Chapter 3: Diesel Power Plant 12

Chapter 3: Diesel Power Plant

3.1 What is Diesel Power Plant?

The diesel power uses a diesel engine to rotate alternators and produce electrical
energy. The diesel engine is used as a prime mover and this power plant is known as a diesel
power plant.

Due to the combustion of diesel, rotational energy is generated. The alternator is

connected with the same shaft of the diesel engine. And the alternator is used to convert the
rotational energy of the diesel engine into electrical energy.

In most cases, the diesel power plant is used to generate electrical energy for small-
scale production and at the load end. When the grid power is not available, the diesel engine is
used to supply load in emergency conditions.

Figure 2.1: Components of Diesel Power Plant

Generally, the capacity of diesel power plants is between 2 to 50 MW is used in central

power plants to meet peak demand in steam power plants and hydroelectric power plants. But
nowadays, due to the high cost of fuel, diesel engines are not used for such applications.

3.2 Components, Working & Schematic Diagram of Diesel Power

Plant

The below figure 2.2 shows a schematic diagram of a diesel power plant .

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Figure 2.2: schematic diagram of a diesel power plant

Different components or system used in a diesel power plant is as listed below.

• Diesel engine
• Air intake system
• Exhaust system
• Cooling water system
• Fuel supply system
• Lubrication system
• Diesel engine starting system

3.2.1 Diesel Engine

A diesel engine is the main component of a diesel power plant. It is used to generate
mechanical power in form of rotation energy with the help of the combustion of diesel. An
alternator is connected to the same shaft as the diesel engine.

There are two types of diesel engines;

Two-stroke engines

Four-stroke engines

In two-stroke engines, every revolution of the crankshaft, one power stroke is

developed. And in four-stroke engines, one power stroke is developed every two revolutions
of the crankshaft.

Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a low weight-to-power

ratio, are more compact, easy to start, and have low capital cost. But the thermodynamic
efficiency of a two-stroke engine is less compared to four-stroke engines. Two-stroke engines
require more cooling water and consume more lubricants.
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Four-stroke engines are more preferred over two-stroke engines for the application of
small-scale generation and DG sets. And for large-scale production, two-stroke engines are
preferred. The required capacity of a diesel power plant can be calculated by the below
equation.

Capacity of Plant = (Connected Load × Demand Factor) / (Diversity Factor) (3.1)

The diesel engine power plant below 3 MW capacity is used as standby plants and 3
to 25 MW plants are used as baseload plants. Generally, in this type of plant, four-stroke
engines are used. The plants used for baseload plants have a capacity of above 10 MW capacity
and for these plants, two strokes engines are used.

3.2.2 Air Intake System

Large diesel engine power plant requires air in the range of 4-8 m3/kWh. In natural
air, lots of dust particles are available which may damage the cylinders of engines. Therefore,
air filters are used in the air intake systems.

The air filters are made of cloth, wood, or felt. In some cases, oil bath filters are used.
In oil bath filters, the dust particles are oil-coated. The design of an air intake system is done
in such a way that it causes minimum pressure loss during airflow.

If the pressure losses are high, it may increase fuel consumption and reduce engine
capacity. To avoid clogging, the air filters must be cleaned periodically. In a large capacity
power plant, a silencer is used between the engine and intake system to reduce noise pollution.

3.2.3 Exhaust System

While combustion of diesel, gases are produced. The system that is used to remove
these gases is known as an exhaust system. The exhaust system aims to discharge gases from
the engine into the atmosphere.

The exhaust systems are designed in such a way that they will remove gases without
losing pressure. If pressure releases, it requires more work to do to exhaust gases. And it will
increase fuel consumption and reduce the power output of diesel engines.

To reduce the noise level, the exhaust system must be provided with mufflers and
silencers. With the help of flexible exhaust pipes, the vibration must isolate from the plant.

The exhaust system is needed to cover by asbestos to avoid heat transfer and it must
be cleaned periodically.

3.2.4 Cooling Water System

The IC engine works by burning fuel with air and the percentage utilization of energy
is as below;

30-37% – useful work

30-35% – carried by exhaust gases

0-12% – lost by radiation, convection, and conduction

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22-30% – heat energy flows from gases to cylinder walls

Therefore, in an IC engine, 22-30% of energy is lost in form of heat energy. And to

avoid overheating of the engine, it requires a cooling system. There are two types of cooling
systems;

• Direct cooling
• Indirect cooling

Direct cooling is also known as air cooling and indirect cooling is also known as water
cooling. Generally, air cooling is used for small-capacity engines. And it uses cooling fins and
baffles to remove heat from the engine. A water-cooling system is used for large and medium
capacity engines. The water-cooling system is used a water jacket, radiator, and piping
connections.

3.2.5 Fuel Supply System

• In a diesel power plant, as the name suggests, diesel is used as a fuel. The fuel supply
system has to perform the below functions.
• Depending upon the capacity of the engine and supply hours, the storage tank is
required to store the diesel.
• Before supplying fuel to the engine, the fuel must be filtered and it does not contain
any impurities.
• Metering of fuel is necessary.
• According to the load in each cycle, it must inject the exact quantity of fuel.
• Provide return path to unused fuel.
• In a multi-cylinder engine, it is required atomization of fuel and even distribution of
fuel to each cylinder.
• There are three types of mechanical fuel injection systems;
• Common rail system
• Individual pump system
• Distributor system

3.2.6 Lubrication System

In the IC engine, the piston-cylinder arrangement is referred to a very large variation

of temperature. It works at a maximum temperature of around 2000˚ C or higher than this. At
such a high temperature, the lubricating material may convert into gummy material. And it
results in sticking piston rings.

The engines run on high load conditions and cause friction loss in case if the
lubrication system fails. Therefore, the lubrication system is necessary for the IC engine and it
requires an adequate quantity of oil reach to all parts of the engine.

The lubrication system prevents direct contact between two metals and will reduce
the wear and tear in moving parts. The below-listed components of the IC engine must be
lubricated;

• Piston and cylinder

• Main crankshaft bearings
• Cam, camshaft, and its bearings
• Ends of bearings at connecting rod
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• There are three types of lubricating systems;

• Mist or charge lubricating system
• Wet sump injection system
• Dry sump injection system
3.2.7 Diesel Engine Starting System

At the time of starting, the temperature and pressure of the cylinder are not sufficient
to initiate the combustion. Hence, starting of the engine is not conductive for initiation of
combustion. There are several methods introduced to start a diesel engine. Some of these
methods are listed below.

• Hand or kick-starting
• Electrical starting
• Compressed air
• Auxiliary petrol engine
• Hot bulb ignition
• Special cartridge starting
Form these methods, the electrical starting method is the most popular method to start
a diesel engine. In this method, a battery is used with a series-wound motor (starting motor).
This arrangement is designed to operate on a large current at low voltage. The starting motor
is connected with the engine flywheel through gears and supplies torque till the engine starts.

3.4 Site Selection of Diesel Power Plant

The factors affecting a selection of a location for diesel power plant are listed below.

• Bearing capacity: The diesel engine is placed on a foundation. If the bearing capacity
of selected land is high then it does not require high depth for a foundation. And it will
save the initial cost of a power plant.
• Transportation facility: The plant requires heavy pieces of machinery. Hence, the
selected site must have an adequate transportation facility.
• Labor: Large capacity diesel power plant requires several labors.
• Availability of water: The diesel power plant requires water for cooling purposes.
• Future expansion: There is some extra land available for future expansion.
• Availability of fuel: This plant requires a high volume of fuel (diesel). So, a site should
be selected where fuel is available easily.
• Distance from the populated area: The operation of a diesel engine pollutes nearby
areas. Hence, the plant must be located at a far distance from the human being.
• Distance from load center: To avoid transmission loss, the site should be selected near
the load center.

3.5 Advantages & Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plants

3.5.1 Advantages
The advantages of diesel power plants are listed below.

• It can start and stop quickly when required.

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• This plant can be located at any place and it is easy to install for a small capacity
power plant.
• It does not require more space.
• For varying loads, this plant responds quickly.
• The water is required only for cooling purposes. So, a very little quantity of water is
required.
• The thermal efficiency of this plant is higher than a steam power plant.
• The diesel power plant can be efficiently used up to 100 MW.
• Less manpower is required.
• It can burn a wide range of fuel.
• Fewer fire chances.

3.5.2 Disadvantages
The disadvantages of diesel power plants are listed below.

• The generation cost per unit is very high. As the operation of this plant depends on
the price of diesel. And diesel prices are high.
• The capacity of a diesel power plant is less compared to a steam power plant and
hydroelectric power plant.
• It creates noise pollution and carbon pollution by the combustion of diesel.
• It requires high maintenance and lubrication costs.
• This plant is not capable to meet continuous overload demand.
• The life of this plant is less compared to other power plants.

3.6 Application of Diesel Power Plants

The applications of diesel power plants are as follows;

3.6.1 Installation of plant

The plant can be easily installed in a power system network. But if you consider economic
consideration, the capacity of pant limits up to 5 MW to 50 MW. These limits also depend on
the load capacity, availability of fuel, water, and space.

3.6.2 Peak load plant

The diesel power plant is used with thermal power plant and hydroelectric power plant to meet
peak demand. It reduces the per-unit cost of power generation. It can easily start and stop with
demand and varying with load variation.

3.6.3 Emergency plant

The diesel engine can be used as an emergency plant. When the power of the grid is not
available, the diesel engine is used as a backup plant for emergency conditions.

3.6.3 Mobile plant

The small and medium capacity of the diesel power plant can be fixed on a truck or trailer. This
plant can be used as a mobile power plant and we can take this plant to supply where grid
power is not available. This plant is also used as an emergency plant while power failure.
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3.6.4 Stand by unit

This plant can be used as a stand-by unit with a hydroelectric power plant. When the water is
not available sufficiently in the hydro power plant, to meet power demand the diesel power
plant operates parallel with the hydropower plant.

3.6.5 Power plant for small industries

This plant can be used to run a small industry for short periods where the reliability of power
is essential throughout the day.

3.6.6 Nursery station

In some areas where a grid is not available or any developing area where does not have enough
load to connect with a grid, the diesel power plant is used as a temporary solution to supply
power. And remove when the grid is connected.

3.7 Working Principle of the Diesel Engine

With the basics covered, it is now time to dig deeper into the mechanics of a diesel
engine!

To begin with, atmospheric air is allowed into the cylinder present within the engine.
The piston therein compresses the air anywhere between 14 to 25 times its original volume.
Please be reminded this compression is a lot less in a gasoline engine, where the air is only
compressed to a tenth of its volume.

This high level of air compression generates heat so much so that the temperature
reaches 1,000°F, and in some cases even higher than that. As the air is compressed, an
electronic fuel-injection system comes into action and sprays a mist of fuel into the cylinder
typically, much like an aerosol can. Of course, the volume of fuel injected varies on the
acceleration that the driver applies. Since the air is exceedingly hot, the fuel ignites almost
instantly and explodes resulting in the piston pushing back out of the cylinder. This push results
in the generation of power that enables the driving of the vehicle or the machine that the engine
is powering. As the piston goes back towards its starting position, the exhaust gases are directed
towards the exhaust valve. This process is known as the diesel cycle and is repeated at least
hundreds and even thousands of times every single minute!

3.7.1 Types of Diesel Engines

Depending on the number of stages in a single cycle, diesel engines can be classified
as Four-Stroke Engines or Two-Stroke engines. Let us understand each one of them in greater
detail.

a- Four-Stroke Engines
In this case, the diesel engine functions by repeating a cycle of four strokes or
stages. It is characterized by the two-time movement of the piston up and down. Simply put, in
a four-stroke engine, the crankshaft rotates twice during the cycle. The four stages of this
engine type are as follows –

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Intake: An open, air inlet valve draws the air into the cylinder resulting in the downward
movement of the piston.

Compression: Next, the inlet valve closes such that the piston moves upwards, and as a result
compresses the air, causing it to heat up. Then, the fuel injection valve injects the fuel into
hot which leads to the spontaneous ignition of the fuel.

Power: When the mixture of air and fuel ignites and starts burning, the piston is pushed down
enabling the crankshaft to drive, consequently powering the wheels.

Exhaust: The outlet valve then opens up to help the exhaust gases escape, which are further
pushed out by the upward motion of the piston.

b- Two-Stroke Engines

In a two-stroke engine, the piston only moves up and down once throughout the cycle.
That said, there are three stages in a two-stroke cycle. Talk about creating confusion! Well,
don’t you worry, as long as we are here to spill the beans for you. The three stages in this engine
type are as follows –

Exhaust and Intake: Firstly, the inlet valve allows fresh air into the side of the cylinder,
thereby resulting in pushing out the old air via the exhaust valve.

Compression: Next, both the inlet as well as the exhaust valves close. Now, the piston moves
up, causing the compression and heating up of the air. As the piston reaches the cylinder’s
top, fuel is injected and gets ignited almost spontaneously.

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Source :

Power: When the mixture of air and fuel ignites and starts burning, the piston is pushed down
enabling the crankshaft to drive, consequently powering the wheels.

As you may have judged, two-stroke engines are relatively smaller and lighter than four-
stroke engines. They also happen to be more energy-efficient as the power is produced on
every single rotation! That said, two-stroke engines also need additional cooling and
lubrication due to the larger proportion of wear and tear caused due to the intense heat and
friction!

Electricity production Dr: Skender Mohamed Redha