 dω
−∞ 2π −∞

Standard transforms:

f (x) fˆ(ω)
2a
e−a|x|
r + ω2
a2
π −ω2 /(4a)
e−ax
2
e
a
rect(x/T ) T sinc(ωT /2)
δ(x − a) e−iaω
sin(ax) iπ[δ(ω + a) − δ(ω − a)]
cos(ax) π[δ(ω + a) + δ(ω − a)]

16 CHAPTER 15: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND ADVANCED

FORMULAS

16.1 15.1 Gamma Function

Z ∞
Γ(x) = tx−1 e−t dt, x>0
0
Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x)
Γ(n + 1) = n!
√
Γ(1/2) = π
√
π
Γ(3/2) =
2
√
1 (2n)! π
Γ(n + 2 ) =
4n n!

44
 π
Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) = (Reflection formula)
sin(πx)
22x−1
Γ(2x) = √ Γ(x)Γ(x + 21 ) (Duplication)
π
ln Γ(x) ≈ (x − 12 ) ln x − x + 12 ln(2π) (Stirling)

16.2 15.2 Beta Function

Z 1
Γ(m)Γ(n)
B(m, n) = xm−1 (1 − x)n−1 dx =
0 Γ(m + n)
Z π/2
2m−1 2n−1
B(m, n) = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ
0
Z ∞
xm−1
B(m, n) = dx
0 (1 + x)m+n

16.3 15.3 Error Functions

Z x
2
e−t dt
2
erf(x) = √
π 0
Z ∞
2
e−t dt
2
erfc(x) = 1 − erf(x) = √
π x
erf(0) = 0, erf(∞) = 1
d 2
erf(x) = √ e−x
2

dx π
Z ∞ √
−x2 π
e dx =
0 2
Z ∞ √
2n −x2 (2n − 1)!! π
x e dx =
0 2n+1
Z ∞
n!
x2n+1 e−x dx =
2

0 2

16.4 15.4 Gaussian Integrals

Z ∞
r
−ax2 π
e dx =
−∞ a
Z ∞
r
−ax2 +bx π b2 /(4a)
e e dx =
−∞ a
Z ∞

n −ax2 Γ n+12
x e dx = (n+1)/2
0 2a
Z ∞ √
2 −ax2 π
x e dx = 3/2
−∞ 2a
Z ∞ √
2n −x2 (2n − 1)!! π
x e dx =
−∞ 2n

45
16.5 15.5 Frullani Integral
Z ∞
f (ax) − f (bx) b
dx = [f (0) − f (∞)] ln
0 x a

16.6 15.6 Dirichlet Integrals

Z ∞
sin(ax) π
dx = sgn(a)
0 x 2
Z ∞
sin x −ax −1 1
e dx = tan , a>0
0 x a
Z ∞
1 − cos x π
2
dx =
0 x 2

16.7 15.7 Mellin Transform

Z ∞
M{f }(s) = xs−1 f (x) dx = F (s)
0
Z c+i∞
1
f (x) = x−s F (s) ds
2πi c−i∞
−x
M{e }(s) = Γ(s)
1 π
M{ }(s) = , 0 < Re(s) < 1
1+x sin(πs)

16.8 15.8 Wallis Formula and Integrals

Y∞
π 4n2 2 · 2 · 4 · 4 · 6 · 6···
= =
2 4n2 − 1 1 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 7···
n=1
Z π/2 Z π/2 (
n n (n − 1)!! π/2 n even
sin x dx = cos x dx = ·
0 0 n!! 1 n odd

16.9 15.9 Zeta Function Integrals

Z ∞
xs−1
dx = Γ(s)ζ(s), s>1
0 ex − 1
Z ∞
xs−1
dx = (1 − 21−s )Γ(s)ζ(s)
0 ex + 1

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16.10 15.10 Bessel Function Integrals
Z
1 π
Jn (x) = cos(nθ − x sin θ) dθ
π 0
Z ∞
Jn (x) dx = 1 (n ≥ 0)
0
Z ∞
1
J0 (ax)e−bx dx = √
0 a 2 + b2

17 CHAPTER 16: NUMERICAL METHODS IN CALCULUS

17.1 16.1 Numerical Differentiation

Forward difference:
f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) ≈
h
Backward difference:
f (x) − f (x − h)
f ′ (x) ≈
h
Central difference:
f (x + h) − f (x − h)
f ′ (x) ≈
2h
Second derivative:
f (x + h) − 2f (x) + f (x − h)
f ′′ (x) ≈
h2
Richardson extrapolation:

4D(h/2) − D(h) f (x + h) − f (x − h)
f ′ (x) ≈ , D(h) =
3 2h

17.2 16.2 Numerical Integration

Midpoint Rule:  
Z b
a+b
f dx ≈ (b − a)f
a 2
X
n
b−a K2 (b − a)3
Mn = h f (x̄i ) , h= , |EM | ≤
n 24n2
i=1

Trapezoidal Rule:

h K2 (b − a)3
Tn = [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )], |ET | ≤
2 12n2

47
Simpson’s Rule:
h K4 (b − a)5
Sn = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + · · · + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )], |ES | ≤
3 180n4
Boole’s Rule:
2h
Bn = [7f (x0 ) + 32f (x1 ) + 12f (x2 ) + 32f (x3 ) + 7f (x4 )]
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Gaussian Quadrature (n points):
Z 1 X
n
f (x) dx ≈ wi f (xi )
−1 i=1

For n = 2: w1 = w2 = 1, x1,2 = ± √13

q
For n = 3: w1 = w3 = 59 , w2 = 89 , x1,3 = ± 3
5, x2 = 0

18 CHAPTER 17: ADVANCED INTEGRATION IDENTITIES

18.1 17.1 Differentiation Under the Integral Sign (Feynman)

Z b Z b
d ∂f
f (x, α) dx = dx
dα a a ∂α
Z h(α) Z h
d
f (x, α) dx = f (h, α)h′ (α) − f (g, α)g ′ (α) + fα dx
dα g(α) g

18.2 17.2 Integration of Power-Trig Products

Z ∞
Γ(p) cos(pπ/2)
xp−1 cos(ax) dx = , 0<p<1
0 ap
Z ∞
Γ(p) sin(pπ/2)
xp−1 sin(ax) dx = , 0<p<1
0 ap

18.3 17.3 Catalan’s Constant (G)

∞
X (−1)n
G= ≈ 0.9159656
(2n + 1)2
n=0
Z 1 −1 Z π/4
tan t
G= dt = − ln(tan θ) dθ
0 t 0
Z π/2
π 2 ln 2 7π
x ln(sin x) dx = − + ζ(3)
0 4 8

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18.4 17.4 Ahmed’s Integral
 
Z −1 √ 2
1 tan x +2 5π 2
√ dx =
0 x2 + 2(x2 + 1) 96

18.5 17.5 Log-Trig Integrals

Z π/2 Z π/2
π ln 2
ln sin x dx = ln cos x dx = −
0 0 2
Z π
π π 2 ln 2
x ln sin x dx = −π ln 2 · =−
0 2 2
Z π/2
π ln 2 π 2
ln(sin x + cos x) dx = −
0 4 8
Z π/4
ln tan x dx = −G
0

18.6 17.6 Beta-Trig Integrals

Z m+1




π/2
m n Γ 2 Γ n+1
2
B m+1 n+1
2 , 2
sin x cos x dx = =
0 2Γ m+n+2
2
2

19 CHAPTER 18: KEY THEOREMS OF CALCULUS

Intermediate Value Theorem: f continuous on [a, b], f (a) < N < f (b) ⇒ ∃c ∈ (a, b) :
f (c) = N .
Extreme Value Theorem: f continuous on [a, b] ⇒ f attains its max and min.
Mean Value Theorem: f ′ (c) = f (b)−f b−a
(a)

1
Rb
MVT for Integrals: b−a a f = f (c) for some c.
Rx
FTC Part 1: F (x) = a f (t) dt ⇒ F ′ (x) = f (x)
Rb
FTC Part 2: a f = F (b) − F (a)
H RR
Green’s Theorem: C P dx + Q dy = (Qx − Py ) dA
H RR
Stokes’ Theorem: C F · dr = S ∇ × F · dS
RRRR RRR
Divergence Theorem: S F · dS = ∇ · F dV
dy
Implicit Function Theorem: F (x, y) = 0, Fy ̸= 0 ⇒ y = y(x), dx = − FFxy

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20 APPENDIX: Algebraic Summation Formulas

X
n
1=n
k=1

X
n
n(n + 1)
k=
2
k=1

X
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k2 =
6
k=1

X
n  2
3 n(n + 1)
k =
2
k=1

X
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n − 1)
k4 =
30
k=1

X
n
a(1 − rn+1 )
ark =
1−r
k=0
∞
X a
ark = , |r| < 1
1−r
k=0
n  
X
n n
(a + b) = an−k bk
k
k=0

X
n−1
a − b = (a − b)
n n
ak bn−1−k
k=0

X
n−1
an + bn = (a + b) (−1)k ak bn−1−k (n odd)
k=0

50