TWGHs Wong Fut Nam College

Form 2 Integrated Science

Chapter 9 Common Acids and Alkalis

Name: ____________________________ Class (No.): _____(____) Date: ___________

9.1 Common acids and alkalis

9.1 A Properties of acids and alkalis

➢ Properties of acids and alkalis:

Acids Alkalis

Taste Sour Some of them are Bitter

Feel / Slippery
➢ NEVER taste acids or alkalis in science laboratory.

➢ Acids and alkalis are aqueous solutions, So, they are mixtures.
1am 10
mass of solute (g)
➢ Concentration (g dm ) = volume of solution (dm3) ; 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
-3

solution solute solvent

Dilute acids or alkalis Concentrated acids or alkalis
A EEa
Diagram

● – Solute solute

Mass of solute per Low High

volume of solution
Hazards Irritant Corrosive
(Label)

** Some dilute alkalis are

corrosive

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

9.1 B Uses of acids and alkalis in laboratory

➢ Common acids and alkalis in laboratory (with chemical formulae)

Acids ***Chemical Alkalis ***Chemical

formulae formulae

Hydrochloric acid HCl Sodium hydroxide solution NaOH

Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Potassium hydroxide KOH

solution

Nitric acid HNO3 Limewater (Calcium Ca(OH)2

hydroxide solution)

*** Chemical formulae of acids and alkalis to be further discussed in Ch. 9.3

➢ Safety precautions

◼ Wear safety spectacles and protective gloves during experiment.

◼ Perform experiment in well-ventilated environments.

◼ NOT to fill more than half of the test tube with acids or alkalis.

◼ NOT to pour waste solution into sinks. Pour them into waste bottles.

◼ NOT to mix acids and alkalis without the getting approval of your teacher.

➢ When accident occurs, you should immediately

◼ Skin: wash the affected part with cold running water for at least 10 minutes

◼ Eye: wash the affected part with eye wash bottle for at least 10 minutes

◼ Cloth: remove the cloth carefully

9.1 C Uses of acids and alkalis in daily life

Acids Alkalis

1. Food preservation 1. Making noodles

[Link]
2. Stain removal 2. Grease removal
IS E I IS
(For more information, please refer to p.2 and p.3 of book)

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

9.2 Distinguishing acids and alkalis

9.2 A-B Distinguishing acids and alkalis using acid-alkali indicators

➢ Acid-alkali indicators:

Chemical that shows different colours in acidic and alkaline conditions

a. Natural acid-alkali indicators

◆ Contains natural pigment, which shows different colours in acidic and alkaline
conditions

e.g. Red cabbage extract, butterfly pea flower extract, red onion skill extract, etc.

Practical 9.1 Comparing the colour of red cabbage extract in solutions

Materials and apparatus
(Refer to textbook P.9)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.9-10)

Results
Original Colour of extract after adding …
colour of
extract distilled water lemon juice baking soda solution
acid
Purple Purple Red Blue

Discussion
1. Suggest the purpose of tube A in the experiment.

It acts as a control setup.

2. Explain whether the red cabbage extract can be used as an acid-alkali indicator.

Yes, it can. It is because it shows different colours in acidic and alkaline conditions.

*** NOT all pigments found in plants are acid-alkali indicators.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

b. Litmus

◆ Common acid-alkali indicators used in laboratory

◆ There are two types of litmus indicators, red litmus and blue litmus.

◆ Available in two forms, litmus solution and litmus paper.

Type of litmus Colour of extract after adding …

indicator Acidic solution Neutral solution Alkaline solution

Red litmus e Red Red Blue

Blue litmus Red Blue Blue

p

[Link] 1 I
Practical 9.2 Using litmus paper to classify solutions as acidic, alkaline or neutral
a

Materials and apparatus

(Refer to textbook P.15)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.15)

Results
Litmus Colour of extract after adding solution
paper A B C D

Red Red Blue Red Red

Blue Red Blue Red Blue

Discussion
1.

A&C Neutral:
W
Classify the solutions A to D as a/an acid, neutral or alkali.

Acid: D Alkali: B

2. Which two solutions show the same result? Can you tell which solution is more
corrosive? Why?

Solutions and shows the same result. It cannot be told which is more

corrosive, since both solution shows the same result with litmus.
➢ Limitations of acid-alkali indicators:

They cannot show how acidic or how alkaline of a solution.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

9.2 C Universal indicator and pH scale

Due to the limitation of acid-alkali indicator, we need to use another method to describe
the relative acidity and alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale serves the purpose.
howacidic nowalkaline
*** The term pH --- the p must be written as small letter, while H is capital letter***

➢ pH scale consists of a range of pH value. (Generally, from 0 to 14)

pH < 7 : Acidic pH = 7 : Neutral pH > 7 : Alkaline

pH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

D
More acidic  Less acidic Less alkaline →
O
More alkaline

moreconcentrated Lymoreconcentrated
Lamorecorrosive
morecorrosive
◼ Universal indicator and pH paper

To measure the rough pH value (no decimal place) of non-coloured solutions in

laboratory, you may use universal indicator or pH paper.

◆ Universal indicator is a mixture of various kinds

of acid-alkali indicators.

◆ It shows a range of colours depending on the

acidity or alkalinity.

◆ It available as solution or paper form called pH

paper.

◆ Indicate the rough pH value with reference to the colour chart.

Simplified colour chart for universal indicator and pH paper:

Red Orange Yellow Green Bluish green Blue Purple

pH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

◼ Pros and cons of using universal indicator and pH paper

1. Require acat
smalldrops
amount of solution only
Pros
2. No calibration is needed
1. Cannot be used to measure pH value of dark-coloured solution
Cons 2. Cannot be reused
3. A rough value of pH value indicated with colour chart

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Practical 9.3 Measuring pH value of solutions

Materials and apparatus
(Refer to textbook P.19)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.19-20)

Results
pH value of
measured
distilled oven baking soda
by lemon juice apple juice
water cleaner solution

pH paper 7 13 11 1 3

Universal
7 13 11 1 3
indicator

Discussion
1. Classify the solution as a/an acid, neutral solution or alkali.
C
Acid: Lemon juice, apple juice

Neutral solution: Distilled water

Alkali: Oven cleaner, baking soda solution

2. Arrange the five solutions in order of increasing acidity. decreasingpH

oven cleaner, baking soda solution, distilled water, apple juice, lemon juice

➢ pH meter

◼ is an electronic instrument;

◼ is suitable for solution of any colour;

◼ measures accurately (up to 2 decimal places);

◼ requires calibration before use (with buffer solutions of accurately known pH).

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

9.3 Neutralization

➢ Neutralization refers to a type of chemical reaction between acids and alkalis.

➢ It is a chemical change.

◼ What is physical change and chemical change?

Physical change Chemical change

Definition No new substance formed New substance is formed

Examples 1. Melting of wax 1. Burning a candle

2. Boiling of water 2. Rusting of iron

Class practice 9.3.1:

1. Classify the following process is whether a physical change or a chemical change.

(a) Dissolving sugar in water Physical change

(b) Photosynthesis in plants Chemical change

(c) Evaporation of water Physical change

e respiration
g
To have better understanding of chemical changes, you are going to use expression of
chemicals in terms of chemical symbols and formulae. To begin with, a quick recall of things
that you had learned in F.1 about matters and atoms.

➢ Atoms are the simplest unit of matter.

◼ It has two parts, nucleus and electron cloud.

◼ They are made up of subatomic particles including:

◆ In nucleus

⚫ Protons (carry a positive charge (+))

⚫ Neutrons (electrically neutral)

◆ Electron cloud around the nucleus

⚫ Electrons (carry a negative charge (-))

◼ Atoms are electrically neutral (no net charge).

◆ Number of protons = ( > / = / < ) number of electrons in an atom.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

➢ Different elements consist of different kinds of atoms.

◼ Atoms of different elements have different number of protons, also known as

atomic number.

◼ We use chemical symbols to represent elements in chemistry.

◼ We can arrange the elements in increasing order of atomic number to have the
following series of first 20 elements.

Atomic Name of the Chemical Atomic Name of the Chemical

number element symbol number element symbol

1 Hydrogen H 11 Sodium Na

2 Helium He 12 Magnesium Mg

3 Lithium Li 13 Aluminium Al

4 Beryllium Be 14 Silicon Si

5 Boron B 15 Phosphorus P

6 Carbon C 16 Sulphur S

7 Nitrogen N 17 Chlorine Cl

8 Oxygen O 18 Argon Ar

9 Fluorine F 19 Potassium K

10 Neon Ne 20 Calcium Ca

Rules of writing chemical symbol:

1. The first letter of symbols must be written as capital letters.

2. Usually, they are set from the first or first two letters of the name of the element.

3. In some cases, they are set from the Latin name of the element.
e.g. Sodium --- Na (from Latin name [Natrium])
Potassium ---- K (from Latin name [Kalium])

So that it comes to the question

What is/are being changed during neutralization?

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

In this topic, we will focus on the two types of changes found in neutralization.

a. Changes in pH
Practical 9.5 Change in pH value during neutralization [Amended]
Materials and apparatus
Apparatus Chemicals
25 cm3 Burette 1 Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
3
10 cm Measuring cylinder 1 Dilute hydrochloric acid
Stand and burette clamp 1 Universal indicator
50 cm3 Conical flask 2 Methyl orange
100 cm3 Beaker 1 (an acid alkali indicator)
White tile 1

Procedures
Part 1 How to fill a burette?
Burette works similar to a measuring cylinder, yet it can control the flow of solution with a
valve called stopcock.

1. Close the stopcock of the burette.

2. Fill the burette with at least 20 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid.
*** Beware, burette has an inverted scale, add acid over the 5 cm3 mark. ***
3. Place an empty beaker below the tip of the burette, then open the stopcock to fill the
jet with acid.
4. Affix the burette to the burette clamp.
5. Record the initial reading of the burette correct to 2 decimal places on the result page.
e.g. 10.00 cm3

Part 2 Measuring the change of pH during neutralization using universal indicator

1. Use a measuring cylinder to put 10 cm3 dilute sodium
hydroxide solution into a conical flask.
2. Add three drops of the universal indicator to the alkali.
Shake the flask gently.
3. Place the flask on a white tile. Match the colour of the
solution with the pH colour chart. Record the pH
value on the result table.
4. Add 1.00 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid from the burette. Shake the flask gently to
mix the solution well.
5. Place the flask on a white tile. Match the colour of the solution with the pH colour
chart. Record the initial pH value on the result table.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until a total of 15 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid has been added
to the flask.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Results
Volume of acid
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
added (cm3)
pH 11 11 11 11 11 11 8 2

Volume of acid
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
added (cm3)
pH 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Discussion
1. What is the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to completely neutralize the
dilute sodium hydroxide solution?
6cm3

2. Describe the change of pH when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to dilute sodium
hydroxide solution.

Part 3 Determining the volume of acid needed for complete neutralization

pH value changes rapidly just before and after neutralized. Some acid-alkali indicator shows
a significant change in colour, known as end-point colour change, when solution just being
neutralized. Methyl orange is an example which has the following colour chart.

acid neutral alkali

pH < 3.1 3.1 - 4.4 > 4.4
Colour of methyl orange Red Orange Yellow

1. Fill the burette with at least 20 cm3 dilute hydrochloric

acid. Record the initial burette reading.
2. Use a measuring cylinder to put 10 cm3 dilute sodium
hydroxide solution into a conical flask.
3. Add three drops of the methyl orange to the alkali. Shake
the flask gently.
4. Add around 0.50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid from the
burette. Shake the flask gently to mix the solution well.
5. Repeat steps 4 until a significant change in colour is observed. Record the final burette
reading. Calculate the volume of acid added.
6. Pour the solution in conical to waste beaker, then wash with distilled water.
Repeat steps 1-5 for TWO more times and calculate the average volume of acid added.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Results XX.X5 [Link]

I
Trial 1 2 3
IN
Final burette reading (cm3)
a
Initialoooo
li
burette reading (cm3)
Volume of acid added (cm3)
tʰ Discussion
a b

1. State the endpoint colour change of the methyl orange.

i
From yellow to orange
2. Calculate the average volume of diluted hydrochloric acid needed to completely
neutralize the dilute sodium hydroxide solution.

3. Suggest the reason why you have to perform three trials.

Improve the reliability of the result.

➢ Determine the volume of acid or alkali needed for complete neutralization using graphical
method.

We can make a plot of the pH value against the volume of acid or alkali added to find the
volume of acid or alkali needed for complete neutralization.

Adding alkali to acid Adding acid to alkali

pH 7 pH 7

0 10 0
Isami 20 30 10 20 30
3
Volume of alkali added (cm ) Volume of acid added (cm3)
totalv 36cm
18cm is needed to neutralize
◼ How to find the volume of acid or alkali needed for complete neutralization?
➔ Find the section of curve which has the most significant change in pH.
➔ Trace the corresponding volume of acid or alkali on the x-axis.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Class practice 9.3.2:

1. James adds chemical X into chemical Y. The following graph is obtained.

m

a
12

pH value of the resulting solution

10

O 2

0
5 10 15 20 25
3
volume of X added (cm )

(a) What is the pH value of chemicals X and Y respectively ?

X : 2 , Y : 12

(b) How much chemical X is needed to completely neutralize Y ?

mm
3
15 cm

(c) How much chemical X is added to Y at the end of the experiment ?

28 cm3

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

➢ Product formed during neutralization

Practical 9.6 Substances formed during neutralization

Materials and apparatus
(Refer to textbook P.32)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.33)

Results
1. Is there any residue left on the watch glass? If yes, describe the appearance of the
residue on the watch glass.
Yes. White solids/powders are formed on the watch glass.
Discussion
1. Suggest the substance that evaporated while the solution was being heated.
mm
water

➢ General word equation of neutralization:

mm
acid + alkali → salt + water

➢ Name and chemical formulae of salt produced

You found that salt and water are products of neutralization, but what is the name of the
salt produced?

name of salt = (name of metal from the alkali) + (converted name from the acid)

Name of salt formed from neutralization

Alkali
Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide
Acid
Hydrochloric
Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Calcium chloride
acid
Sulphuric
Sodium sulphate Potassium sulphate Calcium sulphate
acid

Nitric acid Sodium nitrate Potassium nitrate Calcium nitrate

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

The following example shows how to express the word equation with chemicals given.

e.g. Mixing dilute hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide solution

Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water

Class practice 9.3.3

1. Write the word equation of the following reactions.

(a) Mixing dilute hydrochloric acid with potassium hydroxide solution

hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium chloride + water

(b) Mixing dilute sulphuric acid with sodium hydroxide solution

sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium sulphate + water

(c) Mixing dilute nitric acid with calcium hydroxide solution

nitric acid + calcium hydroxide → calcium nitrate + water

As you have learned the chemical symbols of some elements, let’s convert the names of
salts into chemical formulae. The following table shows the chemical formulae of the salts
formed from the above neutralization reactions.

Chemical Formulae of salt formed from neutralization

Alkali
NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2
Acid

HCl NaCl KCl CaCl2

H2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 CaSO4

HNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 Ca(NO3)2

*** The method to find the chemical formulae of salts will be discussed in F.3 chemistry
*** The chemical formula of water is H2O.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

➢ Writing chemical equation (Challenging topic)

◼ A chemical equation uses chemical formulae to show the reaction between different
chemicals.

◼ Besides, as conservation of matters, you have to make sure that

Number of atoms of each element = Number of atoms of each element
in the reactants in the products

e.g. Mixing dilute hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide solution

Step 1 Convert the name of chemicals in the word equation to chemical formulae
HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + H2O

Step 2 Count the atoms of each element on each side

*** In Ca(OH)2, the number 2 means there are 2 units of OH

Reactant Product
H: 1+2=3 O: 2 H: 2 O: 1
Cl : 1 Ca : 1 Cl : 2 Ca : 1

Step 3 Spot out any elements that are not in equal number. Multiply one or some of
the chemicals to balance the number. Add the number to be multiply in front
of the chemical formulae.

2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2 H2O

Remember to count the atoms of each element on each side again.

Reactant Product
H : 1×2+2=4 O : 2 H: 2×2=4 O: 1×2=2
Cl : 1 × 2 = 2 Ca : 1 Cl : 2 Ca : 1
➔ Balanced

➔ So, the chemical equation of the reaction is

2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2 H2O

Class practice 9.3.4

1. Write down the chemical equations for the following reactions.

(a) Mixing dilute nitric acid with potassium hydroxide solution

HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

(b) Mixing dilute sulphuric acid with sodium hydroxide solution

H2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

b. Changes in mass
9.7 Is mass conserved in neutralization? [Demonstration]
Materials and apparatus
(Refer to textbook P.39)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.39-40)

Results

Initial mass of the test tubes and the Final mass of the test tubes and the
solutions (m1) (g) solutions (m2) (g)

Discussion
1. Referring to the colour of the resulting solution in Part I, explain whether neutralization
occurs between dilute sulphuric acid and dilute barium hydroxide solution.
Yes. It is because the colour of the solution is changed from blue to red gradually.

2. What did you observe in tube B after pouring the dilute sulphuric acid into the dilute
barium hydroxide solution?
White precipitate was formed.

3. What is the relationship between m1 and m2? Suggest whether there is a change in mass
in neutralization.
m1 is equal to m2. There is no change in mass in neutralization.

Conclusion
Mass is conserved in neutralization.

➢ Chemical applications of neutralization (refer to book p.41- 42)

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

9.4 Corrosive nature of acids

Acid is corrosives to various kinds of materials. In this topic, we will investigate the two types
of materials, metal and calcium carbonate.

a. Effects of acids on metals

Practical 9.8: Effects of dilute acid on some metals

Materials and apparatus

(Refer to textbook P.45)

Procedures
(Refer to textbook P.45-46)

Results
Part 1 Test for hydrogen
The burning splint gives a “pop” sound .

Part 2 Reactions of dilute acid with some metals

Chemical Any gas bubbles Results of burning Any change in
Metal
symbol given off? splint test size of metal?

a “pop” sound is
Zinc Zn Yes Yes
heard

a “pop” sound is
Magnesium Mg Yes Yes
heard

a “pop” sound is
Iron Fe Yes Yes
heard

No observable
Copper Cu No No
change

Discussion
1. Which of the metals reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

Zinc, magnesium, and iron

2. When the metal(s) you stated in Q.1 react(s) with dilute hydrochloric acid,
(a) what kind of gas is produced? Hydrogen

(b) how does the size of the metal samples change? Decreases gradually

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

In Practical 9.8, dilute hydrochloric acid reacted with zinc, magnesium and iron. Hydrogen
was produced in the reactions. The metal samples decreased in size. In other words, the acid
corroded the metals.

➢ General word equation of reaction between dilute acid and metal:

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen

Name of salt formed from the reaction between dilute acid and metals
Metal
Zinc Magnesium Iron
Acid
Hydrochloric
Zinc chloride Magnesium chloride Iron chloride
acid
Sulphuric
Zinc sulphate Magnesium sulphate Iron sulphate
acid

Nitric acid Zinc nitrate Magnesium nitrate Iron nitrate

As taught in Ch.9.3, you may use the chemical equation to represent a chemical reaction.
The following table shows the chemical formulae of the salts formed from the reaction
between dilute acid and metals.

Chemical Formulae of salt formed from the reaction between dilute acid and metals
Metal
Zn Mg Fe
Acid
HCl ZnCl2 MgCl2 FeCl2

H2SO4 ZnSO4 MgSO4 FeSO4

HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2

*** Chemical formula of hydrogen gas is H2.

Class practice 9.4.1

1. Write down the chemical equation of the following reactions.

(a) Adding a zinc plate into dilute hydrochloric acid

2 HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
(b) Adding a magnesium ribbon into dilute sulphuric acid

H2SO4 + Mg → MgSO4 + H2
(c) Adding an iron nail into dilute nitric acid

2 HNO3 + Fe → Fe(NO3)2 + H2

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

b. Effects of acids on building materials that contains calcium carbonate

Practical 9.9: Effects of dilute acid on some metals
nostopper
Materials and apparatus
(Refer to textbook P.45)

Procedures deliverytube
be
must immersed Exit
(Refer to textbook P.45-46) inlimewater

Results

Any gas bubbles Results of limewater Any change in size of

Solid
given off? test solid?

Changes from
Marble Yes Decrease gradually
colourless to milky

Changes from
Limestone Yes Decrease gradually
colourless to milky

Discussion
1. Which of the solid(s) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

Marble, limestone

2. When the solid(s) you stated in Q.1 react(s) with dilute hydrochloric acid,
(a) what kind of gas is produced? Carbon dioxide

(b) how does the size of the solid samples change? Decrease gradually

Building materials like marble and limestone contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
When they come into contact with dilute acids, the calcium carbonate reacts with the
acids to produce water and carbon dioxide. The building materials become corroded
as a result.

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

➢ General word equation of reaction between dilute acid and calcium carbonate:

acid + calcium carbonate → calcium salt + water + carbon dioxide

As taught in Ch.9.3, you may use the chemical equation to represent a chemical reaction.
The following table shows the names and chemical formulae of the salts formed from the
reaction between dilute acids and calcium carbonate.

Name and chemical formulae of salt formed from the reaction between dilute acid
and calcium carbonate
Acid Name of salt formed Chemical formulae

Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride CaCl2

Sulphuric acid Calcium sulphate CaSO4

Nitric acid Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2

*** Chemical formula of carbon dioxide gas is CO2.

Class practice 9.4.2

1. Write down the chemical equation of the following reactions.

(a) Adding a piece of marble into dilute hydrochloric acid

CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(b) Adding a piece of limestone into dilute nitric acid

CaCO3 + 2 HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

2. Suggest a test of carbon dioxide
text observation
Test with limewater . Hydrogencarbonate indicator:

Limewater turns from colourless to milky. From red to yellow

9.5 Acid Rain

➢ Normal rainwater has a pH value of around 5.6.
◼ Carbon dioxide in air dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid.
0.04
➢ Acid rain is caused by acidic air pollutants: sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
◼ Dissolved in water to give a rainwater with pH value of lower than 5.6.

(For more information, please refer to book P.57 - 59)

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Glossary
Vocabulary Meaning
Acid (n.) Substance that are soluble in water to give a solution that has a sour
taste
Alkali (n.) Substance that are soluble in water to give a solution that gives a
slippery feel and some of them have a bitter taste
Acidic (adj.) To describe a solution has a pH < 7 at 25°C
Alkaline (adj.) To describe a solution has a pH > 7 at 25°C
Neutral (adj.) To describe a solution has a pH = 7 at 25°C
Acid-alkali indicator (n.) To show a distinct colour when added to an acidic solution and an
alkaline solution correspondingly
Litmus (indicator) (n.) Available as red and blue litmus solution and paper
Acidity (n.) How acidic of a solution
Alkalinity (n.) How alkaline of a solution
pH scale (n.) A range of pH value, generally from 0 to 14
pH value (n.) A numeral value that has no unit, which is used to show the relative
acidity of a solution
Universal indicator (n.) To show the relative acidity and alkalinity of a non-coloured solutions
with reference to a colour chart
pH paper (n.) Paper form of universal indicator
pH meter (n.) An electronic device used to measure the accurate pH value of solutions
of any colour. Requires calibration before use.
Neutralization (n.) Reaction between acid and alkali which gives salt and water as only
product
Physical change (n.) A process that has no new substance formed
Chemical change (n.) A process that has new substance formed
Atom (n.) The simplest unit of matter, consist of proton, neutron and electron
Element (n.) The pure substance that made up of same kinds of atoms
Atomic number (n.) The number of protons in an atom
Chemical symbol (n.) The abbreviated form of the name of an element
Chemical formula (n.) Represent the chemical composition of a pure substance with chemical
symbols
Chemical equation (n.) Represent the chemical change with corresponding chemical formulae
include. Balancing of equation is required.
Corrosion (n.) A process which a solid is chemically dissolved.
Corroded (v.)(adj.) To describe the solid which is chemically dissolved.
Acid rain (n.) Environmental degradation caused when acidic pollutant in air
dissolves in rainwater.

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Summary table for names of salts
Chemical Sodium Potassium Calcium Calcium
Zinc Magnesium Iron
Acid hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide carbonate

Sodium Potassium Calcium Zinc Magnesium Iron Calcium

Hydrochloric acid
chloride chloride chloride chloride chloride chloride chloride

Sodium Potassium Calcium Zinc Magnesium Iron Calcium

Sulphuric acid
sulphate sulphate sulphate sulphate sulphate sulphate sulphate

Sodium Potassium Calcium Zinc Magnesium Iron Calcium

Nitric acid
nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate

Summary table for chemical formulae of salts

Chemical
NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2 Zn Mg Fe CaCO3
Acid

HCl NaCl KCl CaCl2 ZnCl2 MgCl2 FeCl2 CaCl2

H2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 CaSO4 ZnSO4 MgSO4 FeSO4 CaSO4

HNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 Ca(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2

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Integrated Science Chapter 9 Common acids and alkalis

Extra notes:

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