Unit 2: Periodic table

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS

MAIN
GROUP
GROUP

PERIODIC GROUP B
TABLE
Has 8, 18 and
PERIOD
32 elements
 Unit 2: Periodic table
1/ Period

Period on the periodic table is a row of chemical

elements. All elements in a row have the same number
of electron shells.

Each period always starts with a s – subshell of the new shell and ends
with p- subshell of the same shell.
 Unit 2: Periodic table
Period Starts at Ends at The number of
elements in the
period

n=2 2s 2p

n=3 3s 3p

n=4 4s 3d 4p

n=5 5s 5p

n=6 6s 6p

n=7 7s 7p
 Unit 2: Periodic table
2/ Group
Group is a column in the periodic table of the chemical elements.
Group A: electrons are filled in s or p- subshell of the highest principal quantum number.

Group: IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2np6

The group number shows the number of electrons in the outer shell.
 Unit 2: Periodic table
2/ Group
Group B: electrons are filled in d or f- subshell.

Group: IIIB IVB VB VIB* VIIB VIIIB IXB* XB

ns2(n-1)d1 ns2(n-1)d2 ns2(n-1)d3 ns2(n-1)d4 ns2(n-1)d5 ns2(n-1)d6,7,8 ns2(n-1)d9 ns2(n-1)d10

The group number shows the number of electrons in both ns and (n-1)d subshell.
 ns2(n – 1)d1 ns2(n – 1)d2 ns2(n – 1)d10

ns2(n – 1)d3 ns1(n – 1)d10

ns2(n – 1)d6,7,8
ns1(n – 1)d5
ns2(n – 1)d5

IIIB
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 Unit 2: Periodic table
2/ Group

Lanthanides or rare
Actinide series earth series
The rare earth metals have incompletely filled 4f
Most of these elements are not found
subshells or readily give rise to cations that have
in nature but have been synthesized. incompletely filled 4f sub-
shells. In this series, the added electrons are placed in 4f
orbitals. After the 4f subshells are completely filled, the
next electron enters the 5d subshell of lutetium.
There are unpaired electrons in paramagnetic materials

In diamagnetic material, it only contains paired electrons.

 Unit 2: Periodic table
Practice exercise:

A neutral atom of a certain element has 20 electrons.

(a)Write the ground-state electron configuration of the element,
(b) classify the element, and (c) determine whether the atoms of this element
are diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
 Unit 2: Periodic table
The outer electrons of an atom, which are the ones involved in chemical bonding, are often
called valence electrons.

has a noble gas core and an ns1 outer electron  the number of valence electrons is 1
 Unit 2: Periodic table
3/ Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is one-half the distance between the two nuclei in
two metal atoms.
 Within a group, the
atomic radius increases
with increasing atomic
number.

In contrast, in a period, it
decreases with increasing
atomic number.
Eg: Arrange the following
elements in order of increasing
atomic radius: P, Si, N.
 Unit 2: Periodic table
4/ Ionic radius

Ionic radius is the radius of cation and

anion.

R cation < R atom < R anion

 Unit 2: Periodic table
5/ Ionization energy - I

Ionization energy – I: is the minimum energy (in kJ/mol) required to remove

an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state.

The higher the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove the electron.

For a many-electron atom, the amount of energy required to remove the first
electron from the atom in its ground state:
energy + X(g)  X+ (g) + e-
is called the first ionization energy (I1)
 Unit 2: Periodic table
The trend of the first ionization energy of atoms

For a given group, ionization

energy decreases with
increasing atomic number.
Within a period, it increases
with increasing atomic
number.
Some irregularities do exist:
IBe > IB; IN > IO
 Practice Exercises:

1/ Which atom should have a smaller first ionization energy: oxygen or sulfur.

2/ Which of the following atoms should have a larger first ionization energy: N or P?

3/ A M2+ ion derived from a metal in the first transition metal series has four electrons in the
3d subshell. Write the electron configuration of M?

4/ A metal ion with a net +3 charge has five electrons in the 3d subshell. Identify the metal.

5/ Arrange the following atoms in order of decreasing atomic radius: Na, Al, P, Cl, Mg.
 Exercises:

6. Two atoms have the electron configurations 1s2 2s2 2p6 and 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
The first ionization energy of one is 2080 kJ/mol, and that of the other is 496 kJ/mol.
Match each ionization energy with one of the given electron configurations. Justify your choice.

7. Compare the first ionization energy of: A (Z = 9), B( Z = 11) and C (Z = 15).

8. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing the first ionization energy: M(Z = 11),
N (Z = 12), O (Z = 19), P (Z = 37)
Here, M, N, O, P are just the symbols to indicate any atoms, not imply exactly atoms.