INTEGRATION
By Pravin Aryal
3/16/2015
INTEGRATION FORMULAE
STANDARD INTEGRALS
, ( )-
1. ∫, ( )- ( ) [where, n ≠ 1-
( )
2. ∫ * ( )+
( )
3. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) [where, v be the function of x]
4. ∫ , ( ) ( )- ( )
5. ∫ ( ) ( ) ( )
or, ∫ [where, v be the function of x]
( )
6. ∫√ ( )
√ ( ) [Particular case for I.]
( ) ( )
7. ∫ . / , general case ∫ , ( )-
. /
( ) ( )
8. ∫√ . / , general case ∫ . /
√ , ( )-
9. ∫ ∫ ∫0 ∫ 1 priority order of u be ILATE (u and
v be the function of x) in general, ∫
applicable if u is polynomials in x.
10. ∫ , -
∫ , -
√
11. ∫√ . /
√
12. ∫√ [ √ ]
√
∫√ [ √ ]
13. ∫√ [ √ ]
∫√ [ √ ]
14. ∫ . /
∫ . /
15. ∫0 1 ∫
. /
16. ∫ ∫
BASIC FORMULAE
( )
17. ∫ , generally ∫( )
( )
(where n≠ -1),(∵from-1)
( )
18. ∫ , generally ∫ (from – 2)
19. ∫ ( ≠ 1)
20. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
21. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
22. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
23. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
24. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
25. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
26. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
27. ∫ generally ∫ ( ≠ )
( )
28. ∫ ( ) generally∫ ( ≠ )
( )
29. ∫ ( ) generally∫ ( ≠ )
30. ∫
31. ∫
32. ∫
33. ∫
34. ∫
35. ∫
36. ∫
37. ∫
38. ∫
SOME PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
2. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
3. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) if f(2a-x) = f(x) i.e. this is the property to half the
upper limit and applicable if property (4) unchanged the integral. But
∫ ( ) if f(2a-x) = -f(x).
6. ∫ ( ) if f(x) is odd function but ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) if
f( ) .
REDUCTION FORMULAE
1. ∫
2. ∫
3. ∫
4. ∫
5. ∫
6. ∫ ∫
BETA, GAMMA FUNCTIONS
1. Beta function is an integral of the form∫ (1 ) ( ): where
m>0, n>0.
2. Gamma function is an integral of the form ∫ ( ) where n>0.
3. (1) 1 . / √
√
NOTE: ∫
4. ( ) ( 1) ( 1) if n is positive real number, n>1 & ( ) = (n-1)! If n is
any positive integer, n= 1, 2, 3, 4, …….
( ) ( )
5. ( )
( )
6. ( 1) where, 0<m<1.
( )
. / . /
7. ∫ , p, q>-1
. /
√ . /
Case-1: ∫
. /
√ . /
Case-2: ∫
. /
SOME NOTES:
1. Partial fraction:
a.
( )
b. . / etc. ……..
( )( )
2. ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫( 1) etc
3. For higher power we can apply reduction formulae.
4. (Odd function) x (Even function) = Odd function,
(Odd function) x (Odd function) = Even function
5. f(x) is Odd if, f(-x) = -f(x)
e.g. x, x3, x5, sin x, tan x, etc.
Note: {(Odd function)Even number = Even function}
f(x) is Even if, f(-x) = f(x)
e.g. x2, x4, cos x, constant function etc.
Note: {(Odd function)Odd number = Odd function}
AREA BY DEFINITE INTEGRALS:
1. Area bounded by the curve y=f(x), x-axis, and the lines x=a to x=b.
i. A= ∫ ( )
A= ∫ (by single integration)
( )
ii. A= ∫ ∫ (by double integration)
2. Area bounded by the curve x=f(y), y-axis, and the lines y=c to y=d.
i. A= ∫ ( )
A= ∫ (by single integration)
( )
ii. A= ∫ ∫ (by double integration)
3. Area bounded by two curves y=f1(x) and y= f2(x) between two x=a to x=b.
i. A= ∫ , ( ) ( )- (by single integration)
( )
ii. A= ∫ ∫ ( )
(by double integration)
4. Volume by double integration, V= ∬ where R be the region in xy-plane
covered by the surface z= f(x,y).
5. Volume by triple integration, V=∭ Where V be the space of volume
V.
6. Dirichlet’s integral, ∭ , where v is
( )
bounded by the unit plane in first octant. i.e. v is bounded by x≥0, y≥0, z≥0, and
x+y+z ≤ 1.