Integration by parts
We know that if 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 , then
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
⟹ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both side with respect to 𝑥, we obtain:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
⟹ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐 ⋯⋯ Integration by parts
Examples
𝜋
a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫02 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
d) ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 |𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
e) ∫−1
Solution
a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 1𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
⟹ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑥−1) + 𝑐
1
b) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 1
1
𝑑𝑢 = ,𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥
1
⟹ ln ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= xln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑥(ln 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
𝜋
c) ∫02 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= 2𝑥 , 𝑣 = − 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2 2 1 2 1
⟹ ∫0 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ∙ (− 2 cos 2𝑥 ) ] − ∫ − 2 cos 2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 1
= − 2 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 | + 2 ∙ 2 ∫02 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Now
𝜋
1 2 2 1 𝜋 2 𝜋
− 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 | = − 2 ( 2 ) cos 2 ( 2 ) − 0
0
𝜋2
=+ (as cos 𝜋 = −1)
8
And
𝜋
∫02 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 2𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 2 ∙ sin 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ∙sin 2𝑥 2 1
⟹ ∫0 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 | − ∫02 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝜋 𝜋
sin 2𝑥 2 1
=𝑥∙ | − 2 ∫02 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
2
𝜋
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1 2
⟹ [( 2 ) ∙ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 ) − 0] − 2 [− 2 cos 2𝑥]
0
1 1 1
= 4 [cos 𝜋 − cos 0] = 4 (−1 − 1) = − 2
𝜋
𝜋 1
∴ ∫02 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 8 − 2
d) ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let us first evaluate the more general integral given by
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑏𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥
1 𝑎
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
(𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑣 = − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
Evaluating the integral on the right side, we have;
1 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 [𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (− )−∫ − ∙ 𝑎𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑥]
𝑏 𝑏
1 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 (− 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝐼
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑎2
= 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 2 𝐼 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎2 1 𝑎
𝐼 + 𝑏2 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎2 1 𝑎
𝐼 (1 + 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 (1 + ) = (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎2
Divide 𝐼 (1 + 𝑏2 ) throughout;
3
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝐼= ∙ 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎2 +𝑏2 ⇒ this is still a constant , say 𝑘
𝑏2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑘
Thus;
𝑒 −2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (−2)2 +(3)2 (3 sin 3𝑥 + (−2) cos 3𝑥) + 𝑘
𝑒 −2𝑥
= (3 sin 3𝑥 − 2 cos 3𝑥 ) + 𝑘
13
3
2 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
e) ∫−1
We first split the range of integration into two parts;
and write the integral as;
3
1
𝐼 = ∫−1|𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫12 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 | 𝑑𝑥
(since the product 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 changes sign at the point 𝑥 = 1. +𝑣(−1 < 𝑥 < 1)
3
−𝑣(1 < 𝑥 < 2))
3
1
2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
3
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
=[ + ] − [ + ]
−𝜋 𝜋 2 −1 −𝜋 𝜋2 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 (−1) cos(−𝜋) sin(−𝜋)
=( + 2 )−[ + ]
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋2
3 3𝜋 3𝜋
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
−( 2 + ) + ( + 2 )
−𝜋 𝜋2 −𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1 1
= ( + 0) − (− + 0) − (0 − 2 ) + ( + 0)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋
2 1 1 3 1
= − 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝜋 cos 𝜋 + 𝜋2 = 𝜋 + 𝜋2
4
3𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = −1, cos ( 2 ) = 0 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = 0, sin ( 2 ) = −1 , cos(−𝜋) = −1, sin(−𝜋) = 0)
Reduction formulae
Suppose we wish to integrate
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By parts. Taking 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , we obtain;
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑎
𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = − ∙ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= − 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= − 𝑎 𝐼𝑛−1 ⋯⋯⋯ (1)
𝑎
The above formula is called a reduction formula, as it can be used continuously to
reduce the integral. E.g, when 𝑛 = 4 and 𝑎 = 2 we have the integral;
𝐼4 = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By repeated application of exp/eqn (1), we obtain;
𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐼4 = − 2 𝐼3 = − 2 𝐼3
2 2
1 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 3
𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 ( − 2 𝐼2 )
2 2
1
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐼2
1 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 2
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3 ( − 2 𝐼1 )
2
1 3
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝐼1
1 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 1
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 ( − 2 𝐼0 )
2
1 3 3 3
𝐼4 = 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐
A special case is obtained when 𝑎 = −1
i.e. 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −1 𝑑𝑥 , then the reduction formula is;
5
𝑒 −𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
−1
= −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑛∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Now let us consider the definite integral
∞
𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Formula gives;
𝐼𝑛 = [−𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞
0 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
The function defined by the integral in (3) is known as the gamma function and is
defined by Γ(𝑛 + 1) , i.e.
∞
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The reduction formula now gives;
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)Γ(𝑛 − 1) ⋯
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋯ ⋯ 1 ⋅ Γ(1)
∞
= 𝑛! ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 ∞
= 𝑛! [−1]
0
= 𝑛!
Exercise
1) Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and use it to solve ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2) Establish the reduction formula for
a) ∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 hence find ∫ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) ∫ (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using reduction formula.
c) ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
Recall
∫ cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(cos 2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2 cos 2𝑥 + 1]2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 4 ∫ (cos 2 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4 ∫ [2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 4 ∫ [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 2 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 1]𝑑𝑥
Complete the integration……..
But for ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑛 is large, we let
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ cos𝑛−1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating the R.H.S by parts
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = −(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
⟹ sin 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + ∫ (𝑛 − 1) sin2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (cos𝑛−2 𝑥 − cos𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[∫ cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
= sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛 ]
𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛−2 + 𝐼𝑛 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛
𝑛𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
1 (𝑛−1)
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
1
or 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛 [sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 ]
Example
∫ cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 4
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 + 5 𝐼3
7
1 2
𝐼3 = 3 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + 3 𝐼1
𝐼1 = sin 𝑥 [which is ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐]
Thus
1 4 1 2
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 + 5 [3 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 + 3 (sin 𝑥)] + 𝑐
1 4 8
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos4 𝑥 + 15 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + 15 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 4 8
= 5 sin 𝑥 (cos 4 𝑥 + 3 cos 2 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
Example
Establish the reduction formula for
∫ cos𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now consider the integral
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sinn−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = sin𝑛−1 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 − 1) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + cos ∫ 𝑥 ∙ (𝑛 − 1) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (1 − sin2 𝑥) sin𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) [∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛 ]
𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛
1 (𝑛−1)
𝐼𝑛 = − 𝑛 cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
Find ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑛−1 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 − tan𝑛−2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan𝑛−2 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 − 2) tan𝑛−3 𝑥 ∙ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan 𝑥 ∙ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)tan ∫ 𝑥 ∙ tan𝑛−3 𝑥 ∙ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥(tan2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 + tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) [𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 ] − 𝐼𝑛−2
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) 𝐼𝑛 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑛 − 2) = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛−2 ((𝑛 − 2) + 1)
In (𝑛 − 1) = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
Example
Find ∫ tan5 𝑑𝑥
tan4 𝑥
𝐼5 = − 𝐼3
4
tan2 𝑥
𝐼3 = − 𝐼1
2
𝐼1 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥| + 𝑐
tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐼3 = − ln | sec 𝑥|
2
tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
⟹ 𝐼5 = − + ln | sec 𝑥| + 𝑐
4 2
1) Find using reduction formula
a) ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
b) ∫02 sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
9
𝜋
c) ∫02 sin9 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋 3𝜋 2
d) ∫0 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 16
𝜋
5𝜋
e) ∫02 sin6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 32
𝜋
𝜋
f) ∫02 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5
∞ 𝑚
g) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋
2) Obtain a reduction formula for ∫02 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate ∫04 sec 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3) If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫02 𝑥 𝑛 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , prove that
𝜋 𝑛
𝐼𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 = (2 )
10