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EXP0SITORY WRITING – SEMESTER 2

Report writing, article writing, essay writing
(Facts, objective)

1. WHAT IS EXPOSITORY WRITING?

Expository writing explains ideas, provides information, and clarifies
concepts.

Key features: factual, objective, clear, structured.

Thesis statement

Pollution

Pollution is a very serious issue these days. It has become an international problem.
As a result, people across the globe/world are facing its harmful effects. There are
reasons behind this. Even The United Nations has made the policy to face the
increasing pollution. Some countries have also been trying to eliminate/remove it.

2. PRINCIPLES OF GOOD WRITING

I-Attitude (writer) ----Avoid
You-attitude (reader) ---Focus
Encoding---codes (words/lexicons/vocabulary) ---decoding
(understand)
1. Clarity – easy to understand
2. Conciseness – fewer words
3. Precision – exact words
4. Cohesion – linking sentences(FANBOYS—For, And, Nor, But, Or,
Yet, So)
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
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He could not come. He was sick….not creating cohesion

He could not come for he was sick…
He could not come because he was sick.(conjunction)

5. Coherence – logical flow

Discourse linkers/Transitional words/linkers/connectors

Therefore, Since, for,

However, Nonetheless, Nevertheless

Further, Furthermore, Moreover

In addition to

Consequently, as a result

In the end, at the end

In a nut shell, in conclusion

Firstly/ First of all, secondly, Finally

On one hand, on the other hand, contrary to this, In spite of this,

Instead of

There are many reasons of pollution. Firstly,

………………….Secondly………………Thirdly. At the end, last but not the
least

3. WRITING CLEARLY
Clear writing means the reader understands immediately (decoding)

Examples:
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1. Unclear: Due to the fact that the weather conditions were

unfavorable, the match was postponed.

Clear: The match was postponed because of bad weather.

2. Unclear: The individual who is responsible for managing the

system should ensure efficiency.

Clear: The manager should ensure the system works efficiently.

3. Unclear: There are many students who are in the class.

Clear: Many students are in the class.

4. CONCISENESS
Using minimum words without losing meaning.

Examples:

Wordy: At this point in time → Concise: Now

Wordy: Due to the fact that → Concise: Because

Wordy: In order to → Concise: for

Wordy: Each and every → Concise: Every/each

5. PRECISION---Accuracy
Using exact and specific words.

Fact, person, factor

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Examples:
Vague/Unclear: He did something bad….. He broke the mirror. He
dropped the lid.

1. Precise: He cheated in the exam.

2. He stole the money.
3. He violated Zebra Crossing.
4. He violated one way traffic rule.
5. He was not wearing the helmet.

Vague: She is very good. She is a hard working student. She is a very
good speaker. She is a good politician

Precise: She is an excellent writer.

She is a philanthropist.

She was an excellent poetess/poet.

Vague: The food was nice → Precise: The food was delicious. The recipe
of the food was unique.

Vague: He went somewhere → Precise: He went to the library. He went

to America. He went to university.

6. COHERENCE
Logical flow of ideas.

Coherent: Education is important. It develops thinking. Therefore,

people make better decisions.

Not coherent: Education is important. Apples are healthy. Many people

go to school.
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7. COHESION
Linking sentences using grammar.

Cohesive: Ali bought a book. He read it because it was interesting.

Not cohesive: Ali bought a book. Ali read the book. The book was
interesting.

Techniques:
 Pronouns (he, she, it)
 Linking words:
o therefore
o however
o moreover
o because

8. ESSAY: IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION

Education plays a vital role in human development. (Coherence)

It improves knowledge and thinking. (Clarity)

As a result, people make better decisions. (Cohesion)

Education increases job opportunities. (Conciseness)

In conclusion, it is essential for human life. (Coherence)

9. ESSAY: ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Technology has transformed modern human life. (Coherence)

It has made communication faster. (Clarity)

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For example, people send messages instantly. (Cohesion)

However, it has disadvantages. (CohesiPeople should use it wisely.

(Precision)

WHAT IS AN ESSAY?
An essay is a structured, purposeful piece of writing that develops an idea through. An
attempt

1. Logical Organization
Ideas are arranged in a clear order (introduction → body → conclusion)

Examples:

1. Firstly, education builds knowledge; secondly, it develops skills; finally, it shapes

character. (Coherence)
2. The essay begins with a definition, then explains causes, and ends with solutions.
(Logical Organization)
3. The argument moves from general ideas to specific examples for better
understanding. (Clarity)

2. Clear Argument or Explanation

The writer explains or argues a point clearly

Examples:
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1. Social media improves communication by connecting people instantly.

(Clarity)
2. Climate change occurs due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels.
(Precision)
3. Education is essential because it enhances both personal and professional
growth. (Coherence)

3. Evidence-Based Development
Ideas are supported with examples, facts, or explanations

Examples:

1. For example, studies show that educated individuals earn higher incomes.
(Cohesion)
2. According to research, global temperatures have risen significantly in recent
decades. (Precision)
3. For instance, online learning platforms provide access to education
worldwide. (Clarity)

Assignment
What is an essay?

Types of an Essay

Descriptive essay, Narrative, Argumentative, Persuasive

Apiece of writing: Newspaper, Magazine, Book, etc

Analysis:

Adverbs: …………….

Adjectives:………….
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Conjunctions: …………

Discourse Linkers:……….

Time Line: …………

TYPES OF ESSAYS
Descriptive Essay
Sensory language-senses-five senses, sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch

Adverbs+Adjectves

Adverb: verb, adjective, another adverb—modify

He runs. (verb)

He runs fast (Adverb). Run --- ran---run

Fast---Faster---Fastest

He runs very (adverb) fast (adverb).

He is very (Adverb) intelligent (Adjective).

Adjectives: noun—describe

Room---big room—beautiful room—airy room---congested

room---comforting room---peaceful room

Big---- bigger----biggest
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Congested ---- more congested--- most congested

Adverb

Full --- fuller---- fullest

(Is, am, are) be ---- was/were ---- been

He is a student. (Verb)

He is playing football. (Helping verb)

My (adjective/determiner) Classroom
My classroom is not a very big room, but it is full of life. When I enter it every
morning, I see rows of wooden desks and chairs arranged in straight lines. The desks are
old and some of them have marks and scratches on them. The walls are painted light
yellow, but the paint is coming off in some places.

At the front of the classroom, thereis a large green board. My

teacher writes on it with blue marker. When he writes fast,
the sound of marker fills the whole room. Near the board, there
is a wooden table where the teacher keeps his books and
registers. An old map of the world hangs on the wall beside the
board. Its edges are torn, but it is still useful.
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The classroom has four windows on one side. When the windows are open, fresh air

comes in and moves the pages of our notebooks. On a sunny day, bright light falls on the

floor in square shapes. In summer, the room becomes hot and the fan above our heads

spins very fast but does not cool much.

The room smells of marker chemical, old wood, and

sometimes of the lunch that students bring in their bags. It

is a simple smell, but it is familiar. It reminds me that this

is the place where I spend most of my day.

At the back of the room, there is a small notice board. Old charts and a few drawings
made by students are pinned on it. Some of the papers are yellow with age.

My classroom is not beautiful like the classrooms I see in pictures. But it is my own
place. Every morning when I sit in my chair, I feel ready to learn something new

Feature Example from Essay

Simple Present Tense "The walls are painted," "My teacher writes" — keeps the scene
alive and vivid

Sensory Details Sound of chalk, smell of dust, feel of hot air, sight of light on the
floor

Dominant Impression The classroom feels familiar, simple, and personal

Spatial Organization Front → walls → windows → back of room — moves logically

through space

Show, Don't Tell Doesn't say "the room is old" — shows scratched desks and
peeling paint
Easy vocabulary suitable for a regular student
Simple and Clear
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Feature Example from Essay

Diction
Personal Tone First-person "I" makes it relatable and honest
Concluding Reflection Ends with the writer's feeling about the place

Narrative Essay
A Visit to My Village (CAP—conjunction, article,
preposition)
Clearing in the Sky
Narrate—report (Past—Past Indefinite Tense/Past
Continuous/Past Perfect Tense/Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Passive
Voice) (I), story, incident—Adverbs + Adjectives

Last summer (last day, last night, last week, last year), my father
decided(decide) that we would(will/shall) spend a few days in our
ancestral village near Jhang. I had heard(had+3rd form) about the
village from my grandmother many times but I had never been
there. I was very excited.
FANBOYS…for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (coordinating conjunctions)

We left(leave) Faisalabad early in the morning in my uncle's van.

The road outside the city slowly changed(change). The crowded
streets and big buildings disappeared(disappear). In their place
came open fields, tall sugarcane crops, and narrow mud roads. The
air felt(feel) different — cleaner and cooler.

Clean…..cleaner….cleanest

Cool…..cooler….coolest
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When we reached the village, many relatives came out to

welcome us. The women hugged my mother and took her

inside. The older men shook hands with my father. The

children of the village looked at us curiously. I felt a little

shy but also happy.

The house in the village was very different from our house
in the city. It had a big open courtyard in the middle. There
was a charpai under a large tree where my grandfather used
to sit. My grandmother pointed to it and her eyes became
wet. I understood without asking.
In the evening, I went with my cousins to see the fields. The wheat had already been cut
but the soil still had a fresh earthy smell. We walked along a small canal. The water was
clear and moving slowly. My cousin threw a stone in it and we watched the circles spread
and disappear. It was a small thing but I still remember it clearly.

At night, we all slept in the courtyard under the open sky. There was no noise of traffic,
no sound of television. Only the sound of crickets and the wind in the trees. I looked at
the stars for a long time. In the city, I had never seen so many stars. I did not know the
sky could look like that.

We stayed for three days. When it was time to leave, I felt sad. The village had nothing
that the city has — no shopping malls, no fast food, no internet. But it had something the
city has lost. It had silence, simplicity, and people who still had time for each other.

Feature Example
Past Tense "We left," "I felt," "My cousin threw"
Pakistani Setting Jhang, Faisalabad, sugarcane fields, charpai, canal
Sensory Details Smell of soil, sound of crickets, sight of stars
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Feature Example
Chronological Order Journey → arrival → evening → night → departure
Emotional Moments Grandmother's wet eyes, sadness at leaving
Simple Honest Language Natural sentences, no difficult words
Strong Moral at End Village has silence and simplicity that city has lost
Contrast Used Effectively City life vs village life throughout the essay

Great! Now Argumentative Essay — note the key differences:

 States a clear opinion / stance from the beginning

 Gives reasons and evidence to support the argument
 Acknowledges opposite view and then refutes it
 Formal but simple tone
 Present tense mostly
 Ends with a strong conclusion

Argumentative Essay
Mobile Phones Should Be Allowed in Schools

Mobile phones are everywhere today. Almost every student has one. Some people
think that mobile phones are harmful for students and should not be allowed in
schools. However, I strongly believe that mobile phones should be allowed in
schools because they are useful for learning, communication, and safety.

First of all, mobile phones help students in their studies. When a student does not
understand something in class, he can search for it on his phone immediately. There are
many free applications and websites like YouTube and Google where students can find
explanations in simple language. In Pakistani government schools, where there is a
shortage of teachers and books, a mobile phone can work like a small library in the
student's pocket.

Secondly, mobile phones are important for communication. Many students in

Pakistan travel long distances to reach their schools. If something goes wrong on the way
— if a student is late, lost, or unwell — he can immediately call his parents. Parents also
feel more relaxed when they know their child can contact them at any time. This is
especially important for female students whose safety is a big concern in our society.
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Thirdly, mobile phones teach students digital skills. We are living in a modern age.
Every job today requires some knowledge of computers and technology. When students
use mobile phones regularly, they learn how to use technology in a useful way. This
prepares them for the future.

Some people argue that mobile phones distract students. They say students play
games, use social media, and waste time instead of studying. This is a valid concern.
However, the solution is not to ban mobile phones completely. Instead, schools should
make clear rules about phone use. Phones can be allowed only during breaks or for
educational purposes. Teachers can monitor their use in the classroom.

In conclusion, mobile phones are not the enemy of education. They are a tool. Like any
tool, they can be used well or badly. If schools create proper rules and teach students
responsible use, mobile phones can become a very helpful part of school life. Banning
them completely is not the answer in today's modern and connected world.

Feature Example
Last sentence of introduction states the writer's position
Clear Thesis Statement
clearly
Logical Arguments with Three separate points — studies, communication, digital
Reasons skills
Government schools, shortage of teachers, female
Pakistani Context
students' safety
Counter Argument "Some people argue that mobile phones distract
Acknowledged students"
Refutation of Counter
"The solution is not to ban but to make rules"
Argument
Formal but Simple Language Clear sentences, no very difficult words
Present Tense "Mobile phones help," "students learn," "parents feel"
Strong Conclusion Restates position and gives a final strong message

Each paragraph has one main idea — topic sentence +

Paragraph Structure
explanation

Persuasive Essay
Should Students Have Homework?
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Do you ever sit at home after a long day at school, staring at a pile of homework, and
wonder — why? Many students feel this way. However, homework is actually very
important for students, and schools should continue to give it. Homework helps students
learn better, prepares them for the future, and teaches them responsibility.

First of all, homework helps students remember what they learned in class. When a
student practices math problems at home, they are more likely to remember how to solve
them later. According to many teachers and education experts, students who do their
homework regularly get better grades. This shows that homework is useful and should
not be removed.

Another reason why homework is important is that it teaches students to be responsible.

When students have homework, they must manage their time and make sure they
complete their tasks. This is a skill they will need throughout their lives — at college, at
work, and even at home. If students never have homework, they may struggle to meet
deadlines when they grow up.

Some people may argue that homework is too stressful and takes away from family time.
While this is understandable, the solution is not to remove homework altogether. Instead,
teachers can give a reasonable amount so that students are not overwhelmed. A little bit
of stress can even help students learn to cope with challenges.

In conclusion, homework should remain a part of school life because it improves

learning, builds responsibility, and prepares students for the real world. Yes, it can be
difficult sometimes — but so is everything worth doing. Students who do their homework
today are building the habits they will need for success tomorrow.

Introduction
Hooks the reader with a question, states the writer's position (thesis), and previews three
reasons.
Body Para 1
First argument — homework improves memory and grades.
Body Para 2
Second argument — homework builds responsibility and life skills.
Counter-argument
Acknowledges the opposing view (stress/family time) and refutes it.
Conclusion
Restates the thesis and ends with a memorable closing statement.

Feature 1

Rhetorical question (hook)

Opening with a question pulls the reader in and makes them feel personally involved. It
creates a relatable scenario before the argument begins.
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"Do you ever sit at home after a long day at school, staring at a pile of homework, and wonder —
why?"
Introduction, sentence 1 — direct address using "you"
Feature 2

Clear thesis statement

The thesis tells the reader exactly what position the writer is taking. In a good persuasive
essay, it appears early and is easy to identify. Notice it also previews the three arguments to
follow.
"Homework helps students learn better, prepares them for the future, and teaches them
responsibility."
Introduction, last sentence — three-point thesis
Feature 3

Topic sentences
Each body paragraph begins with a topic sentence that clearly states what the paragraph is
about. This keeps the essay organized and easy to follow.
"First of all, homework helps students remember what they learned in class."
Body paragraph 1, opening sentence
"Another reason why homework is important is that it teaches students to be responsible."
Body paragraph 2, opening sentence
Feature 4

Evidence and reasoning

After making a claim, the writer supports it with a reason for example. This is the basic "Point
→ Evidence → Explanation" pattern (PEE).
"When a student practices math problems at home, they are more likely to remember how to
solve them later. According to many teachers and education experts, students who do their
homework regularly get better grades."
Body paragraph 1 — claim followed by supporting evidence
Feature 5

Connective / linking words

Connectives guide the reader through the argument. They show sequence, contrast, and
addition — making the essay flow smoothly between ideas.
"First of all..." / "Another reason..." / "While this is understandable..." / "In conclusion..."
Used throughout — sequencing, contrasting and summarizing
Feature 6

Counter-argument and rebuttal

A strong persuasive essay addresses the other side's view and then argues against it. This
shows the writer has thought carefully and makes the argument more convincing.
"Some people may argue that homework is too stressful and takes away from family time. While
this is understandable, the solution is not to remove homework altogether."
Paragraph 4 — concede, then rebut
Feature 7

Emotive and persuasive language

The writer uses language that appeals to the reader's feelings and values — words like
"struggle," "success," and "worth doing" create emotional impact.
"Students who do their homework today are building the habits they will need for success
tomorrow."
Conclusion — aspirational, emotive language
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Feature 8

Strong concluding statement

The conclusion restates the main argument and ends with a punchy, memorable sentence.
This leaves a strong final impression on the reader.
"Yes, it can be difficult sometimes — but so is everything worth doing."
Conclusion — short, punchy, and memorable

The 8 features covered in the analysis are:

1. Rhetorical question — hooks the reader and creates personal connection
2. Thesis statement — states the position clearly and previews all three arguments
3. Topic sentences — opens every paragraph with a signpost sentence
4. PEE structure — Point, Evidence, Explanation in body paragraphs
5. Connective words — "first of all," "another reason," "in conclusion" etc.
6. Counter-argument and rebuttal — the concede-then-refute move
7. Emotive language — words chosen to appeal to feelings and values
8. Memorable conclusion — restates thesis, ends on a strong final line