CONTENTS
1, intoduction......................................................1
2 ,FOUNDATION SYSTEM........................2
3 ,PRECAST SLABS ...................................5
4 ,WALL SYSTEM .......................................9
5 ,VERTICAL CIRCULATION ...............13
6 ,ROOF SYSTEM ......................................19
7 ,CONNECTIONS......................................22
7.1 WALL TO FOUNDATION CONNECTION..23
7.2 WALL TO SLAB CONNECTION ....................25
7.3 WALL TO WALL CONNECTION....................26
8 , ASSEMBLLY METHODS .......................27
9 , REFERENCES ............................................29
1 INTRODUCTION
Structural precast concrete elements—slabs, beams, girders, columns, and wall pan-
els—are cast and cured in factories, transported to the construction job site, and erected as
rigid components. Precasting offers many potential advantages over sitecasting of con-
crete: The production of precast elements is carried out conveniently at
ground level. The mixing and pouring operations are often highly mechanized, and
frequently, especially in diffi cult climates, they are carried out under shelter. Control of
the quality of materials and workmanship is generally better than on the construction job
site. The concrete is cast in permanent forms made of steel, concrete, glassfi ber-reinforced
plastic, or wood panels with smooth overlays, whose excellent surface properties are mir-
rored in the high-quality surfaces of the fi nished precast elements that they produce. The
forms may be reused hundreds or thousands of times before they have to be renewed, so
formwork costs per unit of fi nished concrete are low. The forms are equipped to preten-
sion the steel in the precast elements for greater structural effi ciency, which translates into
longer spans, lesser depths, and lower weights than for comparable reinforced concrete
elements. Concrete and steel of superior strength are used in precast elements, typically
5000-psi (35-MPa) concrete and 270,000-psi (1860-MPa) prestressing [Link] the fastest
possible curing, the concrete for precast concrete elements is made with Type III portland
cement, high early strength. And the elements are usually steam cured. Steam fur�nishes
heat to accelerate the hardening of the concrete and moisture for full hydration. Thus, a
precasting plant is able to produce fully cured structural elements, from laying of the
prestressing strands to removal of the fi nished elements from the casting bed, on a
24-hour cycle. (Self consolidating concrete, is also fi nding increased use in precast con-
crete production, where it has the potential to increase productivity and producearchitec-
tural concrete elements with better fi nish quality.)When the elements produced by this
expedi�tious technique are delivered to the construction job site, further advantages are
realized: The erection process is similar to that of structural steel, but it is often faster
because most precast concrete systems include a deck as an integral
part of the major spanning elements, without the need for placing additional joist or deck-
ing components (Figures 15.1 and 15.2). Erection is much faster than that of sitecast con-
crete be�cause there is no formwork to be erected and stripped, and little or no waiting for
concrete to cure. And erection of precast structures can take place under adverse weather
conditions, such as extremely high or low temperatures, which would not permit the
sitecasting of concrete.
PAGE 1
2 FOUNDATION SYSTEM
PAGE 2
PRECAST FOOTINGS
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
PAGE 3
FOUNDATION WALLS
The foundation wall of a building may be a cast-in-place concrete retaining
or basement wall or a structural wall complete with load-bearing pilasters.
Materials used may be concrete or reinforced masonry. Cast-in-place concrete
foundation walls require form work and access to place the concrete.
The foundation wall of a building may be a cast-in-place concrete retaining or
basement wall or a structural wall complete with load-bearing pilasters. Materials
used may be concrete or reinforced masonry. The foundation wall system may
include an earth retention system of soldier piles and wood lagging or shotcreted
rock requiring consideration of waterproofing applied to the earth retention system.
For most portions of the foundation wall, water removal and control is of prime
importance. However, water removal measures around foundation walls below the
water table may be impractical and expensive over the long-term and the waterproofing
strategy becomes critical. In the upper areas of the foundation wall thermal loading
considerations must be addressed.
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
PAGE 4
3 PRECAST SLABS
PAGE 5
PRECAST SLABS
The most fully standardized precast concrete elements are
those used for making ß oor and roof slabs (Figure
15.3). These may be supported by bearing walls of precast
concrete or masonry or by frames of steel, sitecast concrete, or
precast concrete. Four kinds of precast slab elements are com-
monly produced: For short spans and minimum slab depths,
solid slabsare appropriate. For longer spans, deeper elements
must be used, and precast solid slabs, like their sitecast counter-
parts, become inefÞ cient be�cause they contain too much dead�
weight of nonworking concrete. In hollow-core slabs, precast
elements suit�able for intermediate spans, internal longitudinal
voids replace much of the nonworking concrete. For the lon-
gest spans, still deeper elements are required, and double tees
and single tees eliminate still more nonworking concrete.
PAGE 6
Precast concrete slabs,beams,and structural tees are
one-way spanning units that may be supported by
sitecast concrete, precast concrete, or masonry bearing
walls, or by steel, sitecast concrete, or precast concrete
frames. The precast units are manufactured with normal-
density or structural lightweight concrete and prestressed
for greater structural efficiency, which results in less depth,
reduced weight, and longer spans. The units are cast and
steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the construction
site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. The size
and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of
transportation. Fabrication in a factory environment enables
the units to have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and
finish, and eliminates the need for on-site formwork.
The modular nature of the standard-sized units, however, may not
be suitable for irregular building shapes.
•A 2"to 3-1/2" (51 to 90)concrete top ping reinforced
with steel fabric or reinforcing bars bonds with the
precast units to form a composite structural unit.
•Grout key
Span of precast slab
• The topping also conceals any surface irregularities,
increases the fire-resistance rating of the slab, and
accommodates underfloor conduit for wiring. •Small openings may be cut in the field.
•Narrow openings parallel to slab span
• When the flooring is to be padand carpet,the topping are preferred.
maybe omitted if smooth-surface units are used. •Engineering analysis is required for
wide openings.
•Precast slabs may be supported by a
structural frame of site cast or precast
concrete girders and columns, or by a
load bearing wall of masonry, site cast
concrete, or precast concrete.
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
PAGE 7
PAGE 8
4 PRECAST WALL SYSTEM
PAGE 9
PRECAST WALL PANELS
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
Precast concrete wall panels are cast and
steam-cured in a plant off site, transported
to the construction site, and set in place
with cranes as rigid components. Fabrtionin
a factory environment enables the units to
have a consistent quality of strength, dura-
bility, and finish, and eliminates the need for
on-site [Link] precast wall panels
may be conventionally reinforced or pre-
stressed for greater structural efficiency,
reduced panel thicknesses, and longer
spans. In addition to the required tensile,
shrinkage, and temperature reinforcement,
extra reinforcement may be necessary to
resist the stresses of transportation and Solid Panels
erection
Three types are mostly used
Thickness of wall panels ranges from 12
cm for interior walls to 30 cm for exterior
walls.
Ribbed panels
composite panels
PAGE 10
Precast concrete slabs cordinate height of wall panels and desired
floor to floor heght
Corbels may be cast in to walls and
columns to provide additional bearing
for floor and roof slabs.
Continuous footing or grade beam
supported by piers or piles
The lateral stability of a precast concrete
Building design should take advantage
structure requires that those floors and of standard panel sizes and
configurations.
roofs that serve as horizontal diaphragms
be able to transfer their lateral forces to
shear-resisting wall panels. The wall
panels, in turn, must be stabilized by col-
umns or cross walls as they transfer the
lateral forces to the ground foundation. All
forces are transferred by a combination of
grouted joints, shear keys, mechanical con-
nectors, steel reinforcement, and rein-
forced concrete toppings
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
PAGE 11
PAGE 12
5 VERTICAL CIRCULATION
PAGE 13
PRECAS CONCRET STAIRS
Most of the concrete stair arrangements previously described can be produced as
precast concrete components, which can have the following advantages:
-Better quality control of the finished product.
-Saving in site space, because formwork storage and fabrication space are no
longer necessary.
-Stairway enclosing shaft can be utilised as a space for hoisting or lifting materials
during the major construction period.
-Can usually be positioned and fixed by semi-skilled operatives.
In common with the use of all precast concrete components the stairs must be
repetitive and in sufficient quantity to justify their use and be an economic
proposition.�
Cranked slab precast concrete stairs are usually formed as an open well stairway.
The bearing for the precast landings to the in-situ floor or to the structural frame is
usually in the form of a simple bearing, as described above for straight flight precast
concrete stairs. The infill between the two adjacent flights, in an open well plan
arrangement at floor and intermediate landing levels, can be of in-situ concrete with
structural continuity provided by leaving reinforcement projecting from the inside
edge of the landings�
Precast open riser stairs are a form of stairs that can be both economic and
attractive, consisting of a central spine beam in the form of a cut string supporting
double cantilever treads of timber or precast concrete. The foot of the lowest spine
beam is located and grouted into a preformed pocket cast in the floor, whereas the
support at landing and floor levels is a simple bearing located in a housing cast into
the slab edge�
Spiral stairs in precast concrete work are based upon the stone stairs found
in many historic buildings such as Norman castles and cathedrals, consisting
essentially of steps that have a ‘keyhole’ plan shape rotating round a central core.
Precast concrete spiral stairs are usually open riser stairs with a reinforced concrete
core or alternatively a concrete-filled steel tube core. Holes are formed at the
extreme ends of the treads, to receive the handrail supports in such a manner
that the standard passes through a tread and is fixed to the underside of the tread
immediately below.�
The finishes that can be applied to a concrete floor can also be applied in
the same manner to an in-situ or precast concrete stairway. Care must be taken,
however, with the design and detail, because the thickness of finish given to stairs
is generally less than the thickness of a similar finish to floors.
PAGE 14
Precast concrete cranked slab stairs
PAGE 15
Precast concrete open riser stairs
PAGE 16
PAGE 17
Precast concrete straight flight stairs
Precast concrete spiral stairs
PAGE 18
6 ROOF SYSTEM
PAGE 19
PRECAST ROOFS
Precast concrete roof systems are similar in form and
construction to precast floor systems and use the
same types of slab units
PAGE 20
PAGE 21
7 CONNECTIONS
PAGE 22
7.1 WALL TO FOUNDATION
CONNECTIONS
PAGE 23
PAGE 24
7.2 WALL TO SLAB
CONNECTIONS
PAGE 25
7.3 WALL TO WALL
CONNECTIONS
PAGE 26
8 ASSEMBLY METHODS
PAGE 27
TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION
Tilt-up construction is a method of
casting reinforced concrete wall
panels on site in a horizontal posi-
tion, then tilting them up into their
final position. The principal advan-
tage of tilt-up construction is the
elimination of the costs associated
with costructingandstrippingvertical
wall forms;thiscostsavingsis offset by
the cost of the crane required to lift
the completed wall panels into
place.
[ Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction
Illustrated ]
Once the wall panels are cured to
sufficient strength, they are lifted
with a crane and set on their footings
or piers. They are then temporarily
braced until connections can be made
to the remaining part of the structure.
The wallpanels must be designed to
withstand the stresses of being lifted
and moved, which can exceed the
in-place loads
PAGE 28
REFERENCES
1 Francis D.K. Ching Building Construction Illustrated
2 COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS MODULAR CONSTRACTION DESIGNSTRUCTURE NEW TECHNOLOGY
3 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ,4TH EDITION
4 EDWARS_ALLEN_JOSEPH_LANO_FUNDAMENTAL
5 ADVANCED METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
PAGE 29
REFER�N�E
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