SCIENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Complete Notes for AP High Court + APPSC Group 1 & 2

Physics | Chemistry | Biology | Diseases | Nutrition | Genetics

SECTION 1: PHYSICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1.1 LIGHT
Mirror/Lens Type Image Use

Plane mirror Flat Virtual, erect, same size Dressing mirror

Concave mirror Curves inward Real/virtual — magnified Torch, shaving, doctor's

headlamp

Convex mirror Curves outward Virtual, erect, diminished Vehicle REAR VIEW mirror —
wider field

Convex lens Thicker centre Converges light Magnifying glass, far-

sightedness specs

Concave lens Thinner centre Diverges light Near-sightedness (myopia)

specs

Eye Defect Problem Correction Lens

Myopia (near-sightedness) Cannot see distant objects Concave lens

Hypermetropia (far- Cannot see near objects Convex lens

sightedness)

Presbyopia Old age — both affected Bifocal lens

Astigmatism Distorted vision — irregular cornea Cylindrical lens

• Speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s — fastest in universe — no medium needed

• VIBGYOR = Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red — Red = longest wavelength — Violet =
shortest
• Rainbow — red outside — violet inside — dispersion by water droplets
• Sky blue = blue light scatters most | Sunrise/sunset red = blue scattered away — long path
• Mirage = total internal reflection — hot road bends light upward — appears like water
• Refraction — pencil bent in water — pool appears shallower — stars twinkle

★ EXAM TIP: Convex mirror = rear view. Concave mirror = torch/shaving. Myopia = concave lens.
Hypermetropia = convex lens. Sky blue = blue scatters most. Rainbow = red outside violet inside.

1.2 SOUND
• Sound = mechanical wave — needs medium — CANNOT travel in vacuum
• Speed in air = 332 m/s | In water = 1500 m/s | In steel = 5000 m/s — faster in solids
• Human hearing range = 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
• Infrasound = below 20 Hz — elephants whales | Ultrasound = above 20,000 Hz — bats dolphins
• Echo minimum distance = 17 metres | Unit of intensity = Decibel (dB)
• Ultrasound uses — SONAR (submarines/ocean depth) + Sonography (medical imaging) + Lithotripsy
(kidney stones)

★ EXAM TIP: Sound cannot travel in vacuum — unlike light. Echo = 17 metres minimum. Ultrasound =
SONAR + sonography. Decibel = unit of sound.
1.3 HEAT
Heat Transfer Method Medium Example

Conduction Particle to particle contact Solid — best Iron rod heated — metal
feels cold

Convection Fluid movement Liquid + Gas Boiling water — sea

breeze

Radiation Electromagnetic waves NO medium needed Sun's heat reaching Earth

• Absolute zero = -273°C = 0 Kelvin — coldest possible temperature

• Water has HIGH specific heat — coastal climate moderate — used as coolant
• Pressure cooker — increased pressure → higher boiling point → faster cooking
• At high altitude — lower pressure → lower boiling point → takes longer to cook
• Evaporation causes cooling — why we sweat — fan makes us feel cool
• Metal feels colder than wood at same temperature — metal conducts heat away faster

★ EXAM TIP: Radiation needs NO medium — Sun to Earth. Pressure cooker = high pressure = higher
boiling point. Evaporation = cooling = sweat. Metal feels cold = conducts heat from hand.

1.4 ELECTRICITY
• Ohm's Law — V = IR — Voltage = Current × Resistance
• India household supply = 220V — 50 Hz — AC (Alternating Current)
• AC = direction changes | DC = one direction — batteries solar cells
• Earth wire = Green/Yellow — safety — prevents electric shock
• MCB = Miniature Circuit Breaker — modern replacement for fuse
• Electromagnetic induction — Michael Faraday — moving magnet generates electricity — principle of
generators
• Transformer — step up (increases voltage) — step down (decreases voltage)

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: India = 220V 50Hz AC. USA = 110V 60Hz. Ammeter measures current. Voltmeter
measures voltage.

1.5 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

Law Statement Daily Example

First Law — Inertia Object at rest stays at rest — moving stays Passengers jerk forward when
moving unless force acts bus brakes suddenly

Second Law — F=ma Force = Mass × Acceleration Heavier object needs more force
to accelerate

Third Law — Action- Every action has equal and opposite reaction Rocket propulsion — gun recoil
Reaction — swimming

• g = 9.8 m/s² — acceleration due to gravity on Earth

• Objects fall at same speed in vacuum regardless of mass — Galileo's experiment
• Friction — useful (walking, brakes) — harmful (wear and tear) — reduced by lubricants

1.6 PRESSURE AND BUOYANCY

• Pascal's Law — pressure applied to enclosed fluid transmitted equally in all directions
 • Hydraulic brakes + hydraulic jack + hydraulic press — all based on Pascal's Law
• Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Mercury = 1 atm — measured by Barometer — Torricelli
• Archimedes' Principle — upward buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
• Ships float — hollow — displaces water equal to weight | Ice floats — less dense than water
• Hot air balloon rises — hot air less dense than surrounding cool air

★ EXAM TIP: Pascal's Law = hydraulic systems. Archimedes = buoyancy = ships float. Barometer =
atmospheric pressure = Torricelli.

1.7 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

• Work = Force × Distance — Unit = Joule (J) — No displacement = no work
• Power = Work/Time — Unit = Watt (W) — 1 HP (Horsepower) = 746 W
• 1 Unit of electricity = 1 kWh (kilowatt hour)
• Law of Conservation of Energy — energy cannot be created or destroyed — only converted
Device Energy Conversion

Electric bulb Electrical → Light + Heat

Generator Mechanical → Electrical

Battery Chemical → Electrical

Microphone Sound → Electrical

Speaker Electrical → Sound

Solar panel Light → Electrical

1.8 WAVES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Wave Type Wavelength Uses

Radio waves Longest Radio TV broadcasting

Microwaves — Microwave oven — radar — mobile phones

Infrared — Remote controls — thermal imaging — night vision

Visible light — Human vision — VIBGYOR

Ultraviolet (UV) — Sterilisation — causes sunburn — Vitamin D production

X-rays — Medical imaging — security scanning

Gamma rays Shortest Cancer treatment — sterilisation

• Ozone layer absorbs harmful UV radiation from Sun — depleted by CFCs

• Sound = longitudinal + mechanical | Light = transverse + electromagnetic

1.9 RADIOACTIVITY
Radiation Nature Penetration Stopped by

Alpha (α) Helium nucleus Least penetrating Paper

Beta (β) Electrons Medium Aluminium

Gamma (γ) Electromagnetic waves Most penetrating Lead or concrete

• Nuclear fission = Uranium-235 splits = nuclear power plants + bombs

• Nuclear fusion = Hydrogen → Helium = powers the Sun = more energy than fission
 • Carbon dating = Carbon-14 = finds age of ancient fossils
• Radiotherapy = gamma rays used to treat cancer

1.10 IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTS

Instrument Measures

Thermometer Temperature

Barometer Atmospheric pressure

Ammeter Electric current

Voltmeter Voltage

Seismograph Earthquakes

Hygrometer Humidity

Anemometer Wind speed

Lactometer Purity of milk

Altimeter Altitude

Speedometer Speed of vehicle

Manometer Gas pressure

Galvanometer Small electric current

1.11 IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS

Scientist Discovery Country

Isaac Newton Laws of Motion + Gravity UK

Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity — E=mc² Germany/USA

Michael Faraday Electromagnetic induction UK

Wilhelm Röntgen X-rays — 1895 Germany

Marie Curie Radioactivity — Polonium + Radium Poland/France

Archimedes Buoyancy principle Greece

C.V. Raman Raman Effect — Nobel Prize 1930 India

Homi J. Bhabha Father of Indian nuclear programme India

Vikram Sarabhai Father of Indian space programme India

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Missile programme — Agni Prithvi India

1.12 SPACE AND SATELLITES

• Geostationary satellite — height = 35,786 km — period = 24 hours — appears stationary
• NAVIC = India's GPS system = 7 satellites = covers India + 1500 km surrounding
• Escape velocity = 11.2 km/s — minimum speed to escape Earth's gravity
• Weightlessness in space = astronaut + spacecraft both in free fall together

★ EXAM TIP: C.V. Raman = only Indian to win Nobel in Physics = 1930 = Raman Effect. Vikram Sarabhai =
space. Homi Bhabha = nuclear. Kalam = missiles.
SECTION 2: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
2.1 ACIDS, BASES AND pH SCALE
• pH scale = 0 to 14 | Below 7 = Acid | 7 = Neutral | Above 7 = Base
• Litmus — red in acid — blue in base | Turmeric — yellow in acid — red in base
Substance pH Nature

Stomach acid (HCl) 1–2 Strong acid

Lemon juice 2–3 Acid

Vinegar 3 Acid

Black coffee 5 Weak acid

Pure water 7 Neutral

Blood 7.4 Slightly basic

Baking soda 9 Basic

Soap 10 Basic

Bleach 12–13 Strong base

Important Acids and Sources

Acid Formula Source/Use

Sulphuric acid (King of acids) H₂SO₄ Car batteries — fertilisers — most important industrial acid

Hydrochloric acid HCl Stomach acid — industrial cleaning

Acetic acid CH₃COOH Vinegar — 5% solution

Citric acid — Lemon — orange — citrus fruits

Lactic acid — Curd — sour milk

Formic acid HCOOH Ant sting — bee sting

Tartaric acid — Tamarind — grapes

Carbonic acid H₂CO₃ Aerated drinks — soda water

Important Salts
Salt Formula Common Use
Name

Sodium chloride NaCl Common salt Cooking + food preservation

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃ Baking soda Cooking — fire extinguisher — antacid — BASIC
pH 9

Sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃ Washing soda Cleaning — water softening

Bleaching powder Ca(OCl)Cl — Disinfectant — water purification

Plaster of Paris CaSO₄·½H₂O — Casts — dental moulds — sets hard with water

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Baking soda = BASIC (pH 9) — not acidic. Vinegar = acetic acid. Sulphuric acid
= King of acids. Formic acid = ant sting NOT lemon.

2.2 METALS, ALLOYS AND NON-METALS

Metal Symbol Key Property Use

Silver Ag Best conductor of electricity Jewellery — mirrors

Copper Cu Second best conductor — most Electrical wires

practical

Aluminium Al Light + strong Aircraft — foil — utensils

Gold Au Does not corrode Jewellery — electronics

Mercury Hg ONLY LIQUID METAL at room Thermometers

temperature

Tungsten W Highest melting point Bulb filament

Sodium Na Reacts violently with water Stored in KEROSENE — not water

Iron Fe Rusts (Fe₂O₃) Construction — machinery

Alloy Composition Use

Brass Copper + Zinc Musical instruments — taps

Bronze Copper + Tin Statues — medals — coins

Stainless steel Iron + Carbon + Chromium + Nickel Utensils — cutlery

Duralumin Aluminium + Copper + Manganese Aircraft

Solder Lead + Tin Electrical connections

German silver Copper + Zinc + Nickel Utensils — no real silver

• Rusting = Iron + Oxygen + Water → Fe₂O₃ (reddish brown rust)

• Galvanisation = coating iron with ZINC — zinc corrodes instead of iron — sacrificial anode
• CO₂ fire extinguisher for electrical fires — non-conductor of electricity

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Sodium stored in KEROSENE (not water — reacts violently). Mercury = only
liquid metal. German silver has NO silver. Brass = copper+zinc. Bronze = copper+tin.

2.3 IMPORTANT GASES

Gas Formula Key Property Use

Nitrogen N₂ 78% of air — inert Fertilisers — food packaging

Oxygen O₂ 21% of air — supports combustion Breathing — welding

Hydrogen H₂ Lightest gas — highly flammable Future fuel — fertilisers

Carbon dioxide CO₂ Does not support combustion Fire extinguisher — photosynthesis

Ozone O₃ Absorbs UV radiation Ozone layer protection

Ammonia NH₃ Pungent smell Fertilisers — refrigerant

Methane CH₄ Greenhouse gas CNG — biogas

Helium He Lightest noble gas — non- Balloons — MRI machines

flammable

LPG C₃H₈+C₄H Highly flammable — Cooking — ethyl mercaptan added

₁₀ ODOURLESS naturally for smell

• Air composition: Nitrogen = 78% | Oxygen = 21% | Argon = 0.9% | CO₂ = 0.04%
• LPG = Butane + Propane | CNG = Methane | LPG smell = ethyl mercaptan added for safety
2.4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Allotrope Properties Use

Diamond Hardest natural substance — transparent — Cutting tools — jewellery

non-conductor

Graphite Soft — conducts electricity — layers Pencil lead — lubricant — electrodes

Fullerene (C₆₀) Hollow sphere — unique structure Nanotechnology

Charcoal Amorphous — absorbs impurities Water filters — deodoriser

• Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) = safe drinking alcohol | Methanol = POISONOUS — causes blindness and death
• Acetylene (C₂H₂) = welding and cutting metals
• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆ | Sucrose = C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (table sugar)

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Diamond and graphite both = pure carbon — different arrangement. Ethanol =
safe. METHANOL = POISON — hooch tragedy.

2.5 SOAPS, DETERGENTS AND POLYMERS

• Saponification = Fat + NaOH → Soap + Glycerol
• Soap molecule — hydrophilic head (loves water) + hydrophobic tail (loves oil) — forms MICELLE
• Soap does not work in hard water — Ca²⁺ Mg²⁺ form insoluble scum
• Detergent works in hard water — synthetic surfactants — do not react with Ca/Mg

Polymer Type Use

Nylon Synthetic Clothes — ropes — toothbrush

Teflon Synthetic NON-STICK cookware

PVC Synthetic Pipes — cables

Bakelite Synthetic Electrical switches — handles

Rubber Natural Tyres — gloves

Vulcanised rubber Natural + Sulphur Car tyres — stronger

2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Pollutant Source Effect

CO (carbon monoxide) Incomplete combustion — Binds haemoglobin — toxic — colourless odourless

vehicles

SO₂ Industries — burning coal Acid rain — respiratory problems

NO₂ Vehicles — industries Acid rain — smog

PM 2.5 Vehicles — construction Most dangerous particulate — lung disease

CFCs Refrigerators — AC Ozone layer depletion

CO₂ Burning fossil fuels Greenhouse effect — global warming

• Acid rain — pH below 5.6 — caused by SO₂ + NO₂ dissolving in rain

• Taj Mahal threatened by acid rain — marble (CaCO₃) corrodes — marble cancer
• Photochemical smog = NO₂ + hydrocarbons + sunlight — Delhi winters
 • Eutrophication = excess nutrients → algal bloom → oxygen depletion → fish death
• Biomagnification = DDT concentration increases up food chain

★ EXAM TIP: Acid rain = SO₂ + NO₂ = pH below 5.6 = damages Taj Mahal. Photochemical smog = NO₂ +
sunlight. Ozone depleted by CFCs. CO = binds haemoglobin = colourless odourless.

2.7 FOOD CHEMISTRY

• Sodium benzoate = preservative in cold drinks and fruit juices
• Rancidity = fats oxidise = bad smell — prevented by antioxidants + nitrogen flushing + refrigeration
• FSSAI = Food Safety and Standards Authority of India = regulates food safety = New Delhi
• Fat soluble vitamins = A D E K = stored in body = excess can be toxic
• Water soluble vitamins = B and C = not stored = need daily intake
• Father of Green Revolution India = M.S. Swaminathan
• Father of White Revolution (milk) = Verghese Kurien

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Green Revolution = M.S. Swaminathan. White Revolution = Verghese Kurien.
Baking soda = BASIC not acidic.

SECTION 3: BIOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

3.1 CELL — BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Organelle Function Present in

Nucleus Control centre — contains DNA All eukaryotic cells

Mitochondria POWERHOUSE — produces ATP All eukaryotic cells

energy

Chloroplast Photosynthesis — contains chlorophyll PLANT cells only

Cell wall Rigid outer covering PLANT cells only

Lysosome SUICIDE BAG — digests waste ANIMAL cells only

Ribosome Protein synthesis All cells

Golgi apparatus Packaging + secretion of proteins All eukaryotic

Vacuole Storage — large in plants All — large in plants

• Cell theory = Schleiden and Schwann 1839 | Largest cell = ostrich egg | Longest = nerve cell
• Prokaryotic = no nucleus (bacteria) | Eukaryotic = has nucleus (plants + animals)

★ EXAM TIP: Mitochondria = powerhouse. Chloroplast + Cell wall = PLANTS only. Lysosome = suicide
bag = ANIMALS only.

3.2 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Organ Function Enzyme/Juice

Mouth Chewing + starch digestion STARTS Salivary amylase — breaks starch

here

Stomach Protein digestion — kills bacteria HCl (pH 1-2) + Pepsin — breaks protein

Small intestine MAIN digestion + absorption — 6-7 Bile + Pancreatic juice + Intestinal juice
metres
Large intestine Water absorption only — no digestion —

Liver Produces bile — detoxification — Bile — emulsifies fats

LARGEST GLAND

Pancreas Digestive enzymes + insulin production Amylase + Lipase + Protease

• Bile = produced by LIVER — stored in GALL BLADDER — emulsifies fats

• Villi = finger-like projections in small intestine = increase absorption surface area

3.3 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Heart = 4 chambers = 2 auricles + 2 ventricles | Normal rate = 72 beats/minute
• Right side = receives deoxygenated blood from body → pumps to lungs
• Left side = receives oxygenated blood from lungs → pumps to body
Blood Component Function Key Facts

Red Blood Cells (RBC) Carry oxygen — contain No nucleus — 120 day life — made in bone
haemoglobin marrow

White Blood Cells (WBC) Fight infection — immunity Less numerous than RBC — several types

Platelets Blood clotting Smallest blood cells

Plasma Liquid part — 55% of blood Carries nutrients hormones waste

• Universal donor = O negative | Universal recipient = AB positive

• Pulmonary artery = EXCEPTION — carries DEOXYGENATED blood from heart to lungs
• Pulmonary vein = EXCEPTION — carries OXYGENATED blood from lungs to heart
• Haemophilia = blood does not clot = X-linked = males mostly affected
• Vitamin K = required for blood clotting

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Pulmonary artery carries DEOXYGENATED blood (exception). Pulmonary vein
carries OXYGENATED blood (exception). Universal donor = O NEGATIVE not O positive.

3.4 RESPIRATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Path of air: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
• Alveoli = tiny air sacs = site of gas exchange = surrounded by capillaries
• Normal breathing rate = 15-18 breaths per minute

Brain Part Function

Cerebrum Thinking — memory — speech — voluntary actions — LARGEST part

Cerebellum Balance — coordination — posture

Medulla/Brain stem Automatic functions — breathing — heartbeat — swallowing

• Reflex action = automatic = through SPINAL CORD = does not involve brain = faster
• Synapse = gap between two neurons | Neurotransmitters carry signal across synapse

3.5 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM — HORMONES

Gland Hormone Function

Pituitary Growth hormone TSH FSH MASTER GLAND — controls all other glands
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism — growth — iodine needed

Adrenal Adrenaline FIGHT OR FLIGHT — emergency — increases heart rate

Pancreas Insulin + Glucagon Blood sugar regulation — Insulin DECREASES sugar

Pineal Melatonin Sleep-wake cycle

Parathyroid Parathormone Calcium regulation

• Diabetes = insulin deficiency or resistance | Type 1 = no insulin | Type 2 = resistance

• Goitre = iodine deficiency = enlarged thyroid gland
• Iodine deficiency = goitre | Hypothyroidism = low thyroxine = weight gain

3.6 EXCRETORY AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Kidneys = main excretory organ = filter 180 litres blood/day = produce 1.5 litres urine
• Nephron = functional unit of kidney | Urea formed in LIVER — excreted by KIDNEYS

Bone Fact Detail

Total bones in adult 206

Newborn baby 270-300 (fuse as grow)

Longest bone Femur (thigh bone)

Smallest bone Stapes (in ear)

Hardest substance in body Tooth enamel (not bone)

★ EXAM TIP: Urea FORMED in liver — EXCRETED by kidney. Stapes = smallest bone = ear. Femur =
longest bone. Tooth enamel = hardest — harder than bone.

SECTION 4: DISEASES
4.1 MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES — Most Important
Mosquito Disease Key Facts

Female Anopheles MALARIA Plasmodium — cyclic fever — quinine/artemisinin

treatment

Aedes DENGUE Virus — platelet count drops — no vaccine

Aedes CHIKUNGUNYA Virus — joint pain — fever

Aedes ZIKA Virus — birth defects

Culex FILARIASIS (Elephantiasis) Wuchereria bancrofti — lymph blockage

Culex JAPANESE Virus — brain inflammation — AP cases

ENCEPHALITIS

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Anopheles = MALARIA. Aedes = Dengue + Chikungunya + Zika. Culex =

Filariasis + JE. Very common exam question — memorise this table.

4.2 BACTERIAL DISEASES

Disease Bacteria Spread Prevention
Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis AIRBORNE BCG vaccine

Cholera Vibrio cholerae Contaminated water ORS — clean water

Typhoid Salmonella typhi Contaminated TAB vaccine

water/food

Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Prolonged contact MDT treatment

Tetanus Clostridium tetani Wound contamination TT vaccine — lockjaw

Plague Yersinia pestis Rat fleas Avoid rat contact

Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Airborne Vaccine available

Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis Airborne DPT vaccine

4.3 VIRAL DISEASES

Disease Spread Key Facts

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Droplets/airborne Pandemic 2020 — Covaxin (Indian) + Covishield

Dengue Aedes mosquito No vaccine — platelet drops — fever

Rabies Animal bite ALWAYS FATAL if untreated — vaccine after bite

HIV/AIDS Blood/sexual contact No cure — antiretroviral therapy

Hepatitis B Blood/sexual Liver disease — vaccine available

Polio Oral-faecal route INDIA POLIO-FREE 2014 — OPV vaccine

Smallpox Airborne ERADICATED GLOBALLY 1980 — first disease

eradicated

Measles Airborne MMR vaccine | Chickenpox = Varicella zoster

★ EXAM TIP: India polio-free = 2014. Smallpox eradicated globally = 1980. Rabies = always fatal if
untreated. COVID India vaccines = Covaxin (Indian) + Covishield (AstraZeneca).

4.4 OTHER DISEASES

Disease Cause Key Facts

Malaria Plasmodium (protozoa) — P. falciparum = most dangerous — cerebral malaria

female Anopheles

Kala-azar Leishmania (protozoa) — Black fever — spleen enlargement

Sandfly

Ringworm Tinea (fungus) Circular skin patches — NOT caused by worm

Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Elephantiasis — lymph blockage

(worm) — Culex

Scurvy Vitamin C deficiency Bleeding gums — joint pain

Rickets Vitamin D + Calcium Children — bow legs — soft bones

deficiency

Down syndrome Trisomy 21 — extra Intellectual disability

chromosome 21

Haemophilia X-linked recessive gene Blood does not clot — males mostly affected

⚠ COMMON CONFUSION: Ringworm is NOT caused by a worm — it is a FUNGAL infection. Kala-azar =

sandfly (not mosquito). Down syndrome = trisomy 21 = extra chromosome 21.
SECTION 5: NUTRITION AND VITAMINS
5.1 VITAMINS — COMPLETE TABLE
Vitamin Chemical Name Sources Deficiency Disease

A Retinol Carrot mango egg NIGHT BLINDNESS — Xerophthalmia

B1 Thiamine Whole grains legumes BERIBERI — nerve damage

B2 Riboflavin Milk eggs leafy vegetables Ariboflavinosis — cracked lips

B3 Niacin Meat fish nuts PELLAGRA — 3 Ds — Dermatitis Diarrhoea

Dementia

B9 Folic acid Green leafy vegetables Neural tube defects in foetus

B12 Cobalamin Meat fish eggs Pernicious anaemia

C Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits amla SCURVY — bleeding gums

D Calciferol Sunlight fish liver oil RICKETS (children) — Osteomalacia (adults)

E Tocopherol Nuts seeds vegetable oils Rare — infertility

K Phylloquinone Green leafy vegetables POOR BLOOD CLOTTING

• Fat soluble vitamins = A D E K — stored in body fat — excess can be TOXIC

• Water soluble vitamins = B and C — not stored — need daily intake
• Memory trick: Fat soluble = A D E K = A Dark Evening in Kitchen

5.2 MINERALS AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES

Mineral Function Deficiency

Iron Haemoglobin — oxygen transport ANAEMIA — fatigue pale skin

Calcium Bones + teeth + blood clotting Rickets — Osteoporosis

Iodine Thyroxine hormone production GOITRE — enlarged thyroid

Vitamin D Calcium absorption Rickets — soft bones

Protein Growth + repair KWASHIORKOR — swollen belly

Protein + calories Energy + growth MARASMUS — severe wasting

★ EXAM TIP: Kwashiorkor = protein deficiency only = swollen belly. Marasmus = protein + calorie
deficiency = severe wasting. Goitre = iodine deficiency. Scurvy = Vitamin C.

SECTION 6: GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

6.1 DNA AND CHROMOSOMES
• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid = double helix structure = discovered by Watson and Crick 1953
• A pairs with T | G pairs with C — base pairing rules
• Humans = 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs | Female = XX | Male = XY
• Gene = segment of DNA = controls one characteristic
• Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics = pea plant experiments = 1866
Genetic Disorder Cause Features

Down syndrome Trisomy 21 — extra chromosome Intellectual disability — distinctive features

21

Haemophilia X-linked recessive Blood does not clot — males mostly affected

Colour blindness X-linked recessive Cannot distinguish red/green — males

mostly

Sickle cell anaemia Autosomal recessive Abnormal haemoglobin — common in tribal

AP

Albinism Autosomal recessive No melanin — white skin and hair

6.2 BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Bt cotton = contains Bacillus thuringiensis gene = pest resistant = most common GM crop India
• Dolly sheep = first cloned mammal = 1996
• Human insulin = produced by E. coli bacteria = recombinant DNA technology
• PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction = amplify DNA = forensics + medical diagnosis
• Human Genome Project = completed 2003 = India participated = CCMB Hyderabad

6.3 MICROORGANISMS — USEFUL

Microorganism Use

Lactobacillus Curd making — fermentation — converts milk to curd

Yeast (Saccharomyces) Bread making — wine — beer — fermentation

Penicillium Penicillin antibiotic production — Alexander Fleming

Rhizobium Nitrogen fixation — lives in LEGUME roots

Azotobacter Free-living nitrogen fixer in soil

E. coli Genetic engineering — insulin production

6.4 VACCINES — IMPORTANT

Vaccine Disease Key Fact

BCG Tuberculosis First vaccine given at birth

OPV Polio Oral — India polio-free 2014

DPT Diphtheria + Pertussis + Combined vaccine

Tetanus

MMR Measles + Mumps + Live attenuated

Rubella

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Recombinant DNA vaccine

Covaxin COVID-19 INDIAN vaccine — Bharat Biotech

Covishield COVID-19 AstraZeneca — viral vector

MASTER KEY FACTS — QUICK REVISION

Physics Key Facts
Question Answer
Speed of light 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Rear view mirror Convex — wider field

Torch/shaving mirror Concave

Myopia correction Concave lens

Hypermetropia correction Convex lens

Sky is blue because Blue light scatters most

Rainbow — red position Outside — longest wavelength

Mirage caused by Total internal reflection

Sound speed in air 332 m/s

Echo minimum distance 17 metres

Human hearing range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Ultrasound uses SONAR + Sonography

India electricity supply 220V — 50Hz — AC

Electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday

Newton's First Law Law of Inertia

g on Earth 9.8 m/s²

Geostationary orbit height 35,786 km — 24 hour period

NAVIC satellites 7 satellites — India's GPS

Escape velocity Earth 11.2 km/s

Raman Effect Nobel C.V. Raman — 1930

Father Indian space Vikram Sarabhai

Father Indian nuclear Homi J. Bhabha

Nuclear fission fuel Uranium-235

Nuclear fusion — powers Sun — hydrogen to helium

Ozone depleted by CFCs

1 unit electricity 1 kWh (kilowatt hour)

Chemistry Key Facts

Question Answer

King of acids Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Vinegar acid Acetic acid — 5% solution

Ant sting acid Formic acid

Lemon acid Citric acid

Curd acid Lactic acid

Stomach acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl) — pH 1-2

Blood pH 7.4 — slightly basic

Baking soda nature BASIC — pH 9 — NaHCO₃

Best conductor metal Silver — copper used practically

Only liquid metal Mercury

Highest melting metal Tungsten — bulb filament

Sodium stored in KEROSENE — not water

Brass composition Copper + Zinc

Bronze composition Copper + Tin

Rusting equation Fe + O₂ + H₂O → Fe₂O₃

Galvanisation Iron coated with ZINC

LPG components Butane + Propane

LPG smell additive Ethyl mercaptan

CNG component Methane

Air composition N₂ 78% nitrogen

Lightest gas Hydrogen

Lightest noble gas Helium — non-flammable

Acid rain pH Below 5.6 — SO₂ + NO₂

Taj Mahal threatened by Acid rain — marble cancer

Methanol danger POISONOUS — causes blindness and death

Saponification Fat + NaOH → Soap

Green Revolution India M.S. Swaminathan

White Revolution milk Verghese Kurien

Penicillin discoverer Alexander Fleming

Biology Key Facts

Question Answer

Powerhouse of cell Mitochondria

Suicide bag organelle Lysosome — animal cells only

Photosynthesis organelle Chloroplast — plant cells only

Cell theory founders Schleiden and Schwann 1839

Largest gland Liver

Longest digestive part Small intestine — 6-7 metres

Starch digestion starts Mouth — salivary amylase

Bile made in — stored in Liver — Gall bladder

Heart rate normal 72 beats per minute

Universal blood donor O negative

Universal blood recipient AB positive

Pulmonary artery carries DEOXYGENATED blood — exception

Pulmonary vein carries OXYGENATED blood — exception

Haemophilia Blood does not clot — X-linked

Vitamin K function Blood clotting

Master gland Pituitary

Blood sugar hormone Insulin — from pancreas

Emergency hormone Adrenaline — fight or flight

Goitre cause Iodine deficiency — thyroid

Kidney functional unit Nephron

Urea formed in LIVER — excreted by kidneys

Total bones adult 206

Longest bone Femur — thigh

Smallest bone Stapes — ear

Hardest body substance Tooth enamel

Balance in brain Cerebellum

Automatic functions brain Medulla/Brain stem

Reflex arc path Receptor → Spinal cord → Effector

DNA discoverers Watson and Crick — 1953

Human chromosomes 46 — 23 pairs

Female sex chromosomes XX

Male sex chromosomes XY

Down syndrome cause Trisomy 21 — extra chromosome 21

Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel — 1866

First cloned mammal Dolly sheep — 1996

Bt cotton gene from Bacillus thuringiensis

Curd bacteria Lactobacillus

Nitrogen fixation bacteria Rhizobium — legumes

Malaria mosquito Female Anopheles

Dengue mosquito Aedes

Filariasis mosquito Culex

India polio-free 2014

Smallpox eradicated 1980 — globally — first disease eradicated

Kwashiorkor cause Protein deficiency — swollen belly

Marasmus cause Protein + calorie deficiency — wasting

Vitamin A deficiency Night blindness

Vitamin C deficiency Scurvy — bleeding gums

Vitamin D deficiency Rickets (children) — Osteomalacia (adults)

Iron deficiency Anaemia

Iodine deficiency Goitre

Fat soluble vitamins A D E K — stored — excess toxic

Water soluble vitamins B and C — not stored

AP High Court + APPSC Group 1 & 2 — Science in Everyday Life | Physics + Chemistry + Biology | Revise 3 times before
exam