FUNCTION

PRACTICE
FUNCTION
INTRODUCTION
Question 1
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ .

b) g ( x ) = x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ, 1 < x ≤ 3 .

c) h ( x ) = x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≤ −1 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) ≥ 1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 2 < g ( x ) ≤ 10 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, h ( x ) ≥ 2

Question 2
Find the range for each of the following functions.

2
a) f ( x ) = ( x − 4 ) + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x > 4 .

2
b) g ( x ) = ( x + 3) − 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ −4 .

2
c) h ( x ) = ( x − 5 ) + 2, x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < 6 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) > 1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, g ( x ) ≥ −1 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 2 ≤ h ( x ) < 27
Question 3
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 .

b) g ( x ) = x 2 − 8 x + 13, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

c) h ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 2, x ∈ ℝ, − 5 ≤ x < −2 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) > 1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, g ( x ) ≥ −3 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 2 < h ( x ) ≤17

a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 6 x + 6, x ∈ ℝ .

b) g ( x ) = x 2 + 8 x + 12, x ∈ ℝ, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0 .

c) h ( x ) = x 2 − 10 x + 26, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) ≥ −3 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, − 3 ≤ g ( x ) ≤ 12 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, h ( x ) ≥ 1
Question 5
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = x + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

b) g ( x ) = x − 2, x ∈ ℝ, 6 ≤ x < 11 .

c) h ( x ) = 2 − x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 4 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) ≥ 1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 2 ≤ g ( x ) < 3 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ , h ( x ) ≤ 0

Question 6
Find the range for each of the following functions.

1
a) f ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x > 2 .
x−2

2
b) g ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 1 .
x+3

1
c) h ( x ) = + 2, x ∈ ℝ, x > 2 .
x −1

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ , f ( x ) > 0 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 0 < g ( x ) ≤ 1 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 2 < h ( x ) < 3

2
a) f ( x ) = 15 − ( x − 2 ) , x ∈ ℝ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

b) g ( x ) = 8 − x3 , x ∈ ℝ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 .

1
c) h ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .
x+3

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 11 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 15 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 0 ≤ g ( x ) ≤ 8 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 0 < h ( x ) ≤ 1
3
Question 8
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 3, x ∈ ℝ, x > 2 .

b) g ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

1
c) h ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2 .
x−2

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ , f ( x ) > −1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ , g ( x ) ≥ 2 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ , h ( x ) ≠ 0
Question 9
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = x + 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ −1 .

b) g ( x ) = 2 − e x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≤ 0 .

1
c) h ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .
x+2

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) ≥ 1 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 1 ≤ g ( x ) < 2 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ , 0 < h ( x ) ≤ 1
2
Question 10
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = 4 − x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

b) g ( x ) = 2 + e− x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≤ 0 .

1
c) h ( x ) = − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .
x+2

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ , f ( x ) ≤ 4 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, g ( x ) ≥ 3 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, − 2 < h ( x ) ≤ − 3
2
Question 11
Find the range for each of the following functions.

1
a) f ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 5 .
4− x

2
b) g ( x ) = 25 − ( x − 4 ) , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

c) h ( x ) = x3 − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x < 2 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, − 1 ≤ f ( x ) < 0 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, g ( x ) ≤ 25 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, h ( x ) < 6
Question 12
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = e x + 2, x ∈ ℝ .

b) g ( x ) = 4 − e− x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

c) h ( x ) = 3 − e x +1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ −1 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) > 2 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, g ( x ) ≤ 25 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, h ( x ) ≤ 2
Question 13
Find the range for each of the following functions.

a) f ( x ) = 4 − x , x ∈ ℝ, x < 0 .

b) g ( x ) = 2 x + 1, x ∈ ℝ, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0 .
2

c) h ( x ) = ln (12 − 4 x ) , x ∈ ℝ, x < 2 .

f ( x ) ∈ ℝ, f ( x ) > 2 , g ( x ) ∈ ℝ, 0 ≤ g ( x ) ≤ 1 , h ( x ) ∈ ℝ, h ( x ) > ln 4
FUNCTION
COMPOSITIONS
Question 1
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 2 x + 1, x ∈ ℝ

g ( x ) = x 2 − 1, x ∈ ℝ .

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

fg ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 1 , gf ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x

Question 2
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 4 − 3 x, x ∈ ℝ

g ( x) = x, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

fg ( x ) = 4 − 3 x , gf ( x ) = 4 − 3x
Question 3
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 3x − 8, x ∈ ℝ

1
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

3 1
fg ( x ) = − 8 , gf ( x ) =
x 3x − 8

Question 4
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 4 x − 1, x ∈ ℝ

x
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1 .
x +1

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

3x − 1 4x −1
fg ( x ) = , gf ( x ) =
x +1 4x
Question 5
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ

g ( x) = x, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

fg ( x ) = 2 x + 1 , gf ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 1

Question 6
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

2
f ( x ) = ( x + 3) , x ∈ ℝ

g ( x ) = 2 x, x∈ℝ .

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

2 2
fg ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3) , gf ( x ) = 2 ( x + 3)
Question 7
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 2 x − 1, x ∈ ℝ

g ( x ) = x + 3, x ∈ ℝ , x ≥ −3 .

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

fg ( x ) = 2 x + 3 − 1 , gf ( x ) = 2 x + 2

Question 8
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x) = x, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0

2 x2
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ ±1 .
x2 − 1

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

2 x2 2x
fg ( x ) = 2
, gf ( x ) =
x −1 x −1
Question 9
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 2 x − 3, x ∈ ℝ

1
g ( x) = x − , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

Simplify the answer as much as possible.

2 x 2 − 3x − 2 4 x 2 − 12 x + 8
fg ( x ) = , gf ( x ) =
x 2x − 3

Question 10
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = x3 − 1, x ∈ ℝ

1
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 .
x

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

1 1
fg ( x ) = − 1 , gf ( x ) =
x x x3 − 1
Question 11
Find fg ( x ) and gf ( x ) if

f ( x ) = 6 − x2 , x ∈ ℝ

x +1
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

Simplify the answers as much as possible.

5x2 − 2 x − 1 7 − x2
fg ( x ) = , gf ( x ) =
x2 6 − x2
Question 12
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = 2 x + 3, x ∈ ℝ .

g ( x ) = 1 − x2 , x∈ℝ.

1
h ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

Find all six possible two-fold compositions for the above functions, simplifying the
final answers as much as possible.

2 1
2 fh ( x ) =
+ 3 gh ( x ) = 1 − 2
fg ( x ) = 5 − 2 x x x
, ,
2
gf ( x ) = −4 x − 12 x − 8 hf ( x ) = 1 hg ( x ) =
1
2x + 3 1 − x2
Question 13
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = 2 x + 1, x ∈ ℝ .

g ( x) = ex , x∈ℝ .

h ( x ) = sin x , x ∈ ℝ .

Find all six possible two-fold compositions for the above functions simplifying the
final answers as much as possible.

fg ( x ) = 2e x + 1 fh ( x ) = 2sin x + 1 gh ( x ) = esin x
, ,
gf ( x ) = e2 x +1 hf ( x ) = sin ( 2 x + 1) ( )
hg ( x ) = sin e x
Question 14
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = 1 − 2 x, x ∈ ℝ .

g ( x) = ex , x∈ℝ .

h ( x ) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

Find all six possible two-fold compositions for the above functions simplifying the
final answers as much as possible.

x
fg ( x ) = 1 − 2e x fh ( x ) = 1 − 2 x gh ( x ) = e
, , 1x
gf ( x ) = e1−2 x hf ( x ) = 1 − 2 x hg ( x ) = e 2
Question 15
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = 1 − x, x ∈ ℝ .

g ( x ) = x 2 − 5, x∈ℝ .

h ( x ) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

Evaluate the following function compositions.

a) fg ( 2 )

b) gf ( 4 )

c) fh ( 9 )

d) hf ( −15 )

e) gh ( 4 )

f) hg ( 3)

fg ( 2 ) = 2 , gf ( 4 ) = 4 , fh ( 9 ) = −2 , hf ( −15 ) = 4 , gh ( 4 ) = −1 , hg ( 3) = 2
Question 16
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = 2 x + 5, x ∈ ℝ

4
g ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0
x

h ( x ) = x + 2 , x ∈ ℝ , x ≥ −2 .

Evaluate the following function compositions.

1  7
a) fg   f) gh  − 
2  4

b) gf ( −2 ) g) gfh ( −1)

c) hf (1) h) fgf ( −2 )

d) fh ( 2 ) 1
i) fff  
4
2
e) hg  
7

( ) ( ) ( )
fg 1 = 21 , gf ( −2 ) = 4 , hf (1) = 3 , fh ( 2 ) = 9 , hg 2 = 4 , gh − 7 = 8 ,
2 7 4
gfh (1) = 4 , fgf ( −2 ) = 13 , fff ( 1 ) = 37
7 4
Question 17
The following functions are defined by

f ( x ) = x − 2, x ∈ ℝ

g ( x ) = ln x, x ∈ ℝ, x > 0

h ( x ) = e2 x , x ∈ ℝ .

Find simplified expressions the following function compositions, stating in each case
the domain and range.

a) fg ( x ) d) hf ( x )

b) gf ( x ) e) gh ( x )

c) fh ( x ) f) hg ( x )

fg ( x ) = ln x − 2, x > 0, fg ( x ) ∈ ℝ , gf ( x ) = ln ( x − 2 ) , x > 2, gf ( x ) ∈ ℝ ,

fh ( x ) = e2 x − 2, x ∈ ℝ, fh ( x ) > −2 , hf ( x ) = e 2 x−4 , x ∈ ℝ, hf ( x ) ∈ ℝ ,

gh ( x ) = 2 x, x ∈ ℝ, gh ( x ) ∈ ℝ , hg ( x ) = x 2 , x > 0, hg ( x ) > 0
Question 17
The following functions are defined by
f ( x ) = 2 x − 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≤ 18

g ( x ) = x 2 + 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 1

h ( x ) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

Find simplified expressions for each of the following function compositions, stating in
each case the domain and range.

a) fg ( x ) d) hf ( x )

b) gf ( x ) e) gh ( x )

c) fh ( x ) f) hg ( x )

fg ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, 5 ≤ fg ( x ) ≤ 35 ,
2
gf ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1) + 2, 1 ≤ x ≤ 18, 3 ≤ gf ( x ) ≤ 1227 ,

fh ( x ) = 2 x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 324, − 1 ≤ fh ( x ) ≤ 35 ,

hf ( x ) = 2 x − 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 18, 0 ≤ hf ( x ) ≤ 35 , gh ( x ) = x + 2, x ≥ 1, gh ( x ) ≥ 3 ,
2

hg ( x ) = x 2 + 2, x ≥ 1, hg ( x ) ≥ 3
FUNCTION
INVERSES
Question 1
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = 4 x − 1, x∈ℝ .

b) g ( x ) = 1 + x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

c) h ( x ) = 1 − x − 5, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 5 .

x +1 2 2
f −1 ( x ) = , g −1 ( x ) = ( x − 1) , h −1 ( x ) = 5 + (1 − x )
4
Question 2
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = 5 − 2 x, x∈ℝ .

3
b) g ( x ) = − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

x
c) h ( x ) = − 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 2 .
2

5− x 3
f −1 ( x ) = , g −1 ( x ) = , h −1 ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2
2 x+2
Question 3
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

x+2
a) f ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

2x − 3
b) g ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ −4 .
x+4

x−2 1
c) h ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ .
2x −1 2

2 4x + 3 x−2
f −1 ( x ) = , g −1 ( x ) = , h −1 ( x ) =
x −1 2− x 2x −1
Question 4
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = 3 − 4 x, x∈ℝ .

1
b) g ( x ) = + 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

c) h ( x ) = x + 5, x ∈ ℝ , x ≥ −5 .

3− x 1
f −1 ( x ) = , g −1 ( x ) = , h −1 ( x ) = x 2 − 5
4 x−2
Question 5
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = 20 − 4 x, x ∈ ℝ .

2
b) g ( x ) = 5 − , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 .
x

c) h ( x ) = x − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

1 2 2
f −1 ( x ) = 5 − x , g −1 ( x ) = , h −1 ( x ) = ( x + 2 )
4 5− x
Question 6
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

4
a) f ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ −1 .
x +1

2x
b) g ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1 .
x +1

x+2
c) h ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 4 .
x−4

4 x 4x + 2
f −1 ( x ) = − 1 , g −1 ( x ) = , h −1 ( x ) =
x 2− x x −1
Question 7
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

x
a) f ( x) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1 .
x −1

1
b) g ( x ) = e2 x , x∈ℝ .
2

c) h ( x ) = ln ( 5 − x ) , x ∈ ℝ, x > 5 .

x 1
f −1 ( x ) = , g −1 ( x ) = ln 2 x , h −1 ( x ) = 5 − e x
x −1 2
Question 8
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = 1 + 2e − x , x ∈ ℝ .

b) g ( x ) = 2 − ln ( x + 1) , x ∈ ℝ, x > −1 .

c) h ( x ) = e x − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ ln 2 .

( ) (
f −1 ( x ) = − ln x−1 , g −1 ( x ) = e2− x − 1 , h −1 ( x ) = ln x 2 + 2
2 )

Question 9
For each of the following functions find an expression for its inverse.

a) f ( x ) = ln ( x − 2 ) + 3, x ∈ ℝ, x > 2 .

1 x−4
b) g ( x ) =
2
(e +3 , ) x∈ℝ .

f −1 ( x ) = e x −3 + 2 , g −1 ( x ) = 4 + ln ( 2 x − 3)
Question 10
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = x 2 − 9, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = x + 9 , x ≥ −9 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 0

Question 11
A function f is defined by

2
f ( x ) = ( x − 1) , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 1 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = 1 + x , x ≥ 0 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 1
Question 12
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = x + 4, x ∈ ℝ, 0 ≤ x < 5 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = x 2 − 4 , 2 ≤ x < 3 , 0 ≤ f −1 ( x ) < 5

Question 13
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = e2 x − 1, x ∈ ℝ .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = 1 ln ( x + 1) , x > −1 , f −1 ( x ) ∈ ℝ
2
Question 14
A function f is defined by

1
f ( x ) = e x + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≤ 0 .
2

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = ln ( 2 x − 2 ) , 1 < x ≤ 3 , f −1 ( x ) ≤ 0
2

Question 15
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = x − 1 , x ≥ 1 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 0
Question 16
A function f is defined by

2
f ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ −2 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = −2 + x , x ≥ 0 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ −2
Question 17
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = 1 + x − 2, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 6 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

2
f −1 ( x ) = 2 + ( x − 1) , x ≥ 3 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 0
Question 18
A function f is defined by

1
f ( x) = 2 + , x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .
x +1

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

3− x
f −1 ( x ) = , 2 < x ≤ 3 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 0
x−2
Question 19
A function f is defined by

1
f ( x) = 4 − , x ∈ ℝ, x > 1 .
x −1

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

x−5
f −1 ( x ) = , x < 4 , f −1 ( x ) > 1
x−4
 Created by T. Madas

Question 20
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = 2ln (1 − x ) , x < 1 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

1x
f −1 ( x ) = 1 − e 2 , x ∈ ℝ , f −1 ( x ) < 1
Question 21
A function f is defined by

π π
f ( x ) = 2 − 3sin x, − ≤x< .
2 2

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

( )
f −1 ( x ) = arcsin 2− x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ f −1 ( x ) < 2π
3
Question 22
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5, x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0 .

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

x −5
f −1 ( x ) = , x ≥ 5 , f −1 ( x ) ≥ 0
2
Question 23
A function f is defined by

f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x − 1, x ∈ ℝ, x < 0 .

a) By completing the square, or otherwise, find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

b) Sketch in the same diagram the graphs of f ( x ) and f −1 ( x ) .

c) Find the domain and range of f −1 ( x ) .

f −1 ( x ) = 2 − x + 5 , x > −1 , f −1 ( x ) < 0