NUMPY

what is NumPy?
 numpy----->Numerical Python
 fundatmental library for Python
 provides muti dimentional array objects
 handling the large datasets making a critical tool that require heavy computing

1. Creating NumPy Arrays

1. Using [Link]: Use [Link]() when you want to convert Python lists into NumPy arrays.

import numpy as np
a1 = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
a2 = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
a3 = [Link]([[[1, 2], [3, 4]],[[5, 6], [7, 8]]])

print(a1)
print(a2)
print(a3)

output
[1 2 3]
[[1 2]
[3 4]]

[[[1 2]
[3 4]]

[[5 6]
[7 8]]]

2. Using Numpy Functions: NumPy provides quick utility functions for creating arrays filled with
zeros, ones, or ranges:

a0 = [Link]((3, 3))
a1 = [Link]((2, 2))
ar = [Link](0, 10, 2)

print(a0)
print(a1)
print(ar)

Output
[[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]]
[[1. 1.]
[1. 1.]]
[0 2 4 6 8]
[Link] Array with Equal Spacing

[Link](0, 1, 5)

Output:

[0. 0.25 0.5 0.75 1. ]

4. Identity Matrix
[Link](3)

Output:

[[1. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0.]
[0. 0. 1.]]

5. Array with Same Value

[Link]((2, 2), 7)

Output:

[[7 7]
[7 7]]

[Link] Arrays
[Link](3) # random values (0 to 1)
[Link](1, 10, 5) # random integers

Output:

[0.26909495 0.04231653 0.1888104 ]

[8 1 3 7 9]

[Link] array (1 → 20) and reshape to (4,5)

import numpy as np

arr = [Link](1, 21).reshape(4, 5)

print(arr)

Output:

[[ 1 2 3 4 5]
[ 6 7 8 9 10]
[11 12 13 14 15]
[16 17 18 19 20]]
8. Find shape of random (3×3) array
arr = [Link](3, 3)
print([Link])

Output:

(3, 3)

9. Random array → find max & min

arr = [Link](3, 3)

print("Array:\n", arr)
print("Max:", [Link]())
print("Min:", [Link]())

Example Output:

Array:
[[0.23 0.78 0.11]
[0.56 0.91 0.34]
[0.67 0.45 0.29]]

Max: 0.91
Min: 0.11

[Link] a 3×3 random array Replace all values > 0.5 with 1 Replace all values ≤ 0.5 with 0

import numpy as np

# Step 1: Create 3×3 random array

arr = [Link](3, 3)

# Step 2 & 3: Apply condition

arr[arr > 0.5] = 1
arr[arr <= 0.5] = 0

print(arr)

Example Output

Before:

[[0.2 0.8 0.6]

[0.1 0.4 0.9]
[0.55 0.3 0.7]]

After:

[[0 1 1]
[0 0 1]
[1 0 1]]
2. Indexing & Slicing
1D Indexing
Rule:
[start : end]
 start included
 end excluded

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print(arr[0]) # 10
print(arr[-1]) # 40 (last element)

2D Indexing (Matrix Access)

Format:
[row_index, column_index]

2D Slicing
Get full row
print(arr[0]) # [1 2 3]
Get full column
print(arr[:,1]) # [2 5]
Submatrix extraction
print(arr[:, 1:3])
Output:
[[2 3]
[5 6]]

Boolean Indexing (Very Important)

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print(arr[arr > 25])

Output:
[30 40]

Modify Using Indexing

arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4])

arr[0] = 100
print(arr)
Output:
[100 2 3 4]
 3. Core Array Attributes

Example

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([[10,20,30],[40,50,60]])

[Link] → Dimensions
print([Link])
✔ Output:
(2, 3)

2. ndim → Number of Dimensions

print([Link])
✔ Output:
2

[Link] → Total Elements

print([Link])
✔ Output:
6

4. dtype → Data Type

print([Link])
✔ Output:
int64
All elements are integers

5. [Link] → Memory per Element

print([Link])
✔ Output:
8
Meaning:
 Each element takes 8 bytes

6. [Link] → Total Memory Used

print([Link])
✔ Output:
48
Calculation:
 6 elements × 8 bytes = 48 bytes
7. arr.T → Transpose
print(arr.T)
✔ Output:
[[10 40]
[20 50]
[30 60]]
Rows ↔ Columns swapped

8. [Link]() → Change Shape

print([Link](3,2))
✔ Output:
[[10 20]
[30 40]
[50 60]]
Same data, different structure

4. What are Vectorized Operations?

Vectorization means:
Performing operations on entire arrays without using Python loops

Basic Vectorized Operations

Example:
import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr + 5) # [6 7 8 9]
print(arr * 2) # [2 4 6 8]
print(arr ** 2) # [1 4 9 16]

Array-to-Array Operations
a = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
b = [Link]([4, 5, 6])

print(a + b) # [5 7 9]
print(a * b) # [4 10 18]

Comparison (Boolean Vectorization)

arr = [Link]([10, 20, 30, 40])

print(arr > 25) # [False False True True]

print(arr[arr > 25]) # [30 40]

This is heavily used in:

 Data filtering
 Data cleaning
Conditional Operations (Very Important)
Syntax:

[Link](condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Using [Link]()
arr = [Link]([5, 15, 25, 35])

result = [Link](arr > 20, 1, 0)

print(result) # [0 0 1 1]

2D Example:
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]])

print(arr + [Link]([10,20,30]))
Output:
[[11 22 33]
[14 25 36]]

5. Reshaping

What is Reshaping?
 changing the dimensions (shape) of an array without changing its data
 Total number of elements must remain the same.
Syntax:

[Link](rows, cols)

Rule (Very Important):

Total elements must match

 Original → 6 elements
 New shape → 2 × 3 = 6
 [Link](4,2) # Error (8 ≠ 6)

Using -1 (Automatic Dimension)

NumPy can infer one dimension automatically.
arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5,6])

print([Link](2, -1)) # 2 rows, auto columns

print([Link](-1, 3)) # auto rows, 3 columns
Output:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
Flattening (2D → 1D)
Methods:
 flatten() → returns copy
 ravel() → returns view (faster)
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]])

print([Link]()) # [1 2 3 4 5 6]

Reshape Multi-Dimensional Arrays

arr = [Link](12)

print([Link](3,4)) #2D array

print([Link](2,2,3)) # 3D array

6. Broadcasting

What is Broadcasting?
Broadcasting allows NumPy to perform operations on arrays of different shapes by automatically
expanding the smaller array.

Broadcasting Rules (Must Know)

Two shapes are compatible if:
1. They are equal, OR
2. One of them is 1
Comparison happens from right to left (last dimension first)

Scalar Broadcasting
import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([1,2,3])
print(arr + 10)
Output:
[11 12 13]

1D + 2D Broadcasting
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]])

b = [Link]([10,20,30])

print(arr + b)
Output:
[[11 22 33]
[14 25 36]]
Column Broadcasting
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]])

b = [Link]([[10],
[20]])

print(arr + b)
Output:
[[11 12 13]
[24 25 26]]

Broadcasting Error
a = [Link]([1,2,3])
b = [Link]([1,2])

print(a + b) # ERROR

7. Stacking (Combining Arrays)

Types of Stacking
Horizontal Stacking (hstack)
a = [Link]([1,2,3])
b = [Link]([4,5,6])

print([Link]((a,b)))
Output:
[1 2 3 4 5 6]

🔸 Vertical Stacking (vstack)

print([Link]((a,b)))
Output:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

🔸 Column Stacking
print(np.column_stack((a,b)))
Output:
[[1 4]
[2 5]
[3 6]]

🔸 General Stack ([Link])

print([Link]((a,b), axis=0))
Output:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
 8. Splitting (Breaking Arrays)
Important Rules
 Splitting requires equal division
 Otherwise → use np.array_split()

Syntax:

np.array_split(given array name, no of equal division)

Horizontal Split

arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5,6])

print([Link](arr, 3))
Output:

[array([1,2]), array([3,4]), array([5,6])]

Vertical Split
arr = [Link]([[1,2],
[3,4],
[5,6]])

print([Link](arr, 3))
Output:

[array([[1, 2]]), array([[3, 4]]), array([[5, 6]])]

9. Random Module

What is NumPy Random Module?

The [Link] module generates pseudo-random numbers efficiently for arrays.

Basic Random Functions

[Link]() → Uniform [0, 1)
import numpy as np

print([Link]()) # single value

print([Link](2,3)) # 2x3 matrix

Normal Distribution (mean=0, std=1)

print([Link](3,3))
Random Integers
print([Link](1, 10)) # single value
print([Link](1, 10, (2,3))) # 2x3 array

Range: [low, high)

Setting Seed (VERY IMPORTANT)

[Link](42)

print([Link](3))

Shuffling Data
arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5])
[Link](arr)

print(arr)

10. Linear Algebra

1. Dot Product ([Link])

Concept
For vectors → sum of element-wise products.
n
a ⋅b=∑ ai b i
i=1
Example:
import numpy as np

a = [Link]([1,2,3])
b = [Link]([4,5,6])

print([Link](a, b)) # 32
Calculation: 1 ×4 +2 ×5+3 ×6=32

Matrix Multiplication (2D)

A = [Link]([[1,2],
[3,4]])

B = [Link]([[5,6],
[7,8]])

print([Link](A, B))
# or
print(A @ B)
Rule: (m×n) · (n×p) → (m×p)
2. Determinant ([Link])
Concept
Scalar value representing matrix properties (area/volume, invertibility).

( )
det ⁡
a b
c d
=ad−bc

Example:
A = [Link]([[1,2],
[3,4]])

print([Link](A)) # -2.0
If determinant = 0 → matrix is not invertible

3. Inverse ([Link])
Concept
Matrix that “undoes” multiplication.
−1
A A=I
Example:
A = [Link]([[1,2],
[3,4]])

A_inv = [Link](A)

print(A_inv)

print([Link](A, A_inv))
Output ≈ Identity matrix

4. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Concept
Special vectors that don’t change direction.
Av=λv
Example:
A = [Link]([[2,0],
[0,3]])

values, vectors = [Link](A)

print(values) # eigenvalues
print(vectors) # eigenvectors
5. Solving Linear Equations
Solve:
Ax = b
Ax=b
Example:
A = [Link]([[2,1],
[1,3]])

b = [Link]([8,13])

x = [Link](A, b)
print(x)

11. Statistics
1. Core Descriptive Statistics

Mean (Average)
n
1
x́= ∑x
n i=1 i

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10, 20, 30, 40])

print([Link](arr)) # 25.0

Median (Middle Value)

print([Link](arr)) # 25.0

Standard Deviation

σ=
√ 1
n
∑¿¿

print([Link](arr))

Variance

print([Link](arr))

Min, Max, Range

print([Link](arr))
print([Link](arr))
print([Link](arr)) # range = max - min

Percentiles & Quantiles

Percentile

arr = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9])

print([Link](arr, 25)) # Q1
print([Link](arr, 50)) # median
print([Link](arr, 75)) # Q3

Quantile
Quantile
print([Link](arr, 0.25))

Axis-Based Statistics (VERY IMPORTANT)

arr = [Link]([[10,20,30],
[40,50,60]])
 axis=0 → column-wise
 axis=1 → row-wise
print([Link](arr, axis=0)) # column mean
print([Link](arr, axis=1)) # row mean

Correlation & Covariance (Advanced)

Covariance
x = [Link]([1,2,3])
y = [Link]([2,4,6])

print([Link](x, y))

Correlation Coefficient
print([Link](x, y))
👉 Values:
 +1 → perfect positive
 0 → no relation
 -1 → negative

6. Z-Score (Standardization)
Used in ML & statistics:
 x−x́
z=
σ
arr = [Link]([10, 20, 30, 40])

z = (arr - [Link](arr)) / [Link](arr)

print(z)

MATPLOTLIB
Matplotlib is one of the most popular plotting libraries in Python. It’s used to create static,
animated, and interactive visualizations like line graphs, bar charts, histograms, and more.

 A Python library for data visualization

 Works well with libraries like NumPy and Pandas
 Provides full control over plot appearance

1. LINE PLOT
A line plot in Matplotlib is used to show trends or changes over time.

It connects data points using straight lines.

Basic Syntax

import [Link] as plt

[Link](x, y)
[Link]()

Where:
 x → values on x-axis
 y → values on y-axis

Adding Title and Labels

[Link]("Graph Title")
[Link]("X-axis")
[Link]("Y-axis")

Adding Marker
Markers show exact data points.

[Link](x, y, marker='o')

Common markers:
 'o' → circle
 '*' → star
 's' → square
 '^' → triangle

Changing Line Style

[Link](x, y, linestyle='--')

Styles:
 '-' → solid
 '--' → dashed
 ':' → dotted
 '-. ' → dash-dot
Changing Color

[Link](x, y, color='red')

Example
import [Link] as plt

x = [1,2,3,4,5]
y1 = [10,20,15,25,30]
y2=[5,10,15,20,25]

line1=[Link](x,y1,label='Class A',color='green',linestyle='--',marker='o')
line2=[Link](x,y2,label='Class B',color='orange',linestyle='-.',marker='^')

[Link]("Student Marks")
[Link]("Test Number")
[Link]("Marks")

[Link]()

[Link]()
Output is:

2. BOX PLOT
A boxplot (box-and-whisker plot) is used to visualize:
 spread of data
 median
 quartiles
 outliers
It is very useful in statistics and data analysis.

Basic Syntax
[Link](data)

Parts of a Boxplot
A boxplot contains:
Part Meaning
Bottom whisker Minimum non-outlier

Bottom of box Q1

Middle line Median (Q2)

Top of box Q3
Top whisker Maximum non-outlier

Dots outside Outliers

Quartiles

Quartiles divide data into 4 parts.

IQR=Q 3−Q1
Outlier limits:
Q1−1.5 (IQR)
Q3 +1.5( IQR)
Values outside these limits become outliers.

Important Parameters
Example

import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt

data = [Link](1,100,50)

[Link](data)

[Link]()

Output is