Coordinate Geometry

Coordinate geometry is a branch that defines the position of points on the plane
using an ordered pair of numbers, commonly known as coordinates.

Cartesian coordinate system :

A cartesian plane divides the plane space into two dimensions and is useful to
easily locate the points. It is also referred to as the coordinate plane. The two
axes of the coordinate plane are the horizontal x-axis and the vertical y-axis.

These coordinate axes divide the plane into four quadrants, and the point of
intersection of these axes is the origin (0, 0).

Any point in the coordinate plane is referred to by a point (x, y), where the x
value is the position of the point with reference to the x-axis, and the y value is
the position of the point with reference to the y-axis.

The properties of the point represented in the four quadrants of

the coordinate plane are:
●​ The origin O is the point of intersection of the x-axis and the y-axis and
has the coordinates (0, 0).

●​ The x-axis to the right of the origin O is the positive x-axis and to the left
of the origin, O is the negative x-axis. Also, the y-axis above the origin O
is the positive y-axis, and below the origin O is the negative y-axis.

●​ The point represented in the first quadrant (x, y) has both positive values
and is plotted with reference to the positive x-axis and the positive
y-axis.

●​ The point represented in the second quadrant is (-x, y) is plotted with

reference to the negative x-axis and positive y-axis.

●​ The point represented in the third quadrant (-x, -y) is plotted with
reference to the negative x-axis and negative y-axis.

●​ The point represented in the fourth quadrant (x, -y) is plotted with
reference to the positive x-axis and negative y-axis.
Equation of x-axis : y = 0

Equation of y-axis : x = 0

Example 1: The following points lie in which quadrant?

(i) (3, -5) (ii) (-4, 3) (iii) (-2, -7)

Solution:

(i) The point (3, -5) is in the fourth quadrant.

(ii) The point (-4, 3) is in the second quadrant.

(iii) The point (-2, -7) is in the third quadrant.

Coordinates of a Point :
A coordinate is an address, which helps to locate a point in space. For a
two-dimensional space, the coordinates of a point are (x, y). Here let us take
note of these two important terms.

●​ Abscissa: It is the x value in the point (x, y), and is the distance of this
point along the x-axis, from the origin
 ●​ Ordinate: It is the y value in the point (x, y)., and is the perpendicular
distance of the point from the x-axis, which is parallel to the y-axis.

The coordinates of a point are useful to perform numerous operations of finding

distance, midpoint, the slope of a line, equation of a line.

Example 2: If the abscissa of a point is -10 and the ordinate is -7, then the
point is?

Solution:

If the abscissa of a point is -10 and the ordinate is -7,

then the point = (-10, -7)

∴ The correct answer is (-10, -7).

Example 3: A point whose abscissa and ordinate are 2 and -5 respectively,

lies in which quadrant?

Solution:

The coordinate of a point whose abscissa and ordinate are 2 and -5 are (2, -5).

Point (2, -5) lies in the fourth quadrant.

∴ The correct answer is (2. -5).

Example 4: A linear equation in which its ordinate is half the abscissa and
opposite in sign is?

Solution:

Let Ordinate be 2y, then

abscissa = -x

∴ Required Linear equation, 2y = -x

∴ The correct answer is 2y = -x

Distance between two points :
Distances are always positive, or zero if the points coincide. The distance from A
to B is the same as the distance from B to A.

Let A((x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are two points. Then distance between them,

2 2
●​ Distance between a point (x, y) and origin = 𝑥 +𝑦

●​ Distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) =

{( 𝑥 2 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2}
− 𝑥1

Example 5: The distance of a point (-5, 5) from x-axis is?

Solution:

Distance of point (a, b) from x-axis is = b

∴ The distance of a point (-5, 5) from x-axis = 5 units

∴ The correct answer is 5 units.

Example 6: What is the distance between the points (−2, 4) and (4, 4)?

Solution:

Distance = {(4 + 2)2 + (4 − 4)2} = √36 = 6 units

∴ The correct answer is 6 units.
Example 7: If the distance between two points (0, - 5) and (x, 0) is 13 unit,
then x is?

Solution:

Here, x1 = 0, y1 = -5 & x2 = x, y2 = 0

Putting the values in the formula, we get:

D= {(0 − 𝑥)2 + (0 + 5)2} ⇒ D = √(x2 + 25)

Given, the distance between two points (0, -5) and (x, 0) is 13 unit.

√(x2 + 25) = 13

⇒ (x2 + 25) = 169

⇒ x2 = 169 – 25 ⇒ x2 = 144

⇒ x = ± 12

∴ The correct answer is x = ± 12.

Example 8: The point Z lies on the y-axis. If the distance between the point
A(4, 2) and Z(x, y) is equal to the distance between the point B(3, 1) and Z(x,
y), then find the coordinate Z.

Solution:

The point Z lies on the y-axis.

The coordinate for point Z is (0, y).

Let 'd' is the >distance between point A(4, 2) and Z(0, y) is equal to
the distance between point B(3, 1) and Z(0, y).

According to the question,

⇒d= {(0 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2} = {(0 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2}

Take squares on both sides of the equation.

⇒ (0 - 4)2 + (y - 2)2 = (0 - 3)2 + (y - 1)2

⇒ (-4)2 + (y - 2)2 = (-3)2 + (y - 1)2

⇒ 16 + 4 + y2 - 4y = 9 + 1 + y2 - 2y
⇒ 20 - 4y = 10 - 2y

⇒ 2y = 10

⇒y=5

The coordinate for point Z is (0, 5).

∴ The correct answer is (0. 5)

Midpoint formula :
The formula to find the midpoint of the line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is a new
point which is located exactly between the two points.

(x, y) = ( 𝑥1+ 𝑥2
2
,
𝑦1+𝑦2
2 )
Example 9: Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the points A(1, 2) and
B(7, 2).

Solution:
𝑥1+ 𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
(x, y) = ( 2
, 2
)

(x, y) = ( 1+7
2
,
2+2
2 ) = (4, 2)
∴ The correct answer is (4, 2)
Slope formula :
The slope of a line is the inclination of the line. The slope can be calculated from
the angle made by the line with the positive x-axis, or by taking any two points
on the line.

●​ The slope of a line inclined at an angle θ with the positive x-axis is :

m = Tan θ

●​ The slope of a line joining the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is:

m= ( )
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑥2− 𝑥1

●​ When equation of line is given in the standard form, ax + by + c = 0 is,

m=−
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
= − ( )
𝑎
𝑏
Example 10: Find the slope of the line which passes through points (1, 2) and

(4, 5).

Solution:

The points are in which the line passes through (1, 2) and (4, 5)

Slope m = ( )
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑥2− 𝑥1
= (5 - 2)/(4 – 1) = 3/3 = 1

∴ Required slope (m) = 1

∴ The correct answer is 1.

Example 11: Find the slope of the line 2x + 8y + 3 = 0.

Solution:

Slope m = - (a/b) = - (2/8) = - 1/4

∴ The correct answer is -1/4.

Section formula :
The section formula is useful to find the coordinates of a point that divides the
line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n

●​ The coordinate of a point which internally divides the line joined by

the point (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n is then,

𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1

P(x, y) = ( 𝑚+𝑛
, 𝑚+𝑛
)
Example 12: Find the point at which the line segment joined by the points (-
1, 0) and (2, 6) is divided internally in the ratio 2 : 1.

Solution:

Section formula for internal division = [(mx2 + nx1)/(m + n)], [(my2 + ny1)/(m +
n)]}

⇒ Here, x1, y1 = (- 1, 0) and x2, y2 = (2, 6). m : n = 2 : 1

⇒ [(2 × 2) + (1 × - 1)]/(2 + 1), [(2 × 6) + (1 × 0)]/(2 + 1) = (1, 4)

The line segment joined by the points (- 1, 0) and (2, 6) is divided internally in the
ratio 2 : 1 at the point (1, 4).

∴ The correct answer is (1, 4).

●​ If P(x, y) divides the line segment externally in the ratio m:n, then

𝑚𝑥2−𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2−𝑛𝑦1
P(x, y) = ( 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
)

Example 13: Determine the coordinates of the point that divides the line
joining the points (2, 5) and (8, 11) externally in the ratio 8 : 5.

Solution:

If the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is divided externally in the ratio m
: n, then the coordinates of the dividing point is given as,

x = (mx2 – nx1)/(m – n)

y = (my2 – ny1)/(m – n)

Now given,
(x1, y1) = (2, 5), (x2, y2) = (8, 11), m : n = 8 : 5

Substituting values, we get,

x = (8 × 8 – 5 × 2)/(8 – 5) = 54/3 = 18

y = (8 × 11 – 5 × 5)/(8 – 5) = 63/3 = 21

∴ The required point is (18, 21).

Equation of line :
1.​ Slope form:
The equation of line in the cartesian plane with slope m and y-intercept c is

y = mx + c

Example 14: The equation of a straight line on a point (3, -5) and slope 2 is:

Solution:

The equation of a straight line on a point (3, -5)

The slope of a line is 2.

⇒ (y - y1) = m (x - x1)

⇒ m = slope of a line, and (x1, y1)

⇒ x1 = 3, y1 = -5

According to the formula

⇒ y - (-5) = 2 × (x - 3)

⇒ y + 5 = 2x -6

⇒ 2x - y - 11 = 0

∴ The correct answer is 2x - y - 11 = 0.

 2.​ Intercept form :
Intercept –

The x-intercept of a line is the point at which it crosses the x-axis.

The y-intercept of a line is the point at which it crosses the y-axis.

The intercept form of the line having a and b as the intercept of x axis and
y axis respectively is given by,

𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
=1

Example 15: A line cuts the x-axis at the point (- 3, 0) and the y-axis at the
point (0, 6). What is the equation of the line?

Solution:

Intercept on x - axis = - 3

Intercept on y - axis = 6

⇒ Equation of line having x and y intercept as ‘a’ and ’b’ respectively is

⇒ x/a + y/b = 1

⇒ x/(- 3) + y/(6) = 1

⇒ - 6x + 3y = 18 ⇒ y = 2x + 6

∴ The correct answer is y = 2x + 6

3.​ Point slope form :

The equation of line passing through point (x1, y1) and having slope m is
given by,
 y – y1 = m (x – x1)

4.​ Two-point form :

The equation of line passing through points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2 ) is given by,

y – y1 = ( ) (x – x )
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑥2− 𝑥1 1

5.​ The general form of a line is given by, ax + by + c = 0

Example 16: Find the equation of line whose coordinates are (3, 5) and (7,
9).

Solution:

Equation of line, y - y1 = m(x - x1)

Where m = slope of the line = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)

⇒ m = (9 - 5)/(7 - 3) = 1

⇒ y - y1 = 1(x - x1)

⇒y-5=x-3⇒y=x+2

⇒x-y+2=0

∴ The correct answer is x - y + 2 = 0

Image of a point :

●​ Mirror Image of the point (x, y) about x axis is (x, – y)

●​ Mirror Image of the point (x, y) about y axis is (- x, y)

●​ Mirror Image of the point (x, y) about line y = x, is (y, x)

●​ Mirror Image of the point (x, y) about line y = - x, is (-y, -x)

●​ Mirror Image of the point (x, y) about origin is (- x, - y)

Example 17: Find the equation of line passing through the reflection of a
point (5, 10) over a line y = x and the slope 2.

Solution:

Reflection of a point (x, y) over a line (y = x) is (y, x).

⇒ The reflection of a point (5, 10) over a line y = x is (10, 5).

The equation of line: (slope-intercept form) , y = mx + c

Therefore, ⇒ y = 2 × x + c

⇒ 5 = 2(10) + c ⇒ c = -15

Therefore, the required equation of line is, ⇒ y = 2x – 15

Angle between 2 lines :
●​ When slopes of both the lines are given :
The acute angle between two lines have slopes m1 and m2 is given by,

| 𝑚2−𝑚1 |
Tan θ = | |
| 1+𝑚1𝑚2 |

And, the obtuse angle can be found out directly by subtracting the acute angle
by 180 degrees.

Example 18: The angle between two lines 3x + y - 7 = 0 and x + 2y + 9 = 0

will be?

Solution:

3x + y - 7 = 0

⇒ y = - 3x + 7

⇒ m1 = -3

x + 2y + 9 = 0

⇒ y = -x/2 - 9/2

⇒ m2 = - ½

Tanθ = (m2 - m1)/(1 + m1m2)

⇒ (-1/2 - (-3))/(1 + (-3)(-1/2))

⇒ (5/3) / (5/3)

⇒ Tanθ = 1

⇒ θ = 45o

∴ The correct answer is 45 degrees.

 ❖​ When equation of both the lines are given :

The angle between two lines having equations ax1+by1+c = 0 and

ax2+by2+d = 0 is given by,

| 𝑏1𝑎2− 𝑎1𝑏2 |
Tan θ = | |
| 𝑎1𝑎2+𝑏1𝑏2 |

❖​ When two lines are parallel to each other :

​ The angle between them is zero.

​ The slopes of them are equal i.e. m1 = m2

❖​ When two lines are perpendicular to each other :

​ The angle between them is 90 degrees.

​ The product of slopes is always 1 i.e. m1m2 = -1

​ When two lines ax1+by1+c = 0 and ax2+by2+d = 0 are perpendicular,

then

𝑎1𝑎2 + 𝑏1𝑏2 = 0

Example 19: If 8x + 9y + 3 = 0 and Ax - 8y - 30 = 0 are perpendicular, then

find the value of A.

Solution:

According to the question,

Line 1: 8x + 9y + 3 = 0
𝑎 8
The slope of the line 1, m1 = - 𝑏
=- 9

Line 1: Ax - 8y - 30 = 0
𝑎
The slope of the line 2, m2 = − 𝑏

𝑎 𝐴
⇒− 𝑏
= 8
For perpendicular lines: m1 × m2 = -1

Therefore,
8 𝐴
⇒− 9
× 8
= -1

⇒A=9

∴ The correct answer is 9.

Example 20: The lines 2x + 3y = 7 and Kx + 4y = 12 are parallel line. Find the
value of K?

Solution:

Slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is –a/b.

⇒ Slope of the line 2x + 3y = 7 is -2/3

⇒ Slope of the line kx + 4y = 12 is -k/4

We know that,

Slopes of two parallel lines are equal.

⇒ -2/3 = -k/4

⇒ k = 8/3

∴ The correct answer is 8/3.

Distance between a point and a line :

The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the
shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line.
Perpendicular distance of a line ax + by + c = 0 from a point P(x1, y1) is,

|𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3|
D= 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏

Example 21: If the perpendicular distance between the point (A, 2) and the
line 10x + 24y - 6 = 0 is 2 units, then find the value of A.

Solution:

Let D be the perpendicular distance between the point (A, 2) and the line 10x +
24y - 6 = 0.

| 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦2+𝑐 |
Now, D = 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏

|10𝐴+24(2)+(−6)|
2 = 2 2
10 +24

|10𝐴+48 −6|
2 =
676

⇒ 52 = 10A + 42

⇒ 10A = 10

⇒A=1

∴ The correct answer is 1.

Shortest distance between two parallel lines :
●​ If we have the slope-intercept form of the two lines as y = mx + c1 and y =
mx + c2, then formula for the distance is:

| 𝐶2−𝐶1 |
D= 2
√(1+𝑚 )

●​ If the equations of the parallel lines are given in the ax+by+c1=0 and
ax+by+c2=0, then the formula for the distance is:

| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
D= 2 2
√(𝑎 +𝑏 ))
Example 22: The distance between the lines 3x - 4y + 5 = 0 and 6x - 8y + 5 =
0 is?

Solution:

⇒ 3x - 4y + 5 = 0 ....(1)

6x - 8y + 5 = 0 ....(2)

Apparently, (1) and (2) have the same slope. That makes them parallel to each
other.

Now, the distance between the two lines,

| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
D= 2 2
√(𝑎 +𝑏 ))

| 5 −5/2 |
= 2 2
√(3 +(−4) ))

= 2.5/5 = ½ units.
∴ The correct answer is ½ units.

Coordinate of intersection point of two lines:

The coordinate of point of intersection of two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x +
b2y + c2 = 0 is :

(x0, y0) = ( 𝑏1𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1

𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1
,
𝑐1𝑎2−𝑐2𝑎1
𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1 )

Example 23: The coordinate of point of intersection of lines x + y = 1 and 2x

+ 2y = 4 is?

Solution:

We know equation of line: y = mx + c

y = −x + 1 ..(1)

2x + 2y = 4

y=−x+2 …(2)

Both the slopes are same = -1

We know that 2 lines never intersect each other if they have same slope

∴ No intersection point exists.

Example 24: The point of intersection of the graphs of the equation 3x – 5y

= 19 and 3y – 7x + 1 = 0 is P(α, β). What is the value of (3α – β)?

Solution:

3x - 5y = 19 ----(1)

3y - 7x + 1 = 0

7x - 3y = 1 ----(2)

Subtract equation (1) from equation (2) after multiply by 3 in equation (1) and
multiply by 5 in equation (2)

⇒ x = (- 2)

Put x = (- 2) in equation (1)

⇒ 3 × (- 2) - 5y = 19

⇒ - 6 - 5y = 19

⇒ - 5y = 19 + 6 = 25

⇒ y = - 25/5 = (- 5)

α = (- 2) and β = (- 5)

Now, (3α - β)

3 × (- 2) - (- 5)

⇒ (- 6) + 5

⇒ (- 1)

The value of (3α – β) = -6 + 5 = -1

Note:

Example 25: For what value of m will the system of equations 18x - 72y + 13
= 0 and 7x - my - 17 = 0 have no solution?

Solution:

Given:

Equation 1: 18x - 72y + 13 = 0

Equation 2: 7x - my - 17 = 0

Formula used:
For no solution, the condition is: a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2

Calculations:

From equations:

a1 = 18, b1 = -72, c1 = 13

a2 = 7, b2 = -m, c2 = -17

⇒ 18/7 = -72/(-m)

⇒ 18/7 = 72/m

⇒ 18 × m = 7 × 72

⇒ m = 28

∴ The system will have no solution when m = 28

Example 27: The value of k for which the system of equations kx + 2y = 7

and 3x + y = 1 has

(a) Unique solution

(b) no solution

Solution:

Given:

Equation 1: kx + 2y = 7

Equation 2: 3x + y = 1

Concept used:

Let the general form be: a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2

Conditions:

Unique solution: a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2

No solution: a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2

Calculations:

a1 = k, b1 = 2, c1 = 7

a2 = 3, b2 = 1, c2 = 1
(a) Unique solution:

Check if k/3 ≠ 2/1

⇒ k/3 ≠ 2

⇒k≠6

∴ For a unique solution, k ≠ 6

(b) No solution:

Condition: k/3 = 2/1 and 7/1 ≠ 1/1

⇒ k = 6 and 7 ≠ 1 ⇒ true

∴ For no solution, k = 6

Area of Triangle :
To find the area of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3) :

Area of ABC = Area of Trapezium[ALNC + BMNC - ABML]

1 1 1
= 2
LN (LA + NC) + 2
MN (MB + NC) - 2
ML (MB + LA)
 Area of triangle =
1
2
[x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]

Note :

●​ If the points A, B and C we take in the anticlockwise direction, then the

area will be positive.

●​ If the points we take in a clockwise direction, the area will be negative.

●​ So, we always take the absolute value of the area calculated. Therefore,
Area of triangle,
1
=
2
[x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
●​ If the area of a triangle is zero, then the three points are collinear.

Example 28: The coordinates of a triangle are (5,1), (-4, 6), and (-3, -4).
Calculate the area of this triangle.

Solution:

The x-axis represents the horizontal line and the y-axis represents the vertical
line. The area of a triangle from Geometrical coordinates is:
1
=
2
[ x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) ]
Putting above values,

1/2[5{6 - ( - 4)} + { - 4( - 4 - 1)} + { - 3(1 - 6}]

⇒ 1/2[(5 × 10) + ( - 4 × - 5) + ( - 3 × - 5)]

⇒ 1/2[50 + 20 + 15]

⇒ 85/2

= 42.5 unit2

∴ The area of this triangle is 42.5 unit².

Example 29: The area of triangle formed by the coordinate A(2, 3), B(5, 4)
and C(x, 6) is 1.5 square units. Find the value of x.
Solution:

The coordinates are:

A(x1, y1) = A(2, 3)

B(x2, y2) = B(5, 4)

C(x3, y3) = C(x, 6)

Now,

⇒ 1.5 = 1212 × |2(4 - 6) + 5(6 - 3) + x(3 - 4)|

⇒ 3 = |2(-2) + 5(3) + x(-1)|

⇒ 3 = |-4 + 15 - x|

⇒ 3 = |11 - x|

Two possible conditions exist.

Condition 1:

⇒ 3 = - (11 - x)

⇒ 3 = - 11 + x

⇒ x = 14 unit

Condition 2:

⇒ 3 = (11 - x)

⇒ 3 = 11 - x

⇒ x = 8 unit

The possible value of x is 14 or 8 units.

Centers of Triangle :
1.​ Centroid :
Let the coordinates of the vertices of ABC are (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3),
 Coordinates of its Centroid = ( 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3
3
,
𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
3 )
Example 30: Find the centroid of a triangle formed by the points (2, 5), (3, 9)
and (4,1).

Solution:

Coordinates of its Centroid = ( 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3

3
,
𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
3 )=( 2+3+4
3
,
5+9+1
3 )= (3,
5)
∴ The correct answer is (3, 5)

2.​ Incentre : Let the coordinates of the vertices of ABC are (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) ,
(x3, y3),
 Coordinates of its incentre = ( 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
,
𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 )

Example 31: A triangle has vertices at A = (0, 0), B = (14, 0), and C = (5, 12).
What are the coordinates of the incenter?

Solution:

Let the vertices be:​

A = (0, 0) = (x1, y1)​
B = (14, 0) = (x2, y2)​
C = (5, 12) = (x3, y3)​
Here, we will use the distance formula to find the side lengths a, b and c, which
is given below:​
Distance (d) = √{(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2}

Now, BC = a = √{(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2}, here x1 = 0, x2 = 14, y1 = 0, y2 = 0​

a = √{(14 – 5)2 + ( 12 – 0)2}​
a = √(81 + 144)​
a = 15​
AC = b = √{(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2}, here x1 = 0, x2 = 5, y1 = 0, y2 = 12​
b = √{(5 – 0)2 + (12 – 0)2}​
b = √(25 + 144)​
b = 13​
AB = c = √{(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2} , herex1 = 0, x2 = 14, y1 = 0, y2 = 0​
c = √{(14 – 0)2 + (0 – 0)2}​
c = 14

Now, as we know, Incenter (I) of a triangle = ( 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
,
𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 )
Here vertices A = (0, 0), B = (14, 0), and C = (5, 12)and side lengths BC = 15, AC =
13, & AB = 14

After putting all the values in the given formula,

I = (6, 4)

Thus, the incenter of the triangle lies at (6, 4).

∴ The correct answer is (6, 4)

3.​ Circumcentre :
Let the coordinates of the vertices of ABC are (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3),
 Coordinates of its circumcentre

Circumcentre = ( 𝑥1sin 2𝐴 +𝑥2sin 2𝐵 +𝑥3sin 2𝐶

sin 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐵 +sin 2𝐶
,
𝑦1sin 2𝐴 +𝑦2sin 2𝐵 +𝑦3sin 2𝐶
sin 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐵 +sin 2𝐶 )

Example 33 : Determine the circumcenter of a triangle with vertices A (1,3),

B (0,4), and C (-2,5).

Solution:

Vertices of a Triangle are A (x1, y1) = (1,3), B (x2 , y2) = (0,4), and C (x3, y3) =
(-2,5)

Let “O” be the circumcenter of the triangle ABC and (x, y) be its coordinates.

Let D1 be the distance from the circumcenter to vertex A, i.e., OA = D1

Let D2 be the distance from the circumcenter to vertex B, i.e., OB = D2

Let D3 be the distance from the circumcenter to vertex C, i.e., OC = D3

By using the Distance Formula,

(D1)2 = (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – 1)2 + ( y – 3)2

(D2)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 = ( x- 0)2 + (y – 4)2

(D3)2 = (x – x3)2 + (y – y3)2 = (x + 2)2 + (y – 5)2

We know that the distances from all the vertices to the circumcenter (O) are
equal, i.e.,

OA = OB = OC = Circumradius

⇒ D1 = D2 = D3

Now, take D1 = D2

(x -1)2 + (y – 3)2 = (x – 0)2 + (y -4)2

⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 6y + 9 = x2 + y2 – 8y + 16

⇒ 2x – 2y = -6 ……(1)

Now, take D2 = D3

( x- 0)2 + (y – 4)2 = (x + 2)2 + (y – 5)2

⇒ x2 + y2 – 8y + 16 = x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 10y + 25

⇒ 4x – 2y = -13 …..(2)

Now, solve both equations (1) and (2)

2x – 2y = – 6

4x – 2y = -13

Adding eq (1) and (2)

– 2x = 7

⇒ x = -7/2 = – 3.5

Now, substitute the value of x in equation (1)

2 (-3.5) – 2y = -6

⇒ -7 – 2y = -6

⇒ 2y = -1 ⇒ y = -1/2 = -0.5

Hence, the circumcenter of the triangle ABC is (-3.5, -0.5)

4.​Orthocentre :
Let the coordinates of the vertices of ABC are (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3),
Coordinates of its orthocentre

Orthocentre = ( 𝑥1tan 2𝐴 +𝑥2tan 2𝐵 +𝑥3tan 2𝐶

tan 2𝐴 + tan 2𝐵 +tan 2𝐶
,
𝑦1tan 2𝐴 +𝑦2tan 2𝐵 +𝑦3tan 2𝐶
tan 2𝐴 + tan 2𝐵 +tan 2𝐶 )