CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs)
Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) refer to individuals confined in jails, prisons, detention
centers, or correctional institutions due to criminal charges or convictions. In the Philippine
context, the term “Persons Deprived of Liberty” replaced the word “prisoners” as part of a more
humane and rights-based approach in treating individuals under detention. This shift in
terminology reflects the recognition that individuals under incarceration still retain their
fundamental human rights despite their situation.
The Philippine correctional system emphasizes not only punishment but also rehabilitation and
reintegration of offenders into society. Rehabilitation is considered a vital component of
correctional institutions as it aims to transform the attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles of PDLs.
Through rehabilitation programs, PDLs are given opportunities to improve themselves and
prepare for productive reintegration upon release.
Rooted in the philosophy of restorative justice, the correctional system acknowledges that
individuals who have violated the law still possess the capacity for reform and positive
contribution to society. Restorative justice emphasizes healing, accountability, and reconciliation
rather than purely punitive measures. In this regard, rehabilitation programs are essential in
developing discipline, self-worth, emotional stability, and practical life skills among PDLs.
Several scholars have noted that incarceration significantly affects the emotional, psychological,
social, and economic well-being of individuals. PDLs often experience loneliness, anxiety,
depression, stress, and hopelessness during detention. Separation from family and loved ones
intensifies emotional struggles and weakens social relationships. Moreover, the stigma associated
with incarceration often results in reduced self-esteem and limited opportunities even after
release.
Despite these challenges, some PDLs demonstrate resilience and develop positive coping
mechanisms during incarceration. Participation in rehabilitation programs such as educational
activities, spiritual formation, counseling sessions, and skills training often helps them regain
hope, rebuild self-confidence, and develop a sense of purpose. These experiences may contribute
to personal transformation, behavioral change, and motivation for reintegration into society.
Rehabilitation Programs in Correctional Institutions
Rehabilitation programs are structured interventions designed to promote behavioral change,
personal development, and social reintegration among Persons Deprived of Liberty. These
programs aim to address the various needs of PDLs while preparing them for productive and
law-abiding lives after release. Common rehabilitation initiatives include educational services,
vocational training, religious activities, counseling programs, recreational activities, and
livelihood opportunities.
Educational programs provide PDLs with opportunities to continue formal education and
improve literacy and academic skills. Many correctional institutions offer alternative learning
systems, basic education programs, and in some cases, higher education opportunities for
qualified individuals. Education plays a crucial role in developing knowledge, self-confidence,
and competencies that may improve employability upon reintegration into society.
Vocational and livelihood training programs equip PDLs with practical skills such as carpentry,
welding, cooking, sewing, handicrafts, and other income-generating activities. These programs
are essential in preparing PDLs for future employment and financial independence. They also
help reduce idleness inside correctional facilities and promote productivity and discipline.
Religious and spiritual programs are also integral to the rehabilitation process. Activities such as
prayer meetings, Bible studies, worship services, and spiritual counseling provide emotional
support and moral guidance to PDLs. These programs often encourage self-reflection, value
formation, and behavioral change. Likewise, counseling and psychological services assist PDLs
in addressing emotional distress, trauma, and personal difficulties.
In the Philippines, correctional institutions under the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP) and the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) implement various rehabilitation programs
aimed at improving inmate welfare and supporting successful reintegration into society. These
agencies recognize that effective rehabilitation contributes to reduced recidivism, improved
discipline, and enhanced public safety.
Studies and literature suggest that rehabilitation programs play a significant role in promoting
personal transformation, self-improvement, and behavioral development among PDLs. However,
the effectiveness of these programs may be affected by challenges such as overcrowding, limited
resources, inadequate facilities, and insufficient personnel. Despite these limitations,
rehabilitation remains a vital strategy in helping Persons Deprived of Liberty rebuild their lives
and prepare for reintegration into society.