Unit 12

LIMIT AND CONTINUITY

Limit of a Function
Let a function f be defined at every point in the neighborhood of ‘a’ (need not at a). If as x
approaches to ‘a’ from left and right side of ‘a’, f ( x ) approaches a specific number ‘L’ then ‘L’
is called the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a.
Symbolically it is written as Lim f ( x) = L
x →a

Theorems on Limits of Functions

Let f and g be two functions, for which Lim f ( x) = L and Lim g ( x) = M , then
x →a x →a

Sum Rule
Lim  f ( x) + g ( x)  = Lim f ( x) + Lim g ( x) = L + M
x →a x →a x →a

Difference Rule
Lim  f ( x) − g ( x)  = Lim f ( x) − Lim g ( x) = L − M
x →a x →a x →a

Constant Multiple Rule

Lim k f ( x ) = k Lim f ( x ) = k L , where k  R
x→a x→a

Product Rule
Lim  f ( x).g ( x) = Lim f ( x). Lim g ( x) = LM
x →a x →a x→a

Quotient Rule
 f ( x)  Lim f ( x) L
Lim   = x →a = , g ( x)  0, M  0
x →a
 g ( x )  x →a
Lim g ( x ) M

Power Rule
n
 
Lim  f ( x) =  Lim f ( x)  = Ln , where n  Z
n

x→a
 x→a 
Indeterminate Forms
If a unique value cannot be assigned to f ( a ) , then f ( x ) is said to be indeterminate
0
at x = a . Most general of all indeterminate forms is .
0
 2 Limit and Continuity

Some Other Indeterminate Forms

1 1 1 −1 0
(i) − = − = = which is indeterminate and hence is  − 
0 0 0 0
 1/ 0 1 0 0 
(ii) = =  = which is indeterminate and hence is
 1/ 0 0 1 0 
1 0
(iii) 0   = 0  = which is indeterminate and hence is 0
0 0
(iv) 1  y = 1  ln y =   ln1 =   0 which is indeterminate and hence is 1


(v) 00  y = 00  ln y = 0  ln 0 = 0   which is indeterminate and hence is 00

(vi) 0  y = 0  ln y = 0  ln  = 0   which is indeterminate and hence is 0
Important Results to Remember
xn − an
(i) Lim = na n −1 , where a  0 and n  Q
x →a x−a
x m − a m m m−n
(ii) Lim n = a , where a  0 and m, n  Q
x →a x − a n n
Trigonometric Limits
If x is in radians and 0  x   / 2 , then
sin x sin −1 x
(i) Lim =1 (ii) Lim =1
x→0 x x →0 x
sin ax a sin x 0 
(iii) Lim = (iv) Lim =
x → 0 sin bx b x →0 x 1800
tan x tan −1 x
(v) Lim =1 (vi) Lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
sin x cos x
(vii) Lim =0 (viii) Lim =0
x → x x → x
Exponential Limits
a x −1 ex −1
(i) Lim = log e a , where a  0 (ii) Lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
ax − bx
n
a  1
= log e   , a, b  0 Lim 1 +  = Lim (1 + x ) = e
1/ x
(iii) Lim (iv)
x →0 x b n →
 n x →0

n
 a
Lim 1 +  = Lim (1 + ax ) = ea
1/ x
(v)
n →
 n x → 0

f ( x)
 1 
(vi) Lim 1 +  = e, where f ( x ) →  as x → 0
x →  f ( x ) 

1
(vii) Lim 1 + f ( x )  f ( x ) = e, where f ( x ) → 0 as x → a
x→a
 3 Limit and Continuity

Limit at Infinity
a  a 
(i) Lim   = 0 , where a  R (ii) Lim  p  = 0 , p  0 and x is defined
p

 
x → x

x → x

(iii) Lim ( e x ) =  (iv) ( )
Lim e x = 0
x→+ x →−

  if a  1
 if a = 1

( )
1
(v) Lim a n =
n →
 0 if − 1  a  1
does not exist if a  −1
0, if m  n

 a x + a x + ... + am−1 x + am   a0
m m −1
(vi) Lim  0 n 1 n −1 =
  , if m = n
x →
 b0 x + b1 x + ... + bn −1 x + bn   b0
  , if m  n
The Sandwich Theorem(Squeeze Principle)
Let f , g and h be functions such that f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x) for all numbers x in some open
interval containing ‘c’, except possibly at ‘c’ itself. If Lim f ( x) = L and Lim h( x) = L then
x →c x →c

Lim g ( x) = L .
x →c

One-sided Limits
To have a limit L as x approaches ‘a’, a function f must be defined on both sides of ‘a’,
and its values f ( x ) must approaches L as x approaches ‘a’ from either side.
Left Hand Limit
Lim− f ( x) = L is read as the limit of f ( x ) is equal to L as x approaches c from the left.
x →c

Right Hand Limit

Lim+ f ( x) = M is read as the limit of f ( x ) is equal to M as x approaches c from the right.
x →c

Criteria for Existence of Limit of a Function

Lim f ( x) = L if and only if Lim− f ( x) = Lim+ f ( x) = L
x →c x →c x →c

Continuity of a Function at a Point

A function f is said to be continuous at an interior point x = c of its domain if and only if
(i) f (c) is defined
(ii) Lim f ( x) exists
x →c

(iii) Lim f ( x) = f (c)

x →c

If one or more of these three conditions fail to hold at x = c , then the function f is said to
be discontinuous at x = c .
 4 Limit and Continuity

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Lim ( 2 x + 4 ) =
x →3

(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 10 (d) 4

2. Lim x2 + x + 4 =
x →3

(a) 4 (b) −4 (c) 4 (d) does not exist

3. Lim x x 2 − 4 =
x →2

(a) 0 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) does not exist

4. Lim 4 − x 2 =
x →2

(a) 0 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) does not exist

5. Lim 4 − x2 =
x → 2−

(a) 0 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) does not exist

6. Lim+ x −1 =
x →1

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) does not exist

1
7. Lim =
x →0 x
(a) 0 (b) − (c)  (d) does not exist
1
8. Lim− =
x →0 x
(a) 0 (b) − (c)  (d) does not exist
1
9. Lim =
x →0+ x
(a) 0 (b) − (c)  (d) does not exist
x3 − x
10. Lim =
x →−1 x +1
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 2 (d) 1
x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1
11. Lim equals: (Bahawalpur Board 2014)
x →1 x−1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
x 5 − 32
12. Lim equals: (Lahore Board 2016 G-I)
x→2 x−2
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 80 (d) 120
 5 Limit and Continuity
x3 − 1
13. Lim equals:
x →1 x−1
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 3
x2 − 1
14. Lim =
x →1 x2 − x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 
x−2
15. Lim =
x→2 x− 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 2 (d) 2 2
x−4
16. Lim equal to:
x→4 x−2
(a) 0 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 4
x −a
n n
17. Lim =
x→a x−a
(a)  (b) na n (c) na n −1 (d) na n +1
x4 − a4
18. Lim =
x→a x−a
(a) 0 (b) 3a 4 (c) 4a 3 (d) not defined
x2 − a2
19. Lim = (Faisalabad Board 2015)
x→a x−a
(a) 0 (b) 2a (c) a2 (d) Undefined
x+a − a
20. Lim =
x →0 x
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 a (d)
2 a
x+2
21. Lim =
x →−2 x+2
(a)  (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) does not exist
x−2
22. Lim =
x → 2− x−2
(a)  (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) does not exist
23. Which one is true?
a
(a) Lim e x =  (b) Lim e x = 0 (c) Lim = 0 (d) all of these
x →+ x →− x → x

 x 
24. Lim  =
x →  x + 1 

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) None of these

 6 Limit and Continuity
25. Lim e1/x = ⎯⎯⎯⎯, x < 0: (D.G.K Board 2014 G-II)
x →0

(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 

x
1
Lim   =
26.
x → 2

1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 

4 x 4 − 5 x3
27. Lim =
x → 3x5 + 2 x 2 + 1
4
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 
3
2 − 3x
28. Lim =
x →−
3 + 4x2
3 3 2 2
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
2 2 3 3
ax −1
29. Lim =
x →0 x
1
(a) log e a (b) (c) ln a (d) all of these
log a e
f ( x) −1
30. If Lim = ln a ; a > 0 , then: (Lahore Board 2015 G-II)
x →0 x
(a) a − x (b) a x (c) e − x (d) e x
ex −1
31. Lim = (Multan Board 2014, 2016 G-II) (Gujranwala Board 2017)
x →0 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ln a (d) 
n
 1
32. Lim 1 +  = (Bahawalpur Board 2016)
n →  n
(a) 4e (b) 3e (c) 2e (d) e
n
 1 2
33. Lim 1 +  is equal to: (Rawalpindi Board 2017 G-II)
n→
 n
1
(a) e (b) e (c) 0 (d)
e
2n
 3
34. Lim 1 +  =
n →
 n
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e3 (d) e 6
n
 1 
35. Lim 1 +  = (Sargodha Board 2016)
n →
 3n 
1 1
(a) e3 (b) e1 / 3 (c) (d) −
e3 e3
 7 Limit and Continuity

 5n + 1 
n

36. Lim   = (Lahore Board 2017 G-II)

n →
 5n 
1 −1
5 5 −5 5
(a) e (b) e (c) e (d) e
1
37. Lim (1 + 2h ) = h
h→0

(a) e (b) e 2 (c) 0 (d) 1

1
38. Lim (1 − x ) = x
x →0
1
−
(a) e−1 (b) e (c) e 2
(d) e 2
1/x
39. Lim (1 + x) equals:
x →0

(a) e−1 (b) e (c) e2 (d) e3

( )
ex
40. Lim 1 + e − x =
x →

(a) e (b) e x (c) e− x (d) 

x
 1
41. Lim 1 −  = (Faisalabad Board 2017)
x →  x
(a) e (b) e−2 (c) e−1 (d) 
1
 x x
42. Lim 1 +  = (Lahore Board 2015 G-II)
x →0
 2
(a) e (b) e −1 (c) e 2 (d) e
2
43. Lim (1 + 3x ) x = (Bahawalpur Board 2015)
x →0

(a) e 2 (b) e 8 (c) e 6 (d) e 4

x
 x 
44. Lim   =
x →  x + 1 

1
(a) e (b) (c) e−2 (d) 1
e
sin 
45. Lim = 1 , where  is measured in: (Sahiwal Board 2017)
 →0 
(a) degree (b) radian (c) minute (d) second
sin 
46. Lim = 1 , if and only if:
 →0 
    
(a)   − ,0  (b)   0,  (c)  = 900 (d) both a & b
 2  2  
sin x
47. Lim = (D.G.K Board 2015 G-I)
x →0 x
 180
(a) 1 (b) (c) −1 (d)
180 
 8 Limit and Continuity
sin 7 x
48. Lim =
x →0 x
1
(a)  (b) (c) 7 (d) 1
7
sin 7
49. Lim =
 →0 7
1
(a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 1 (d) zero

sin x 0
50. Lim = (Multan Board 2015 G-I)
x →0 x
 180
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0
180 
sin ax
51. Lim = (Multan Board 2016 G-I)(Rawalpindi Board 2017 G-I)
x →0 sin bx
a b a b
(a) (b) − (c) − (d)
b a b a
sin 3x
52. Lim = (Lahore Board 2015 G-I)
x →0 sin 2 x
3 2 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 3 2
1 − cos
53. Lim = (Sahiwal Board 2014)
 →0 
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 
sin x
54. Lim =
x →  − x

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) 

sin 
2
55. Lim = (Lahore Board 2017 G-I)
 →0 
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 
x
56. Lim = (Rawalpindi Board 2017 G-II)
x →0tan x
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 
0
x
57. Lim =
x →0 sin x0
180 
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
 180
1 − cos p
58. Lim equals: (Lahore Board 2014 G-I)
 →0 1 + cos q
p p2 q2
(a) 0 (b) q (c) q2 (d) p2
 9 Limit and Continuity
1 − cos 2 x
59. Lim =
x →0 x
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)  (d) does not exist
sin x
60. Lim =
x →0 x
1
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) (d) does not exist
2
x2
61. Lim =.
x →0 sin 7x sin 5x

7 5 1
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 35
62. If f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x) and Lim f ( x) = Lim h( x) = 9 , then
x →3 x →3

(a) Lim g ( x)  9 (b) Lim g ( x)  9 (c) Lim g ( x) = 9 (d) does not exist
x →3 x →3 x →3

63. For a function if its right hand limit is equal to left hand limit, then which one is true?
(a) Function is continuous (b) Limit of function exists
(c) Limit of function does not exist (d) All of these
2 x + 1 if x  2
64. If f ( x) =  , then Lim f ( x ) =
 7 − x if 2  x x→2

(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) does not exist

7 − x if x  4
65. If f ( x) =  , then Lim f ( x ) =
 x if 4  x x→4

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) does not exist

 x + 2 if x  −1
66. If f ( x) =  , and Lim f ( x) exists, then
 c + 2 if x  −1 x →−1

(a) c = 1 (b) c = −1 (c) c = 0 (d) c = 2

67. A function f is continuous at any point x = c , if:
(a) f ( c ) is defined (b) Lim f ( x) exists
x →c

(c) f ( c ) = Lim f ( x) (d) all of these

x →c

68. If f ( x ) is continuous at point x = a , then: (Rawalpindi Board 2017 G-I)

(a) f ( a ) = Lim f ( x) (b) f ( a ) = Lim f ( x)
x →a x →0

(c) f ( 0 ) = Lim f ( x) (d) f ( x ) = Lim f ( x)

x →a x →a

mx if x  3
69. If f ( x) =  2 is continuous at x = 3 , then value of m is:
 x if x  3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
x −1
70. f ( x) = has discontinuity at:
( x + 3)( x − 2 )
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 3,x = −2 (c) x = −3,x = 2 (d) x = 0
 10 Limit and Continuity
x2 − 9
71. f (x) = , x  3 is discontinuing at x = 3 because:
x−3
(a) Lim f (x) = f(3) (b) f (3) is not defined
x →3

(c) Lim f (x) does not exist (d) None of these

x →3

2+3x
72. The function f (x) = 2 x is not continuous at: (Rawalpindi Board 2016)

(a) x = −3 (b) x = −2/3 (c) x = 0 (d) x = 1

x −1
2
73. The function f (x) = is discontinuous at:
x−1
(a) x = 0 (b) x = 1 (c) x = −1 (d) x = 2
x2 + x − 6
74. The function f (x) = x + 2 is discontinuous at:
(a) x = 2 (b) x = 1 (c) x = −2 (d) x = −1
x2 − 9
75. Graph of the function y = , x  3 is:
x−3
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola
(c) a circle (d) a broken straight line

ANSWERS
(1) c (2) a (3) a (4) a (5) a
(6) a (7) d (8) b (9) c (10) c
(11) a (12) c (13) d (14) c (15) d
(16) d (17) c (18) c (19) b (20) d
(21) d (22) c (23) d (24) b (25) b
(26) a (27) a (28) a (29) d (30) b
(31) b (32) d (33) b (34) d (35) b
(36) a (37) b (38) a (39) b (40) a
(41) c (42) d (43) c (44) b (45) b
(46) d (47) a (48) c (49) c (50) b
(51) a (52) b (53) b (54) a (55) b
(56) a (57) a (58) c (59) d (60) d
(61) d (62) c (63) b (64) b (65) d
(66) b (67) c (68) a (69) c (70) c
(71) b (72) c (73) b (74) c (75) d
 11 Limit and Continuity

SOLUTIONS
1. (c) Lim ( 2 x + 4 ) = 2 ( 3) + 4 = 10
x →3

2. (a) Lim x 2 + x + 4 = 32 + 3 + 4 = 16 = 4
x →3

3. (a) Lim x x 2 − 4 = Lim x. Lim x 2 − 4

x →2 x →2 x →2

= 2 22 − 4 = 2(0) = 0

4. (a) Lim 4 − x 2 = 4 − 22
x →2

= 4−4 =0
5. (a) Lim means x → 2 from left side ( x  2 ) ,
x → 2−

So Lim− 4 − x 2 = 4 − ( 2 ) = 4 − 4 = 0
2

x →2

6. (a) Lim+ means x → 1 from right side ( x  1) , So Lim+ x −1 = 1 −1 = 0

x →1 x →1

1 1 1 1
7. (d) =  and Lim− = − , Since Lim+  Lim− .
Lim
x →0+
x x →0 x x → 0 x x →0 x
1
Therefore Lim does not exist.
x →0 x

1
8. (b) Lim− means x → 0 from left side ( x  0 ) , So Lim− = −
x→0 x →0 x

1
9. (c) Lim+ means x → 0 from right side ( x  0 ) , So Lim+ = 
x→0 x →0 x

10. (c) Lim

x3 − x
= Lim
x x2 − 1(= Lim
)
x ( x − 1)( x + 1)
= Lim x ( x − 1) = −1( −1 − 1) = 2
x →−1 x + 1 x →−1 x +1 x →−1 x +1 x →−1

Another Method
x3 − x 3x 2 − 1
= 3 ( −1) − 1 = 3 (1) − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
2
Lim = Lim
x →−1 x + 1 x →−1 1
x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1 ( x − 1) = Lim x − 1 2 = 1 − 1 2 = 0
3

11. (a) Lim

x−1
= Lim ( ) ( )
x →1 x →1 x −1 x →1

( x ) − ( 2)
5 5

= 5 ( 2 ) = 5 (16 ) = 80 using formula Lim

4 xn − an
= na n −1
12. (c) Lim
x→2 x−2 x→a x−a
Another Method
x5 − 32 5x4
= 5 ( 2 ) = 5 (16 ) = 80
4
Lim = Lim (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
x→2 x−2 x → 2 1

x3 − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + x + 1)
2

13. (d) Lim = Lim = Lim ( x 2 + x + 1) = (1 + 1 + 1) = 3

x →1 x − 1 x→1 x −1 x →1
 12 Limit and Continuity
x3 − 1 3x 2
= 3 (1) = 3 (1) = 3
2
Another Method Lim = Lim (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
x →1 x − 1 x→1 1

14. (c) Lim

x2 − 1
= Lim
( x − 1)( x + 1) = Lim ( x + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
x →1 x − x x →1
2
x ( x − 1) x →1 x 1

x2 − 1 2x 2 (1) 2
Another Method Lim = Lim = = =2 (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
x →1 x − x x →1 2 x − 1 2 (1) − 1 1
2

15. (d) Lim

x−2
= Lim
x−2

x+ 2
= Lim
( x − 2) x + 2 ( )
x→2 x − 2 x→2 x− 2 x + 2 x →2 ( x − 2)
= Lim
x→2
( x+ 2 ) =2 2

16. (d) Lim

x−4
= Lim
x−4

x +2
= Lim
( x − 4) x + 2 ( )
x →4 x − 2 x →4 x − 2 x + 2 x→4 ( x − 4)
= Lim
x →4
( )
x +2 = 4 +2=4

xn − an
17. (c) Lim = na n −1
x→a x−a
x4 − a4 xn − an
18. (c) Lim = 4a 4 −1 = 4a 3 using Formula Lim = na n −1
x→a x−a x→a x−a
x4 − a4 4 x3
= 4 ( a ) = 4a 3
3
Another Method Lim = Lim (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
x→a x−a x →a 1
x2 − a2 xn − an
19. (b) Lim = 2a 2 −1 = 2a using Formula Lim = na n −1
x→a x−a x→a x−a
x2 − a2 2x
Another Method Lim = Lim = 2 ( a ) = 2a (using L’ Hospital’s Rule)
x→a x−a x → a 1
x+a − a x+a − a x+a + a x+a−a
20. (d) Lim = Lim  = Lim
x →0 x x →0 x x+a + a x →0 x
( x+a + a )
x 1 1 1
= Lim = Lim = =
x →0 x ( x+a + a ) x →0
( x+a + a ) ( 0+a + a ) 2 a

1
x+a − a
= Lim 2 x + a =
1 1
Another Method Lim =
x →0 x x →0 1 2 0+a 2 a
x+2 + ( x + 2) x+2 −( x + 2)
21. (d) Lim+ = Lim+ =1 , Lim− = Lim+ = −1
x →−2 x+2 x →−2 x+2 x →−2 x+2 x →−2 x+2
x+2 x+2 x+2
Since Lim+  Lim− , therefore Lim does not exist
x →−2 x+2 x →−2 x+2 x →−2 x+2
 13 Limit and Continuity
x−2 x−2
22. (c) Lim− = Lim = −1 x2
x→2 x−2 x→2 − ( x − 2 )

23. (d) all of these

   
   
 x   x   1  = 1 =1
24. (b) Lim   = Lim = Lim
x →  x + 1  x →   1   x →   1   1 + 0
 x 1 + x    11 + x  
     
1 1
25. (b) Lime 1/ x = e− = 
= =0 x  0
x →0 e 
x
1
26. (a) Lim   = 0
x →  2 

 5
x4  4 − 
4 x − 5x 4 3
 x
27. (a) Lim 5 = Lim
x → 3 x + 2 x 2 + 1 x →  2 1 
x5  3 + 3 + 5 
 x x 

 5
4−  ( 4 − 0) = 4 = 0
= Lim  x
=
x →  2 1   (3 + 0 + 0) 
x3 + 3 + 5 
 x x 

28. (a) Here x 2 = x = − x as x  0

2  2  2 
x  − 3 x  − 3  x − 3
2 − 3x  x  = Lim  x  = − Lim   = − 0−3 = 3
Lim = Lim
x →−
3 + 4x2 x →−
 3  x →−
 3  x →−
 3  0+4 2
x2  2 + 4  −x  2 + 4  2 + 4
x  x  x 
ax −1 1
29. (d) As Lim = ln a = loge a = , (all of these)
x →0 x log a e
ax −1 f ( x) −1
30. (b) As Lim = ln a , so Lim = ln a  f ( x ) = a x
x →0 x x → 0 x
ex −1
31. (b) Lim = ln e = 1
x →0 x
n
 1
32. (d) Lim 1 +  = e
n→  n
1
n
 1 2   1  2
n
33. (b) Lim 1 +  =  Lim 1 +   = e1/ 2 = e
n→  n  n→  n  
 
6
2n  n

 3   3 3 
34. (d) Lim 1 +  = Lim 1 +  = e6
n →  n  n→  n  
 
 14 Limit and Continuity
1/ 3
1   1  
n 3n
 
35. (b) Lim 1 +  =  Lim 1 +   = e1/ 3
n →  3n   n→  3n  
1/ 5
 5n + 1   5n 1   1  
n n 5n

36. (a) Lim   = Lim  +  = Lim  1 +   = e1/ 5
n →
 5n  n →
 5n 5n   n→  5n  
2
1
 1

37. (b) Lim (1 + 2h ) h =  Lim (1 + 2h ) 2h  = e2
h→0
 h→0 
−1
1  1

38. (a) Lim (1 − x ) x =  Lim (1 + ( − x ) ) − x  = e −1
x →0
 x →0 
1
39. (b) Lim (1 + x ) x = e
x →0

ex
 1
40. (a) Lim (1 + e )
ex
−x
= Lim 1 + x  = e
x → x →  e 
−1
 1  1  
x −x

41. (c) Lim 1 −  =  Lim 1 +  = e−1
x →  x   x→  − x  
1
 1

2 2
1
 x  x
 x  x

42. (d) Lim 1 +  = Lim 1 +  = e2 = e
x →0  2  x →0  2  
 
6
2
 1

43. (c) Lim (1 + 3x ) x =  Lim (1 + 3x ) 3 x  = e6
x →0
 x →0 
−1
 x 
x
 x +1
−x
  1 
x
1
44. (b) Lim   = Lim   =  Lim 1 +   = e−1 =
x →  x + 1  x →  x   x→  x  e

sin 
45. (b) Lim = 1 , where  is measured in radian.
 →0 
sin   
46. (d) Lim = 1 , if and only if −    0 and 0    (both a & b)
 →0  2 2
sin x
47. (a) Lim =1
x →0 x
sin 7 x sin 7 x
48. (c) Lim = 7 Lim = 7 1 = 7
x →0 x x →0 7x
sin 7
49. (c) Lim =1
 →0 7
x x x
sin sin sin
180   =  Lim 180 =  (1) = 
0
sin x 180 = Lim
50. (b) Lim = Lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x 180 180 x →0  x 180 180
180 180
 15 Limit and Continuity
sin ax sin ax
ax Lim
sin ax ax = a x →0 ax = a . 1 = a
51. (a) Lim = Lim
x →0 sin bx x →0 sin bx b sin bx b 1 b
bx Lim
bx x → 0 bx
sin 3x sin 3x
3x Lim
sin 3x 3 x = 3 x →0 3 x = 3 . 1 = 3
52. (b) Lim = Lim
x →0 sin 2 x x →0 sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x 2 1 2
2x Lim
2x x → 0 2x
1 − cos 1 − cos 1 + cos 1 − cos 2 
53. (b) Lim = Lim  = Lim
 →0   →0  1 + cos  →0  (1 + cos )

sin 2  sin  sin  0 0

= Lim = Lim . Lim = 1. = =0
 →0  (1 + cos )  →0   →0 1 + cos 1+1 2
put  − x =  , when x →  ,  → 0
sin x sin ( − x )
54. (a) Lim = Lim sin x sin 
x →  − x x →  −x  Lim = Lim =1
x →  − x  → 
sin 2  sin 2 
  = Lim  sin    Lim =  Lim sin    0 = 1 0 = 0
2 2
55. (b) Lim = Lim
 →0   →0 2  →0
    →0
  →0  
x x cos x Lim cos x cos 0 1
56. (a) Lim = Lim = Lim = x →0 = = =1
x →0 tan x x →0 sin x x →0 sin x sin x 1 1
Lim
cos x x x →0 x

x
x0 180 1 1
57. (a) Lim = Lim = = =1
x →0 sin x 0 x →0       1
sin 
180 
sin  x x
 180  Lim 
x →0 
x
180
 sin p / 2 
2

1 − cos p 2sin p / 2
2
 sin p / 2 
2  p / 2 p 
58. (c) Lim = Lim = Lim   = Lim  . 
 →0 1 − cos q  →0 2sin q / 2
2  →0 sin q / 2  →0  sin q / 2 q 
 
 q / 2 
 
sin p / 2 
2

Lim
p 2   →0 p / 2 
2
p2  1  p2
= 2  = 2  = 2
q  Lim sin q / 2  q 1 q
  →0 q / 2 
 
1 − cos 2 x 2sin 2 x sin x
59. (d) Lim = Lim = 2 Lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
sin x + sin x
2 Lim+ = 2 Lim = 2.1 = 2
x →0 x x →0 x
sin x − sin x
2 Lim− = 2 Lim = 2. ( −1) = − 2
x →0 x x →0 x
sin x sin x sin x
Since Lim−  Lim+ , therefore Lim does not exist.
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
 16 Limit and Continuity
sin x + sin x sin x − sin x
60. (d) Lim+ = Lim =1 , Lim− = Lim = −1
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
sin x sin x sin x
Since Lim−  Lim+ , therefore  Lim does not exist.
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
x2 1 1
61. (d) Lim = Lim = Lim
x →0 sin 7 x sin 5 x x→0 sin 7 x sin 5 x x→0 sin 7 x sin 5 x  35
x x 7x 5x
1 1 1 1 1
=  =  =
35 Lim sin 7 x
 Lim
sin 5 x 35 1  1 35
x →0 7x x →0 5x
62. (c) If f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x) and Lim f ( x) = Lim h( x) = 9
x →3 x →3

Then by Sandwich Theorem Lim g ( x) = 9

x →3

63. (b) Limit of function exists.

64. (b) Lim f ( x) = Lim ( 7 − x ) = 7 − 2 = 5 , Lim f ( x) = Lim ( 2 x + 1) = 4 + 1 = 5
x →2+ x →2 x →2− x →2

Lim f ( x ) = Lim− f ( x ) = 5  Lim f ( x) = 5

x → 2+ x→2 x→2

65. (d) Lim f ( x) = Lim x = 4 , Lim f ( x) = Lim ( 7 − x ) = 7 − 4 = 3

x →4+ x →4 x →4− x →4

Lim f ( x)  Lim− f ( x)  Lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x → 4+ x→4 x→4

Lim f ( x) = Lim ( x + 2) = −1 + 2 = 1 , Lim+ f ( x ) = Lim (c + 2) = c + 2

x →−1− x →−1 x →−1 x →−1
66. (b)
Lim f ( x) = Lim+ f ( x )  1 = c + 2  c = −1
x →−1− x →−1

67. (c) f ( c ) = Lim f ( x)

x →c

68. (a) f ( a ) = Lim f ( x)

x →a

69. (c) As f ( x) is continuous so Lim f ( x ) exist

x →3

 ( 3) = 3m  m = 3
2
 Lim+ f ( x) = Lim− f ( x)  Lim+ x 2 = Lim− mx
x →3 x →3 x →3 x →3

70. (c) f ( x ) is not defined at x = −3,x = 2 , so it is discontinuous at x = −3,x = 2

x2 − 9
71. (b) f (x) = , x  3 is discontinuous at x = 3 as f (3) is not defined.
x−3
72. (c) As f (0) is not defined so it is not continuous at x = 0
73. (b) As f (1) is not defined so it is discontinuous at x = 1
74. (c) As f (−2) is not defined so it is discontinuous at x = −2
x2 − 9
75. (d) y= = x + 3 when x  3  y  6 , Thus the point ( 3,6 ) does not lie on
x−3
the line, so line is called broken straight line.