School of Commerce

Welcome to Emerging Technology

Chapter One:

Introduction to Emerging
Technologies

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 Topics
• Meaning of Technology (Emerging vs
Established!)
• Technology Revolution
– Agricultural revolution, Industrial revolution,
Information revolution, Knowledge
revolution
• Role of data for Emerging Technologies
• Programmable Logic Devices
• Networking and future trends
• Human-to-machine Interface and future trends

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 Introduction (1)
• Technology The application of scientific
knowledge to the practical aims of human life
or to the change and manipulation of the
human environment.
• Emerging technology: is a term generally
used to describe a new technology that is the
continuing development of an existing
technology;
– is usually reserved for technologies that are
creating, or are expected to create, significant
social or economic effects.

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 Introduction (1)
• Established technology (or Emerged
Technology): technology that is widely
accepted and used.
– e.g. email, word processors, information systems.
Both forms of technology give business efficiencies,
productivity gains and a capacity to improve
operations processes.

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 Introduction (2)
• We can divide revolution of technology profound
change in our human being life into 4-steps:
– Agricultural revolution (First revolution),
– Industrial revolution (Second revolution),
– Information revolution (Third revolution), and
– Knowledge revolution (Fourth revolution) that
will come in the future.

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 Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution
• First agriculture revolution:
– Was based on stationary farming.
– Technology: simple metal tools to cultivate
land.
• Second agriculture revolution:
– went hand in hand with the Industrial
Revolution in the 18th and early 19th century.
– The emergence of Commercial farming
– Technology: seed drill, new fertilizers

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 Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution
• Third agriculture revolution (The Green Revolution) :
– the introduction of advanced technology and
agricultural practices to make farms more efficient.
– was sparked by the increasing awareness that the
Earth is not renewable and that farms could not keep
expanding outward and efficiency of land.

• Fourth agriculture revolution:

– The integration of AI and ICT to agricultural practices to
analyze and adjust humidity, temperature, …
– customer’s taste dominance over competitiveness.

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 Industrial revolution (1)
• took place during the late 1700s and early
1800s.
• affected social, cultural, and economic
conditions.
• left a profound impact on how people lived and
the way businesses operated as well as the
creation of capitalism and the modern cities of
today.

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 Industrial revolution (2)
• Industrialization was fastened by the invention of
new machinery and technology.
– James Watt’s improvements to the steam
engine and
– Boulton on the creation of the rotative engine
were crucial for industrial production.
– Coal became a key factor in the success of
industrialization.
• Improvements in mining technology ensured that
more coal could be extracted to power the
factories and run railway trains and steamships.

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 Information revolution (1)
• Started from invention of broad cast technology
on 1922.
• Many information material could be stored on
devices and was manipulated on computer
networks.
• Allows storage and retrieval of data/information
to/from anywhere in the world at better speeds.
• Individuals can easily communicate with each
other worldwide and share information through
computer networks

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 Information revolution (2)
• Information revolution was driven by three factors
– Firstly, information-based occupations grew
throughout the 20th century.
– Second , Cheap personal computers spread out
information and materials with user-friendly
operating systems. It enabled vastly more
people to make direct and convenient use of
computerized information.
– The third factor, is the Internet that made a
crucial contribution from the early 1990s.

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 Information revolution (3)
Impact of Information Revolution
• has already had major effects on both business and
personal life – Efficiency
• allows many personal and business networks to be
connected quickly on the Internet – Connectedness
• People can communicate worldwide via e-mail and
other Internet-based social network. – Resource
Sharing
• New professions and business have been created
such as web designer, IT surveillance, etc.
– New Profession

However, the information revolution is still in its early

stage …
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 The 4th Knowledge revolution
• The Fourth Knowledge Revolution describes the
exponential changes to the way we live, work and
relate to one another due to the adoption of
– cyber-physical systems,
– the Internet of Things (IoT),
– big data, AI (Artificial Intelligence), and
– and the combined technologies.
• This revolution is expected to impact all disciplines,
industries, social pattern, and economies.

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 Role of data for emerging Technologies
• We are living in the age of big data.
• Data
– is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset, and
drives or
– even determines the future of science, technology,
the economy, and
– possibly everything in our world today and
tomorrow.
• This paradigm shifting is driven by
– The data itself
– The effort of creating, transforming, adjusting,
understanding, exploring, and utilizing data.

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Role of data for emerging Technologies (2)
• The potential of Data Science and Analytics (will
be discussed in chapter 2) enables
– data-driven theory, economy, and professional
development.
• Spans the fields of computing, informatics,
statistics,
– In addition, fields of business, social science, and
health/medical science.

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 Enabling device and networks

• In the world of digital electronic systems, there are

four basic kinds of devices: memory,
microprocessors, logic and networks.
– Memory devices store random information such as the
contents of a spreadsheet or database.
– Microprocessors execute software instructions to
perform a wide variety of tasks such as running a word
processing program or video game.
– Logic devices provide specific functions, including
device-to-device interfacing, data communication,
signal processing, data display, timing and control
operations, and almost every other function a system
must perform.

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 Enabling device and networks
• Logic devices can be classified into two broad
categories
– fixed and
– programmable.

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 Fixed Logic Devices
• The circuits in a fixed logic device are
permanent,
• they perform one function or set of functions -
once manufactured, they cannot be changed.
• the time required to go from design, to
prototypes, to a final manufacturing run can
take from several months to more than a year,
depending on the complexity of the device.
• And, if the device does not work properly, or if
the requirements change, a new design must
be developed.

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 Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)
• is an electronic component used to build
reconfigurable digital circuits.
• A PLD has an undefined function at the time of
manufacture (Logic gates have fixed function).
• Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must
be programmed, that is, reconfigured by using a
specialized program.
• Simple programmable logic devices (SPLD) are
the simplest, smallest and least-expensive forms
of programmable logic devices

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 Programmable Logic Devices
• Most SPLDs use either fuses or non-volatile
memory cells (EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH,
and others) to define the functionality.
• With programmable logic devices,
designers use inexpensive software tools to
quickly develop, simulate, and test their
designs.
• Then, a design can be quickly programmed
into a device, and immediately tested in a
live circuit
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 Programmable Logic Devices
• The PLD that is used for this prototyping is
exactly the same PLD that will be used in the
final production of a piece of end equipment,
such as
– a network router,
– a DSL modem,
– a DVD player, or
– an automotive navigation system.

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 Programmable Logic Devices
• Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are digital
devices with configurable logic and flip-flops
linked together with programmable interconnect.
Logic devices provide specific functions,
including:
• Device-to-device interfacing
– 1. Data communication
– 2. Signal processing
– 3. Data display
– 4. Timing
– 5. Control operations
– 6. Almost every other function a system must
perform

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 Networking
• Computer networks are very essential to today's
globalization as the world evolves to everything
connecting in Information Technology.
• One of the key contributing factors of the
Information Technology rise in the world is
network and data communication because
technology’s advancement is not only on the
gadgets but the system as well.

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 History of Computer Networks
• Networking started long ago by ARPANET. When
Russia launched their SPUTNIK Satellite in Space in
1957.
• The American started an agency named Advance
Research Project Agency (ARPA) and launched
their 1st satellite within 18 month after
establishment.
• Then sharing of the information in another computer
they use ARPANET.
• Then in 1969, ARPANET comes in INDIA and
INDIAN switched this name to NETWORK.

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 History of Computer Networks(2)
• Development of the network began in 1969,
based on designs developed during the 1960s.
The ARPANET evolved into the modern Internet.
• In the 1980s, the growth of client/server LAN
architectures continued while that of mainframe
computing environments declined.
• However, the biggest development in the area of
LAN networking in the 1980s was the evolution
and standardization of Ethernet.

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 History of Computer Networks(3)
• While the DIX consortium worked on standard
Ethernet in the late 1970s, the IEEE began its
Project 802 initiative, which aimed to develop a
single, unified standard for all LANs.
• Also around 1985, increasing numbers of UNIX
machines and LANs were connected to
ARPANET, which until that time had been
mainly a network of mainframe and
minicomputer systems.

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 History of Computer Networks(4)
• In the 1980s, general or normal processors were
used for networking process which was quite slow
and took longer period to load.
• But later on the processor changed and now the
networking processors are different and are made
in such a way to boost the networking in any way
possible.
• Back in the late 80s, they used specialized
softwares to configure networks. It was then they
started using
• Microsoft’s Windows Server application.
• The latest is 2016 Server by Microsoft.
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 History of Computer Networks(5)
• The Security is a very important thing in networking
world. Security purpose should be undertaken
because without security, through networking one
can hack through any information and alter the
information for their own purpose.
• They used the network in the organization itself and
used firewalls to prevent hackers from hacking.
• Nowadays there are a lot of security measures that
can be chosen.
• The networking industries have evolved enormously
from the late 1980s till today. The hardware have
been upgraded and the software has changed a lot.
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 Future Trend of Networks
• With software trends emerging regularly in the IT
scene, digital services and people are becoming
further intertwined to characterize everything
that’s new the world of network technology.
• These recent advancements are more than likely
to disrupt existing operations and foster an era of
digitization and intelligence throughout the
business sector.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
1. 5G technology:
• 5G technology serves to enhance not just the
mobile device experience but the entirety of the
communications tech environment.
• This will allow further development in such
arenas as driverless cars. Imagine movies
downloaded in a matter of seconds.
• Look for the fields of vehicle to-vehicle
communication and tactile feedback remote
surgery, both of which require strong cellular
support to unlock their full potential. Moreover,
IoT gadgets are growing fast in almost all
verticals, such as business, retail, homes,
industries, and others.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
• 5G could also provide extended bandwidths to
make gaming or accessing social networks more
exciting using wearable, devices that
communicate with the network, are mobile, and
have the ability to be easily transported by
wearing them.
• Another promising application is no-touch
computing, in which we can speak or direct our
computers to perform without use of a mouse or
keyboard.
• Expect to see a huge surge in the number of
systems connecting to always-on 5G networks in
the next few years.
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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
2. Network developments in edge computing
• Edge computing is one technological area that’
expanded greatly in the past few years. Combined
with IoT and AI, it’s led to innovative methods, like
using AI to secure IoT systems.
• And that’s not all: deep learning is being leveraged
by datacenters to improve network speed and
reduce the mass of transferred data at the edge of
networks.

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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
3. Rise of decentralization
• Regular architectures directed traffic onto the
datacenter for centralizing Internet access and
security.
• However, greater collaboration between suppliers
and partners and extensive cloud usage has
disputed this model.
• The growth of direct cloud interconnection and cloud
security services are encouraging many companies
to adopt a decentralized approach for optimizing
their connectivity to cloud platforms.

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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
4. Changing perspectives on ML and AI
• Machine learning(ML) and AI will continue to remain
hot favorites among vendor marketing teams.
• Nearly all network devices are currently
instrumented, transmitting telemetry to large data
lakes.
• However our capacity to find true insights is still
lacking.
• Like IoT, gathering data is easy, but it’s more
challenging to convert that data into usable insights.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
5. More attention to network security
• Network security is one of the key motivators for
the rise of new IT services.
• With hackers and cybercriminals becoming more
sophisticated, IT infrastructure is extending
gradually into cloud-based, virtual platforms,
leaving most client and company data exposed
to security risks.

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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
• Network security is one of the key motivators for the
rise of new IT services.
• With hackers and cybercriminals becoming more
sophisticated, IT infrastructure is extending
gradually into cloud-based, virtual platforms, leaving
most client and company data exposed to security
risks.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
6. Going wireless
• Advanced wireless technology as well as related
security and management has led numerous
companies to go wireless-first.
• Doing so eliminates the charges related to
moves, additions and modifications to the fixed
and wired LAN infrastructure. Moreover, it
promises greater reliability and resilience.
• Cloud specific “as-a-service” deployments and
advanced monitoring tools and features are
being deployed as well to provide increased
performance insight and visibility.
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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
7. Cloud repatriation
• Cloud repatriation is when apps move from the
cloud back to on-premises. This indicates that
datacenters have not lost their relevance yet.
The majority of repatriation activity centers on
businesses attempting to discover balance or
equilibrium.
• This does not signify that the cloud is losing
relevance; merely that is has been somewhat
over-hyped.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
8. Smart automation expands
• Companies often spend huge amounts on
network automation so they don’t fall behind.
Pointed solutions and manual scripting cannot
scale to complement the considerable rise in
network demands.
• The upcoming generation networks will feature
machine learning and AI to ward off security
challenges and network complexity.

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 Topics of future trends in networking technology
9. Networking technology: Keep up with the changes
• Communications and information technology are
advancing rapidly and it is necessary for companies
to consider which of the emerging technologies is
ideal for their business.
• Implementing the right networking technology allows
the organization to get the most benefits.

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Topics of future trends in networking technology
• The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
defines human–computer interaction as "a
discipline concerned with the design, evaluation
an implementation of interactive computing
systems for human use and with the study of
major phenomena surrounding them".
• An important facet of HCI is user satisfaction (or
simply End User Computing Satisfaction).
• "Because human–computer interaction studies a
human and a machine in communication, it draw
from supporting knowledge on both the machine
and the human side.
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 Human to Machine Interface(2)
• Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI,
people with different backgrounds contribute to
its success.
• HCI is also sometimes termed human–machine
interaction (HMI), man-machine interaction
(MMI) or computer-human interaction (CHI).
• Humans interact with computers in many ways;
the interface between humans and computers is
crucial to facilitate this interaction.
• Desktop applications, internet browsers,
handheld computers, and computer kiosks make
use of the prevalent graphical user interfaces
(GUI) of today.

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 Human to Machine Interface(3)
• HMI is all about how people and automated systems
interact and communicate with each other. That has
long ceased to be confined to just traditional
machines in industry and now also relates to
computers, digital systems or devices for the IoT.
• More and more devices are connected and
automatically carry out tasks. Operating all of these
machines, systems and devices needs to be intuitive
and must not place excessive demands on users.

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 Human to Machine Interface(4)
• Smooth communication between people and
machines requires interfaces. The place where or
action by which a user engages with the machine.
Simple examples are light switches or the pedals
and steering wheel in a car.
• However, a system can also be controlled by text
being keyed in, a mouse, touch screens, voice or
gestures.
• Voice user interfaces (VUI) are used for speech
recognition and synthesizing systems.

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 Human to Machine Interface(5)
• Poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead
to many unexpected problems. A classic example is
the
– Three Mile Island accident in USA,
– a nuclear meltdown accident,
– accidents in aviation have resulted from
manufacturers' decisions to use non-standard
flight instruments where investigations concluded
that the design of the human-machine interface
was at least partly responsible for the disaster.

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 How it works ?
• The devices are either controlled directly: Users
touch the smart phone’s screen or issue a verbal
command. Or the systems automatically identify
what people want: Traffic lights change color on
their own when a vehicle drives over the inductive
loop in the road’s surface.
• Other technologies are not so much there to
control devices, but rather to complement our
sensory organs. One example of that is virtual
reality glasses. There are also digital assistants:
– Chatbots, for instance, reply automatically to
requests from customers and keep on learning.
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 How it works ?
• Eliza, the first chatbot, was invented in the
1960s, but soon ran up against its limitations: It
couldn’t answer follow-up questions.
• Today’s chatbots “work” in customer service and
give written or spoken information on departure
times or services.
• To do that, they respond to keywords, examine
the user’s input and reply on the basis of
preprogrammed rules and routines.
• Modern chatbots work with artificial intelligence.
Digital assistants like Google Home and Google
Assistant are also chatbots.

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 How it works ?
• They all learn from the requests and thus expand
their repertoire on their own, without direct
intervention by a human.
• The more chatbots understand and the better
they respond, the closer we come to
communication that resembles a conversation
between two people. Big data also plays a role
here:
• If more information is available to the bots, they
can respond in a more specific way and give
more appropriate replies.
• Gesture control and voice recognition also have
share on this aspect. 48
 Topics in human-computer interaction
• User customization:-With their deeper knowledge,
users could increasingly be important sources of
new applications at the expense of generic
programmers with systems expertise but low
domain expertise.
• Embedded computation:-Embedded systems make
the environment alive with little computations and
automated processes, from
– computerized cooking appliances to
– lighting and plumbing fixtures to
– window blinds to
– automobile braking systems to greeting cards.
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 Topics in human-computer interaction
• Augmented reality:-Augmented reality refers to the
notion of layering relevant information into our vision
of the world.
• Social computing:-In recent years, there has been
an explosion of social science research focusing on
interactions as the unit of analysis.
• Research finds that individuals perceive their
interactions with computers more positively than
humans, despite behaving the same way towards
these machines.

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 Topics in human-computer interaction
• Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction:
• In human and computer interactions, a semantic gap
usually exists between human and computer's
understandings towards mutual behaviors.
• Emotions and human-computer interaction:-In these
fields it has been shown that affect-detection
channels have the potential to detect human
emotions and that information systems can
incorporate the data obtained from affect-detection
channels to improve decision models.

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 Topics in human-computer interaction
• Brain–computer interfaces
• A brain–computer interface (BCI), is a direct
communication pathway between an enhanced or
wired brain and an external device.
• BCI differs from neuro modulation in that it allows
for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often
directed at researching, mapping, assisting,
augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or
sensory-motor functions.

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End of Chapter One

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