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Lecture 4

The document explains the method of integration by parts, providing the formula and derivation. It includes several examples demonstrating the application of the technique to various integrals. Additionally, it discusses reduction formulas for integrating functions of the form ∫ x^n e^(ax) dx.

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Elias Masuwa
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© All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views10 pages

Lecture 4

The document explains the method of integration by parts, providing the formula and derivation. It includes several examples demonstrating the application of the technique to various integrals. Additionally, it discusses reduction formulas for integrating functions of the form ∫ x^n e^(ax) dx.

Uploaded by

Elias Masuwa
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Integration by parts

We know that if 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 , then

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
⟹ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

Integrating both side with respect to 𝑥, we obtain:


𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐 ⋯⋯ Integration by parts

Examples
𝜋
a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫02 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
d) ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 |𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
e) ∫−1

Solution

a) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 1𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

⟹ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑥−1) + 𝑐

1
b) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 1
1
𝑑𝑢 = ,𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥
1
⟹ ln ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= xln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑥(ln 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐

𝜋
c) ∫02 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= 2𝑥 , 𝑣 = − 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
2 2 1 2 1
⟹ ∫0 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ∙ (− 2 cos 2𝑥 ) ] − ∫ − 2 cos 2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 1
= − 2 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 | + 2 ∙ 2 ∫02 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

Now
𝜋
1 2 2 1 𝜋 2 𝜋
− 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 | = − 2 ( 2 ) cos 2 ( 2 ) − 0
0

𝜋2
=+ (as cos 𝜋 = −1)
8

And
𝜋
∫02 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 2𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 2 ∙ sin 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ∙sin 2𝑥 2 1
⟹ ∫0 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 | − ∫02 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝜋 𝜋
sin 2𝑥 2 1
=𝑥∙ | − 2 ∫02 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0

2
𝜋
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1 2
⟹ [( 2 ) ∙ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 ) − 0] − 2 [− 2 cos 2𝑥]
0
1 1 1
= 4 [cos 𝜋 − cos 0] = 4 (−1 − 1) = − 2
𝜋
𝜋 1
∴ ∫02 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 8 − 2

d) ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let us first evaluate the more general integral given by

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑏𝑥

1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥
1 𝑎
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
(𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑣 = − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)

Evaluating the integral on the right side, we have;


1 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 [𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (− )−∫ − ∙ 𝑎𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑥]
𝑏 𝑏

1 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 (− 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

𝐼
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑎2
= 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 2 𝐼 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎2 1 𝑎
𝐼 + 𝑏2 𝐼 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑎2 1 𝑎
𝐼 (1 + 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 (1 + ) = (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎2
Divide 𝐼 (1 + 𝑏2 ) throughout;

3
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝐼= ∙ 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎2 +𝑏2 ⇒ this is still a constant , say 𝑘
𝑏2

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑘

Thus;
𝑒 −2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (−2)2 +(3)2 (3 sin 3𝑥 + (−2) cos 3𝑥) + 𝑘

𝑒 −2𝑥
= (3 sin 3𝑥 − 2 cos 3𝑥 ) + 𝑘
13

3
2 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
e) ∫−1

We first split the range of integration into two parts;


and write the integral as;
3
1
𝐼 = ∫−1|𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫12 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 | 𝑑𝑥
(since the product 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 changes sign at the point 𝑥 = 1. +𝑣(−1 < 𝑥 < 1)
3
−𝑣(1 < 𝑥 < 2))
3
1
2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1

3
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
=[ + ] − [ + ]
−𝜋 𝜋 2 −1 −𝜋 𝜋2 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 (−1) cos(−𝜋) sin(−𝜋)


=( + 2 )−[ + ]
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋2

3 3𝜋 3𝜋
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
−( 2 + ) + ( + 2 )
−𝜋 𝜋2 −𝜋 𝜋

1 1 1 1
= ( + 0) − (− + 0) − (0 − 2 ) + ( + 0)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋
2 1 1 3 1
= − 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝜋 cos 𝜋 + 𝜋2 = 𝜋 + 𝜋2

4
3𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = −1, cos ( 2 ) = 0 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = 0, sin ( 2 ) = −1 , cos(−𝜋) = −1, sin(−𝜋) = 0)

Reduction formulae
Suppose we wish to integrate

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By parts. Taking 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , we obtain;
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = − ∙ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= − 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= − 𝑎 𝐼𝑛−1 ⋯⋯⋯ (1)
𝑎

The above formula is called a reduction formula, as it can be used continuously to


reduce the integral. E.g, when 𝑛 = 4 and 𝑎 = 2 we have the integral;

𝐼4 = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By repeated application of exp/eqn (1), we obtain;
𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐼4 = − 2 𝐼3 = − 2 𝐼3
2 2

1 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 3
𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 ( − 2 𝐼2 )
2 2
1
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐼2

1 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 2
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3 ( − 2 𝐼1 )
2
1 3
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝐼1

1 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 1
= 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 ( − 2 𝐼0 )
2
1 3 3 3
𝐼4 = 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐

A special case is obtained when 𝑎 = −1


i.e. 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −1 𝑑𝑥 , then the reduction formula is;

5
𝑒 −𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
−1
= −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑛∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Now let us consider the definite integral

𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ (3)

Formula gives;
𝐼𝑛 = [−𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞
0 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1

The function defined by the integral in (3) is known as the gamma function and is
defined by Γ(𝑛 + 1) , i.e.

Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The reduction formula now gives;


Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)Γ(𝑛 − 1) ⋯
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋯ ⋯ 1 ⋅ Γ(1)

= 𝑛! ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒𝑥 ∞
= 𝑛! [−1]
0

= 𝑛!
Exercise

1) Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and use it to solve ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2) Establish the reduction formula for

a) ∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 hence find ∫ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using reduction formula.

c) ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6
Recall

∫ cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(cos 2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2 cos 2𝑥 + 1]2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 4 ∫ (cos 2 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4 ∫ [2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 4 ∫ [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 2 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 1]𝑑𝑥

Complete the integration……..

But for ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑛 is large, we let

𝐼𝑛 = ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = ∫ cos𝑛−1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating the R.H.S by parts
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = −(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

⟹ sin 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + ∫ (𝑛 − 1) sin2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥


𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (1 − cos 2 𝑥) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (cos𝑛−2 𝑥 − cos𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[∫ cos 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛 ]


𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛−2 + 𝐼𝑛 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛
𝑛𝐼𝑛 = sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
1 (𝑛−1)
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
1
or 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛 [sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 ]

Example

∫ cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 4
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 + 5 𝐼3

7
1 2
𝐼3 = 3 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + 3 𝐼1

𝐼1 = sin 𝑥 [which is ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐]


Thus
1 4 1 2
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 + 5 [3 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 + 3 (sin 𝑥)] + 𝑐
1 4 8
𝐼5 = 5 sin 𝑥 cos4 𝑥 + 15 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + 15 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 4 8
= 5 sin 𝑥 (cos 4 𝑥 + 3 cos 2 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐

Example
Establish the reduction formula for

∫ cos𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now consider the integral

𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sinn−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = sin𝑛−1 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 − 1) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + cos ∫ 𝑥 ∙ (𝑛 − 1) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥


𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)∫ (1 − sin2 𝑥) sin𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) [∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)[𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛 ]


𝐼𝑛 = − cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛
1 (𝑛−1)
𝐼𝑛 = − 𝑛 cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛

Find ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan𝑛−1 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 ∙ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

8
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 − tan𝑛−2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥


Let 𝑢 = tan𝑛−2 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 − 2) tan𝑛−3 𝑥 ∙ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = tan 𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan 𝑥 ∙ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)tan ∫ 𝑥 ∙ tan𝑛−3 𝑥 ∙ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥(tan2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 + tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥


𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) [𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 ] − 𝐼𝑛−2
⟹ 𝐼𝑛 = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) 𝐼𝑛 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2 − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑛 − 2) = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛−2 ((𝑛 − 2) + 1)
In (𝑛 − 1) = tan𝑛−1 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1

Example

Find ∫ tan5 𝑑𝑥
tan4 𝑥
𝐼5 = − 𝐼3
4

tan2 𝑥
𝐼3 = − 𝐼1
2

𝐼1 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥| + 𝑐


tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐼3 = − ln | sec 𝑥|
2

tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
⟹ 𝐼5 = − + ln | sec 𝑥| + 𝑐
4 2

1) Find using reduction formula

a) ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
b) ∫02 sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

9
𝜋
c) ∫02 sin9 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝜋 3𝜋 2
d) ∫0 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 16

𝜋
5𝜋
e) ∫02 sin6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 32

𝜋
𝜋
f) ∫02 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5

∞ 𝑚
g) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑚2

𝜋 𝜋
2) Obtain a reduction formula for ∫02 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate ∫04 sec 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝜋
3) If 𝐼𝑛 = ∫02 𝑥 𝑛 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , prove that

𝜋 𝑛
𝐼𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 = (2 )

10

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