CHAPTER 6

“COPING WITH STRESS IN MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE”

Stress is defined as the reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disturbs the well-being, state of calm, or equilibrium of a
person.

Stress as Stimulus, Response and Relational

 As a stimulus, stress is caused by situations that may be life threatening or life changing.
 Stress as a response is the way the body reacts to challenging situation
o Adrenal Gland- drives the production of cortisol. CORTISOL is also known as “Stress Hormone”
 Stress as relational is when a person experiencing stress takes steps back to look at the situation that is causing the stress
and assesses it.

Healthy stress
There are certain types of stress that can benefit a person. These types of stress can motivate, energize, and spur an individual into
fruitful action. Bad stress can be transformed into good stress depending on how an individual assesses the situation.

The Mayo Clinic in the United States identified 2 sources of stressor

 External stressors are those that come outside you like situation, people and experiences.
 Internal stressors are those that come within you, like thoughts that you have that cause you to feel fearful, uncertainties
about the future, lack of control over situations, and even your personal beliefs, which include your own expectations.

Here are some examples of possible stressors a high school student face:
1. School Demands and 4. College Life 7. Health Concerns
Expectations 5. Romantic Relationships of the 8. Demands of Social Life
2. Selecting a School, College Lack of it 9. Bullying
Course, or Career 6. Family Demands and
3. Separation Anxiety Expectations

Coping may also be a combination of both problem-focused and emotional-focused remedies. Here are some examples:
1. Conduct creative imagery of the problem 4. Create a situation where you can feel more relaxed
2. Seeking group or social support 5. Learn to manage your time
3. Get into relaxation activities 6. Eat properly

Assessment: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.
1. A stress which caused by situations that may be life threatening or life changing.
A. Challenges C. Response
B. Stimulus D. Relational
2. It is also known as “Stress Hormone”.
A. Challenges C. Adrenal Gland
B. Stress D. Cortisol
3. It drives the production of cortisol.
A. Challenges C. Adrenal Gland
B. Stress D. Cortisol
4. It defines as the reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disturbs the well-being, or state of calm, of a person.
A. Challenges C. Adrenal Gland
B. Stress D. Cortisol
5. A stress which is the way the body reacts to challenging situation
A. Challenges C. Response
B. Stimulus D. Relational
6. When a person experiencing stress takes a step back to look at the situation that is causing the stress and assesses it.
A. Challenges C. Response
B. Stimulus D. Relational
7. A stress that can benefit a person. These types of stress can motivate, energize, and spur an individual into fruitful action.
A. Healthy Stress C. Internal Stressor
B. External Stressor D. Mayo Clinic
8. Stressors that come outside you like situation, people and experiences.
A. Healthy Stress C. Internal Stressor
B. External Stressor D. Mayo Clinic
9. Stressors that come within you like your thoughts or lack of control about situations
A. Healthy Stress B. External Stressor
 C. Internal Stressor D. Mayo Clinic
10. It identified the 2 sources of stressor
A. Healthy Stress C. Internal Stressor
B. External Stressor D. Mayo Clinic

CHAPTER 7
“THE POWER OF THE MIND: THE WHOLE BRAIN THEORY”
Scientists, medical doctors, psychologists, and psychiatrists have always been fascinated with the brain and how it works. Studies
conducted on the brain often start with an attempt to understand a brain related disease or malfunction.

Brain Theories
Dr. Paul MacLean came up with a theory that identified three distinct parts of the brain, namely: neocortex, limbic system, and reptilian
complex, which were referred to as "The Triune Brain Theory". To Dr. MacLean, the neocortex or rational brain is responsible for
intellectual tasks, while the limbic system or the intermediate brain is responsible for motivation and emotion. Finally, there is the
primitive brain or the reptilian complex, which controls the self-preservation and aggressive behavior of humans similar to the survival
instincts of animals

Dr. Roger Sperry conducted a study for epilepsy. Sperry explained that the brain has two hemispheres, the left and the right
hemisphere that perform tasks differently from each other. This is the spit brain theory.
 Left hemisphere of the brain was more adept with analytical, logical, reasoning, and critical thinking.
 Right hemisphere of the brain was performed tasks that were intuitive, creative, and synthesizing

Paul Broca conducted a study on the language and left-right brain specialization on a patient who had a problem with language.

Ned Herrmann was tasked to determine why some individuals were more creative than others. After drawing from the studies of
Sperry, Herrmann came up with his own theory called the "Brain Dominance Theory." which he derived from observations and tests
that the human body, although symmetrical and paired in almost all aspects, do not necessarily function equally.
Ned Herrmann labeled the four quadrants of the brain as:
1. Upper Left (A) Cerebral Mode-key word for this quadrant is ANALYTICAL
2. Lower Left (B) Limbic Mode- key word for this quadrant is ORGANIZED
3. Lower Right (C) Limbic Mode - key word for this quadrant is INTERPERSONAL
4. Upper Right (D) Limbic System-k key word for this quadrant is IMAGINATIVE

Mind maps are useful visual tools that help in linking together concepts and information in such a way that the interconnection and
interrelation of these are clearly laid out and easily accessible to help in problem solving and for reference and review ([Link]).
According to the website [Link], there are five essential characteristics of mind mapping:
1. The center image represents the main idea, subject, or focus.
2. The main branches radiate from the central image.
3. Branches comprise a key image or word drawn or printed on its line.
4. Twigs represent the lesser topics.
5. The branches form a connected nodal structure

Using Mind Maps Effectively

 Use Single Words or Simple  Use Color to Separate  Use cross linkage
Phrases different ideas-
 Print Words  Use symbols and Images

Here is an example of a mind map.

Activity: On one bond paper, create your own MIND MAP about a topic of your choice regarding Personal Development.

Assessment: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.
1. This theory identifies three distinct parts of the brain, namely: neocortex, limbic system, and reptilian complex.
a. The Triune Brain Theory c. Brain Dominance Theory
b. Split Brain Theory d. Mind Map
2. This theory explained that the brain has two hemispheres, the left and the right hemisphere that perform tasks differently from each
other.
a. The Triune Brain Theory c. Brain Dominance Theory
b. Split Brain Theory d. Mind Map
3. This theory derives from observations and tests that the human body, although symmetrical and paired in almost all aspects, do not
necessarily function equally.
a. The Triune Brain Theory c. Brain Dominance Theory
b. Split Brain Theory d. Mind Map
4. This is useful visual tools that help in linking together the concepts and information.
a. The Triune Brain Theory c. Brain Dominance Theory
b. Split Brain Theory d. Mind Map
5. It is the rational brain responsible for intellectual tasks.
a. Neocortex c. Reptilian complex
b. Limbic system d. Mind Map
6. It is the intermediate brain is responsible for motivation and emotion.
a. Neocortex c. Reptilian complex
b. Limbic system d. Mind Map
7. It is the primitive brain which controls the self-preservation and aggressive behavior of humans similar to the survival instincts of
animals.
a. Neocortex c. Reptilian complex
b. Limbic system d. Mind Map
8. It is the brain that performed tasks that were intuitive, creative, and synthesizing.
a. Left Hemisphere c. Paul Broca
b. Right Hemisphere d. Mind Map
9. It is the brain that was more adept with analytical, logical, reasoning, and critical thinking.
a. Left Hemisphere c. Paul Broca
b. Right Hemisphere d. Mind Map
10. He conducted a study on the language and left-right brain specialization on a patient who had a problem with language.
a. Left Hemisphere c. Paul Broca
b. Right Hemisphere d. Ned Hermann

CHAPTER 8
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE”
In this chapter we will look at the concept of mental health and well-being, and why this is important, particularly to the adolescent, and
to every person in general.

MENTAL HEALTH – includes our social well-being, emotional and psychological health

CONCEPT OF MENTAL HEALTH

[Link] and well-being - As one’s personal (subjective) thoughts and feelings about one’s overall state of being.
2. Perceived self-efficacy - It is perception of one’s values or worth, effectiveness, and ability in performing a task or activity.
3. Autonomy- The capacity for self-direction and having a clearly defined role identity.
4. Competence - Perception of one’s capacity to effectively perform a function or activity using specific, skills, and knowledge, and
achieving the desired results at a given time.
5. Intergenerational independence - Relationship between individuals who belong to different generations but may be living separately
as independent, autonomous person during a specific period of time.
6. Self-Actualization of one’s intellectual and emotional potential - Once a person fulfills his/her physiological need, security and safety
needs, emotional and social needs, and self-esteem needs, the next need to be fulfilled is self-actualization.

MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL BEING MODEL BY WITMER and SWEENEY (1991)
5 LIFE TASK:
1. Essence or spirituality - Finding one purpose in LIFE. 4. Love-Friend, Parents, Family or other relatives.
2. Work and Leisure - It is talk about balancing. 5. Self-Direction-To know what to in LIFE.
3. Friendship - Friend that will help you grow as a person.
12 SUB-TASKS:
1. Sense of worth 7. Nutrition
2. Sense of Control 8. Physical Exercise
3. Realistic Beliefs 9. Self-care
4. Emotional Awareness and Copying 10. Stress management
5. Problem Solving and Creativity 11. Gender Identity
6. Sense of humor 12. Culture Identity

 GOOD PHYSICAL HEALTH IS GOOD FOR MENTAL HEALTH

-WHO noted that poor mental health plays a significant role in diminished immune functioning and the development of certain illnesses,
and eventually premature death. Physical Health is also an important factor in good mental health.

 HEALTH SELF-CONCEPT+HEALTHY MIND= GOOD MENTAL HEALTH and WELL-BEING

A healthy self-concept plus a healthy mind and body are one’s guarantee of good mental health. When all these elements are in
balance, then general well-being is experienced.

CHALLENGES TO MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

 Mental Health Problem – is a short-term and temporary changes in a person’s thoughts, feelings or behavior that upsets
one’s well-being interpersonal relationship and productivity.
 Mental Illness – refers to a diagnosable mental health disorders characterized by changes in one’s thinking, feeling and
behavior as well as in one’s relationship and productivity.
 Adolescents are more susceptible to mental health concerns than adults*
 WHO listed the possible mental health challenges faced by the adolescents worldwide.
 Conduct Disorder  Eating Disorder  Sexual Behaviors
 Anxiety (Bulimia and  Substance Abuse
 Depression Anorexia)

SUPPORT TO MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

• Enhancing one’s social skills, problem solving skills and self-confidence can also prevent mental health problems.
• Reliable people to talk;
 Home  Peer Groups
 School  Professional Help

FIVE POPULAR STEPS TO IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTHH

1. CONNECT- With the people around you. Spend time developing your relationship.
2. BE ACTIVE- Physical activity generates a positive sense of wellness.
3. KEEP LEARNING- Learning new skills or obtaining new knowledge can give you a sense of achievement and new
confidence.
4. GIVE TO OTHERS- Giving to others is not limited to money or others material things.
5. TAKE NOTICE- Be in the here and now, be in the present moment, be aware of what is happening around you.

Assessment: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.
1. It includes our social well-being, emotional and psychological health
a. Mental Health c. Both A and B
b. Physical Health d. None of the choices
2. Concept of Mental Health with regards to personal thoughts and feelings about one’s overall state of being.
a. Subjective and well-being c. Autonomy
b. Perceived self-efficacy d. Competence
3. Concept of Mental Health with regards to perception of one’s values or worth, effectiveness, and ability in performing a task or
activity.
a. Subjective and well-being c. Autonomy
b. Perceived self-efficacy d. Competence
4. Concept of Mental Health with regards to the capacity for self-direction and having a clearly defined role identity.
a. Subjective and well-being c. Autonomy
b. Perceived self-efficacy d. Competence
5. Concept of Mental Health with regards to perception of one’s capacity to effectively perform a function or activity using specific, skills,
and knowledge, and achieving the desired results at a given time.
a. Subjective and well-being c. Autonomy
b. Perceived self-efficacy d. Competence
6. This is a short-term and temporary change in a person’s thoughts, feelings or behavior that upsets one’s well-being interpersonal
relationship and productivity.
a. Mental Health Problem c. Mental Challenges
b. Mental Illness d. All the choices
7. Refers to diagnosable mental health disorders characterized by changes in one’s thinking, feeling and behavior as well as in one’s
relationship and productivity.
a. Mental Health Problem c. Mental Challenges
b. Mental Illness d. All the choices
8. A step to improve your health in which you need to be with the people around you. Spend time developing your relationship.
a. Connect c. Keep learning
b. Be Active d. Take Notice
9. A step to improve your health in which you need to do physical activity that generates a positive sense of wellness.
a. Connect c. Keep learning
b. Be Active d. Take Notice
10. A step to improve your health in which you obtain new knowledge can give you a sense of achievement and new confidence.
a. Connect c. Keep learning
b. Be Active d. Take Notice

CHAPTER 9
“EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE”

THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF EMOTIONS

Daniel Goleman written the best-selling book entitled as “Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ”
All emotions are in essence, impulses to act, the instant plan for handling life that evolution has instilled in us.
 Amygdala - is part of the brain that keeps a memory bank of previous experiences related to emotions.
 Neocortex – thinking brain
 Frontal lobes – send messages to other parts of the body for actions
 The pre-frontal cortex – controls emotions so we can deal better and more effectively with the situation

WHAT IS EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE?

The ability to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations to control impulse and delay gratification, to regulate one’s moods
and keep distress from swamping the ability to think, to empathize, and to hope.

 The proponent of “Five Domains of Emotional Intelligence” is Peter Salovey

FIVE DOMAINS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Knowing one’s emotions or self-awareness
2. Managing emotion
3. Motivating one-self
4. Recognizing emotions in others
5. Handling relationship
 Organizing groups – a leadership skills essential in mustering groups of people towards a common actions
 Negotiating solutions – talent to bring people in conflict to talk and come up with a solution
 Personal connections – talent where empathy and connecting with another person’s emotions is manifested
 Social analysis – the talent to step out of a situation and objectively form insights about the way people feel and behave

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE BY HOWARD GARDNER

> Verbal-Linguistic > Spatial > Natural
> Musical >Intrapersonal
>Mathematical-Logical > Kinesthetic
> Interpersonal > Spiritual

VARIANCES OF EMOTIONS
- Emotion described as a descriptive term referring to variations in level of arousal affective state or mood, expressive movements, and
attitudes.
- Six basic emotions by Paul Ekman (Happy, Sad, Afraid, Anger, Surprise, and Disgust)
- Robert Plutchik theorized that emotions are multi-dimensional or having various intensities, identified these as: Adoration, Ecstasy,
Anticipation, Rage, Disgust, Grief, Surprise and Fear.

THE EIGHT MAIN FAMILIES OF EMOTIONS

1. Anger 3. Love 5. Fear 7. Disgust
2. Sadness 4. Surprise 6. Enjoyment 8. Shame

BENEFITS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Affects emotional intelligence.
1. Physical and mental health 2. Work performance [Link]

Activity: On one sheet of paper, create your own version of “EMOTICONS” using your own facial expression.

Assessment: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.
1. This is part of the brain that keeps a memory bank of previous experiences related to emotions.
a. Amygdala c. Pre Frontal Lobe
b. Frontal Lobe d. Neocortex
2. This is known as the thinking brain.
a. Amygdala c. Pre Frontal Lobe
b. Frontal Lobe d. Neocortex
3. This sends messages to other parts of the body for actions.
a. Amygdala c. Pre Frontal Lobe
b. Frontal Lobe d. Neocortex
4. It controls emotions so we can deal better and more effectively with the situation.
a. Amygdala c. Pre Frontal Lobe
b. Frontal Lobe d. Neocortex
5. The ability to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration.
a. Intelligence c. Intelligence quotient
b. Emotional quotient d. Emotional Intelligence
6. Proponent of “Five Domains of Emotional Intelligence”.
a. Daniel Goleman c. Paul Ekman
b. Peter Salovey d. Robert Plutchik
7. This is leadership skills are essential in mustering groups of people towards a common action.
a. Organizing groups c. Personal connections
b. Negotiating solutions d. Social analysis
8. A talent where empathy and connecting with another person’s emotions is manifested
a. Organizing groups c. Personal connections
b. Negotiating solutions d. Social analysis
9. A talent to bring people into conflict to talk and come up with a solution
a. Organizing groups c. Personal connections
b. Negotiating solutions d. Social analysis
10. A talent to step out of a situation and objectively form insights into the way people feel and behave
a. Organizing groups c. Personal connections
b. Negotiating solutions d. Social analysis

CHAPTER 10
PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
Personal Relationship is a type of relationship which is closely associated with a person, and which can only have meaning to this
person. Privacy and intimacy are the two characteristics that define personal relationships. Personal relationships also involve a degree
of commitment to another person or persons.

The Rozenberg Quarterly quotes research finding by Bowlby (1982) that our succeeding relationship in the future are all shaped to a
large extent by our attachment to our parents. There are three attachment styles as defined by Ainsworth, Blekar, Waters and Wall
(1978), these are:
1. Secure Attachment – is when the primary caregiver is most of the time present and available and when all the emotional needs of
an infant are met, providing, a sense of security to the infant.
2. Avoidant Attachment – is when the primary caregiver is cold and detached, and even unresponsive to a child’s needs. The child
senses rejection and this often leads to premature detachment and self-reliance.
3. Anxious-ambivalent Attachment – when the primary caregiver is not consistent in terms of presence and in meeting a child’s
emotional needs. Often, a person who experiences this style of attachment in childhood may develop separation anxiety with loved
ones or may have mixed feelings.

According to Helen Fisher, there are three stages of falling in love:

1. Lust – is driven by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen. These hormones affect both sexes.
 2. Attraction – is described as the love-struck phase, which involves neurotransmitter in the brain such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin. This is the stage when a person loses sleep and appetite over someone, and swoons while
daydreaming of this special person.
3. Attachment – when the couple in love decide to continue with their relationship, they enter attachment stage where long-
lasting commitments are exchanged and may lead to raising family.

The Rozenberg Quarterly mentions several theories and research results related to attraction and liking.
1. Transference effect – there were times we meet people who we immediately like or dislike. Usually, these people remind
us of someone in the past who has affected our sense of self and our behavior.
2. Propinquity effect - proximity is another possible factor why we like a person. We often developed a sense of familiarity
with people who live close to us, work with us or go to school with us, which leads us to liking them more.
3. Similarity – We often like people who we have similarities with such as social class background, religious beliefs, age and
education.
4. Reciprocity – We like people who like us back. The more we are liked by someone we equally like, the more we behave in
ways that promote mutual feelings of liking.
5. Physical attractiveness – Several studies were conducted to confirm that physical attractiveness is a major factor in liking
someone, and usually, first impression counts a lot too.
6. Personality characteristic and traits – people get attracted to two characteristic that leads to liking the other person, these
are: emphatic person, who exude warmth and sympathy and who are also optimistic and maintain positive view; and are
socially competent person, who are good communicators and enjoy good conversations.

STERNBERG’S TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

These three components are: Intimacy, Commitment and Passion.
1. Intimacy – Being intimate is about being open and vulnerable that person whom we deeply trust, who we feel connected
with and who values us with unconditional positive regard, which is viewing he other person with complete trust and devoid of
suspicion or negative thoughts.
2. Commitment – is an act of deciding to consistently fulfill and live by agreements made witn another person, entity or cause,
and where the values of integrity and respect serve as a guide to one’s behavior and thinking.
3. Passion – is the intense state of being drives and consumes a person to pursue an interest, a vision, or a person.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Three (3) variables related to commitment

1. Accumulation of all rewards 3. Invest made by the couple in the
2. Temptation of Alternative Partners relationship

Three (3) behaviors that can predict separations

1. Criticism 2. Denial of existence of conflict 3. Contempt

Important responsibilities that is necessary in a relationship.

1. Be responsible for what you think and say to other people
2. Be responsible for what you promise to do or not to do.
3. Ensure the relationship is mutually beneficial.
4. Respect the other party or parties involved.
5. Be ready to provide support when needed.

Assessment: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.
1. This is when the primary caregiver is present and available most of the time and when all the emotional needs of an infant are met,
providing a sense of security to the infant.
a. Secure Attachment c. Anxious-ambivalent Attachment
b. Avoidant Attachment d. None of the choices
2. This is when the primary caregiver is not consistent in terms of presence and in meeting a child’s emotional needs.
a. Secure Attachment c. Anxious-ambivalent Attachment
b. Avoidant Attachment d. None of the choices
3. This is when the primary caregiver is cold and detached, and even unresponsive to a child’s needs.
a. Secure Attachment c. Anxious-ambivalent Attachment
b. Avoidant Attachment d. None of the choices
4. Theory which stated that there were times we meet people who we immediately like or dislike.
a. Reciprocity c. Propinquity effect
b. Similarity d. Transference effect
5. Theory which stated that proximity is another possible factor why we like a person.
a. Reciprocity c. Propinquity effect
b. Similarity d. Transference effect
6. Theory which stated that we often like people who we have similarities.
a. Reciprocity c. Propinquity effect
b. Similarity d. Transference effect
7. Theory which stated that we like people who like us back.
a. Reciprocity c. Propinquity effect
b. Similarity d. Transference effect
8. Stages of falling in love were driven by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen.
a. Lust c. Attachment
b. Attraction d. None of the choices
9. The love-struck phase, which involves neurotransmitters in the brain such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
a. Lust c. Attachment
b. Attraction d. None of the choices
10. When the couple in love decide to continue with their relationship
a. Lust c. Attachment
b. Attraction d. None of the choices