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Statistics

The document introduces foundational concepts of probability theory and statistics, including random variables, probability distributions, and key statistical measures like mean and standard deviation. It explains the importance of probability in various fields such as finance, science, and computer science, emphasizing its role in analyzing uncertainty. Core concepts such as sample space, events, and probability measures are discussed with examples like coin tossing and die rolling.

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MRUNAL WAGHMARE
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8 views1 page

Statistics

The document introduces foundational concepts of probability theory and statistics, including random variables, probability distributions, and key statistical measures like mean and standard deviation. It explains the importance of probability in various fields such as finance, science, and computer science, emphasizing its role in analyzing uncertainty. Core concepts such as sample space, events, and probability measures are discussed with examples like coin tossing and die rolling.

Uploaded by

MRUNAL WAGHMARE
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIT -1 Foundations of Probability and Statistics

Introduction to Probability Theory, Random Variables and Probability Distributions, Expectation,


Variance, and Moments, Common Distributions: Discrete, Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Continuous,
Uniform, Normal What is statistics? Role of statistics in engineering, Statistical Data- Categorical,
Numerical (Continuous), Univariate and Bivariate Analysis, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard
Deviation, Harmonic Mean

INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILTY THEORY:

Probability theory is the branch of mathematics that studies the likelihood of random events, using
a rigorous framework of axioms to express it in terms of a probability space. It quantifies
uncertainty by assigning a value between 0 and 1 to events, where 0 means impossibility and 1
means certainty. Key concepts include the sample space (all possible outcomes), events (subsets
of the sample space), and the probability measure.

Core concepts

Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment. For example, when
rolling a standard six-sided die, the sample space is {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Event: A specific outcome or a set of outcomes from the sample space. For instance, getting an
even number on a die roll is an event.

Probability Measure: A function that assigns a probability value between 0 and 1 to each event in
the sample space.

Random Variables: Variables whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon.

Probability Distributions: Functions that describe the likelihood of a random variable taking on
specific values. Applications Probability theory is essential for many fields because it provides a
way to analyze uncertainty. It is the mathematical foundation for statistics and is used in:

Finance: Predicting market behavior. Science and Engineering: Modeling complex systems.
Computer Science and AI: Developing machine learning algorithms.

Gambling and Game Theory: Analyzing games of chance. Example Tossing a fair coin: The sample
space is {Heads, Tails}. Each outcome has a probability of \(1/2\) (or 0.5 or 50%) because the coin
is fair and the outcomes are equally likely. Rolling a six-sided die: The sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6}. The probability of rolling any single number is (1/6).

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