Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

■ Python Programming
Comprehensive Question Bank

■ Topics 10
■ Questions 120
■ Easy 40
■ Medium 40
■ Hard 40

1 Variables

2 Variable Scope

3 Operators

4 Operator Precedence

5 Conditional / Branching

6 Loops (for & while)

7 Functions

8 Lists

9 Tuples

10 Recursion

Page 1 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Page 2 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 1 Variables

■ Easy Questions

Q1.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is a variable in Python? Declare three variables: one storing an integer, one storing a float,
on: and one storing a string. Print all three.

Hint: A variable is a named memory location. Use = for assignment. Python is dynamically typed — no need to
declare type explicitly.

Answe
r:
A variable is a container that stores data values. Python auto-detects the type.

age = 21 # integer

gpa = 3.75 # float

name = "Ali" # string

print(age, gpa, name)

# Output: 21 3.75 Ali

Q1.2 [Multiple Choice] EASY

Questi Which of the following is a valid Python variable name? (a) 2name (b) my_name (c) my-name (d)
on: class

Hint: Variable names must start with a letter or underscore, cannot contain hyphens, and cannot be Python
reserved keywords.

Answe
r:
Answer: (b) my_name Reason: Starts with a letter, uses only alphanumeric characters and underscores. - 2name:
starts with a digit (invalid) - my-name: contains a hyphen (invalid) - class: reserved keyword (invalid)

Q1.3 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a Python program that takes bytes as input from the user and converts it to Megabytes (MB)
on: and Gigabytes (GB). Display both results.

Hint: MB = bytes / (1024 x 1024) | GB = bytes / (1024 x 1024 x 1024)

Answe
r:

b = float(input("Enter size in Bytes: "))

mb = b / (1024 ** 2)

gb = b / (1024 ** 3)

print(f"{b} Bytes = {mb:.4f} MB")

print(f"{b} Bytes = {gb:.6f} GB")

Page 3 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q1.4 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: In Python, you can assign multiple variables in a single line. Give an example to
on: support your answer.

Hint: Python supports multiple assignment using commas on one line.

Answe
r:
TRUE. Python allows multiple assignment in a single line.

x, y, z = 10, 20.5, "Hello"

print(x, y, z) # Output: 10 20.5 Hello

a = b = c = 0 # All three assigned the same value

print(a, b, c) # Output: 0 0 0

■ Medium Questions

Q1.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a Python program that swaps the values of two variables WITHOUT using a third
on: (temporary) variable. Show the values before and after swapping.

Hint: Python allows tuple unpacking: a, b = b, a

Answe
r:

a = int(input("Enter value of a: "))

b = int(input("Enter value of b: "))

print(f"Before swap: a = {a}, b = {b}")

a, b = b, a

print(f"After swap: a = {a}, b = {b}")

Q1.6 [Debugging] MEDIUM

Questi The following code has errors. Identify and fix all bugs: 1name = "Zara" age = 22 print("Name: " +
on: name + " Age: " + age)

Hint: Check for invalid variable name and type mismatch in string concatenation.

Answe
r:
Bug 1: 1name is invalid (starts with a digit). Fix: name = "Zara" Bug 2: Cannot concatenate str with int. Fix: convert
age using str()

name = "Zara"

age = 22

print("Name: " + name + " Age: " + str(age))

Page 4 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q1.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes ECAT marks (out of 400), Intermediate Part 1 marks (out of 1100), and
on: Matric marks (out of 1100), then calculates the aggregate using: ECAT 33%, Intermediate 50%,
Matric 17%.

Hint: Aggregate = (ECAT/400 x 33) + (Inter/1100 x 50) + (Matric/1100 x 17)

Answe
r:

ecat = float(input("ECAT Marks (out of 400): "))

inter = float(input("Intermediate Marks (out of 1100): "))

matric = float(input("Matric Marks (out of 1100): "))

aggregate = (ecat/400 * 33) + (inter/1100 * 50) + (matric/1100 * 17)

print(f"Your Aggregate: {aggregate:.2f}%")

Q1.8 [Analytical] MEDIUM

Questi What will be the output of the following code? Explain each step: x = 5 y = x x = x + 10 print(x, y)
on:

Hint: Integers in Python are immutable. Assigning y = x copies the value, not the reference.

Answe
r:
Output: 15 5 Step-by-step: x = 5 -> x stores 5 y = x -> y gets a COPY of 5 (not a reference to x) x = x+10 -> x
becomes 15; y is unaffected Result: x=15, y=5

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q1.9 [Code Writing + Analytical] HARD

Questi Explain Python's integer interning concept and demonstrate using id() that two variables assigned
on: the same small integer (100) share memory, while two variables assigned a large integer (1000)
may not.

Hint: Python interns (caches) integers from -5 to 256. id(var) returns the memory address of the object.

Answe
r:

a = 100; b = 100

print(f"id(a)={id(a)}, id(b)={id(b)}")

print(f"Same object? {a is b}") # True -- interned

c = 1000; d = 1000

print(f"id(c)={id(c)}, id(d)={id(d)}")

print(f"Same object? {c is d}") # May be False -- not interned

Explanation: Python caches small integers (-5 to 256) for efficiency. Large integers get new objects each time they
are created.

Page 5 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q1.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program that accepts a temperature in Celsius and converts it to Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and
on: Rankine. Store each in a separate variable and display results to 2 decimal places.

Hint: F = (C x 9/5) + 32 | K = C + 273.15 | R = (C + 273.15) x 9/5

Answe
r:

celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))

fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32

kelvin = celsius + 273.15

rankine = kelvin * 9/5

print(f"Celsius: {celsius:.2f} C")

print(f"Fahrenheit: {fahrenheit:.2f} F")

print(f"Kelvin: {kelvin:.2f} K")

print(f"Rankine: {rankine:.2f} R")

Q1.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program that converts kilometers to meters, centimeters, miles, and nautical miles
on: simultaneously. Use descriptive variable names and format output neatly.

Hint: 1 km = 1000 m = 100,000 cm = 0.621371 miles = 0.539957 nautical miles

Answe
r:

km = float(input("Enter distance in Kilometers: "))

meters = km * 1000

centimeters = km * 100000

miles = km * 0.621371

nautical_miles = km * 0.539957

print(f"{km} km =")

print(f" {meters:,.2f} meters")

print(f" {centimeters:,.2f} centimeters")

print(f" {miles:.4f} miles")

print(f" {nautical_miles:.4f} nautical miles")

Page 6 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q1.12 [Analytical / Code Tracing] HARD

Questi What is the difference between == and is when comparing variables? Write a program showing a
on: case where == returns True but is returns False, and explain why.

Hint: == compares VALUES; is compares IDENTITY (same object in memory).

Answe
r:

list1 = [1, 2, 3]

list2 = [1, 2, 3]

print(list1 == list2) # True -- same values

print(list1 is list2) # False -- different objects in memory

list3 = list1

print(list1 is list3) # True -- both point to the same object

list1 and list2 have equal content but are distinct objects. list3 = list1 creates an alias — both names point to the
exact same object, so is returns True.

Page 7 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 2 Variable Scope

■ Easy Questions

Q2.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What are the four types of variable scope in Python? List and briefly describe each.
on:

Hint: Remember the LEGB rule: Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-in.

Answe
r:
L — Local: Variables defined inside a function; only accessible there. E — Enclosing: Variables in the outer
function's scope (for nested functions). G — Global: Variables defined at module level; accessible everywhere in
the module. B — Built-in: Names pre-defined by Python, e.g. len, print, range.

Q2.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a program that demonstrates the difference between a local and a global variable by using
on: the same variable name inside and outside a function.

Hint: A variable inside a function is local by default and does not affect the global variable with the same name.

Answe
r:

x = "I am global"

def show():

x = "I am local"

print(x) # prints local

show()

print(x) # prints global

# Output:

# I am local

# I am global

Page 8 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.3 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: A variable declared inside a function can be accessed outside the function in
on: Python (without using global).

Hint: Think about the boundaries of local scope.

Answe
r:
FALSE. Local variables exist only within the function scope. Accessing them outside raises NameError.

def func():

local_var = 10

func()

print(local_var) # NameError: name 'local_var' is not defined

Q2.4 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What will be the output of the following code? count = 100 def display(): print(count) display()
on: print(count)

Hint: If a variable is not assigned inside a function, Python looks for it in the enclosing/global scope (LEGB rule).

Answe
r:
Output: 100 100 Explanation: count is not assigned inside display(), so Python looks up to the global scope and
finds count = 100. Both calls print 100.

■ Medium Questions

Page 9 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that uses the global keyword to modify a global variable from inside a function.
on: Show the value before and after the function call.

Hint: Use 'global variable_name' at the top of the function before modifying it.

Answe
r:

balance = 1000

def deposit(amount):

global balance

balance += amount

print(f"Before: {balance}")

deposit(500)

print(f"After: {balance}")

# Output:

# Before: 1000

# After: 1500

Q2.6 [Debugging] MEDIUM

Questi Find and fix the error: total = 0 def add_to_total(n): total = total + n add_to_total(50) print(total)
on:

Hint: Python sees total on the right side of = inside the function, so it treats total as local — causing
UnboundLocalError.

Answe
r:
Fix: Add 'global total' inside the function.

total = 0

def add_to_total(n):

global total

total = total + n

add_to_total(50)

print(total) # Output: 50

Page 10 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Demonstrate enclosing scope in Python by writing a nested function where the inner function
on: reads a variable defined in the outer function.

Hint: The inner function can read variables from the outer function scope without any keyword.

Answe
r:

def outer():

message = "Hello from outer!"

def inner():

print(message) # accesses enclosing scope

inner()

outer()

# Output: Hello from outer!

Q2.8 [Analytical] MEDIUM

Questi What is the nonlocal keyword in Python? Write a program using it to modify a variable from an
on: enclosing (non-global) scope.

Hint: nonlocal is to enclosing scope what global is to global scope.

Answe
r:

def counter():

count = 0

def increment():

nonlocal count

count += 1

print(f"Count: {count}")

increment()

increment()

increment()

counter()

# Output: Count: 1 / Count: 2 / Count: 3

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Page 11 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.9 [Code Tracing] HARD

Questi Trace the following code and predict output. Explain the LEGB lookup for each print: x = "global"
on: def outer(): x = "enclosing" def inner(): x = "local" print(x) inner() print(x) outer() print(x)

Hint: Each function creates its own scope. Follow LEGB at each print statement.

Answe
r:
Output: local enclosing global - inner(): x = "local" found in Local scope. - outer() after inner(): x = "enclosing" in
outer's Local scope. - Top-level print: x = "global" from Global scope.

Q2.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a simple bank account program using global scope for balance. Provide three functions:
on: deposit(amount), withdraw(amount), and check_balance(). Ensure withdrawals do not exceed the
balance.

Hint: All three functions must use 'global balance' to read/modify the shared state.

Answe
r:

balance = 0.0

def deposit(amount):

global balance

balance += amount

print(f"Deposited: {amount:.2f} | Balance: {balance:.2f}")

def withdraw(amount):

global balance

if amount > balance:

print("Insufficient funds!")

else:

balance -= amount

print(f"Withdrawn: {amount:.2f} | Balance: {balance:.2f}")

def check_balance():

print(f"Current Balance: {balance:.2f}")

deposit(500)

withdraw(100)

check_balance()

Page 12 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.11 [Analytical] HARD

Questi What happens when a variable is used BEFORE it is assigned inside a function that also assigns
on: it later? Demonstrate with code and explain the error.

Hint: Python pre-scans function bodies. If a name appears on the left side of = anywhere in the function, Python
treats it as local everywhere in that function.

Answe
r:

value = 50

def problematic():

print(value) # UnboundLocalError here!

value = 100 # Python marks value as local for the ENTIRE function

# problematic() # Raises: UnboundLocalError

def fixed():

global value

print(value) # 50

value = 100

print(value) # 100

fixed()

Page 13 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q2.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Using closures, write a function make_multiplier(n) that returns an inner function. The inner
on: function multiplies any given number by n. Demonstrate by creating triple and quintuple functions.

Hint: This is a closure: the inner function closes over the enclosing variable n.

Answe
r:

def make_multiplier(n):

def multiplier(x):

return x * n # n captured from enclosing scope

return multiplier

triple = make_multiplier(3)

quintuple = make_multiplier(5)

print(triple(7)) # 21

print(quintuple(4)) # 20

print(triple(10)) # 30

Page 14 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 3 Operators

■ Easy Questions

Q3.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi List the five main categories of operators in Python with one example each.
on:

Hint: Think: arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, bitwise.

Answe
r:
1. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, ** e.g. 5 + 3 = 8 2. Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= e.g. 5 > 3 -> True 3. Logical: and,
or, not e.g. True and False -> False 4. Assignment: =, +=, -=, *= e.g. x += 5 5. Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> e.g. 5 & 3 =
1

Q3.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a program that accepts two integers and displays: sum, difference, product, float division,
on: integer division, remainder, and power.

Hint: Use +, -, *, /, //, %, ** operators.

Answe
r:

a = int(input("First number: "))

b = int(input("Second number: "))

print(f"Sum: {a + b}")

print(f"Difference: {a - b}")

print(f"Product: {a * b}")

print(f"Float Division: {a / b:.2f}")

print(f"Integer Division: {a // b}")

print(f"Remainder: {a % b}")

print(f"Power (a^b): {a ** b}")

Q3.3 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What is the output of the following code? x = 17 print(x % 5) print(x // 5) print(x ** 2)
on:

Hint: % is modulo (remainder), // is integer floor division, ** is exponentiation.

Answe
r:
Output: 2 3 289 17 % 5 = 2 (17 = 5x3 + 2) 17 // 5 = 3 (floor division) 17 ** 2 = 289

Page 15 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q3.4 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: In Python, / always returns a float, even when dividing two integers that divide
on: evenly.

Hint: Compare / (true division) with // (floor division).

Answe
r:
TRUE. In Python 3, / always produces a float.

print(10 / 2) # 5.0 (float, not 5)

print(10 // 2) # 5 (integer)

■ Medium Questions

Q3.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that determines the nature of roots of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0 by
on: computing the discriminant D = b^2 - 4ac, and then calculates the actual roots.

Hint: D = b^2 - 4ac. D==0: real equal; D>0: real distinct; D<0: imaginary. Roots: x = (-b +/- sqrt(D)) / 2a

Answe
r:

import math

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))

c = float(input("c: "))

D = b**2 - 4*a*c

if D == 0:

x = -b / (2*a)

print(f"Real equal roots: x = {x}")

elif D > 0:

x1 = (-b + [Link](D)) / (2*a)

x2 = (-b - [Link](D)) / (2*a)

print(f"Real distinct roots: x1={x1:.4f}, x2={x2:.4f}")

else:

real = -b / (2*a)

imag = [Link](-D) / (2*a)

print(f"Imaginary roots: {real:.4f} +/- {imag:.4f}i")

Page 16 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q3.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Explain and demonstrate all augmented assignment operators in Python. Start with x = 10 and
on: apply +=, -=, *=, /=, //=, %=, **= sequentially, printing x after each step.

Hint: x += 5 is shorthand for x = x + 5.

Answe
r:

x = 10

x += 5; print(f"After +=5: {x}") # 15

x -= 3; print(f"After -=3: {x}") # 12

x *= 2; print(f"After *=2: {x}") # 24

x /= 4; print(f"After /=4: {x}") # 6.0

x //= 2; print(f"After //=2: {x}") # 3.0

x %= 2; print(f"After %=2: {x}") # 1.0

x **= 5; print(f"After **=5: {x}") # 1.0

Q3.7 [Analytical] MEDIUM

Questi What are comparison operators in Python? Write a program that reads two numbers and prints
on: the result of all six comparison operations between them.

Hint: The six comparison operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=. They return True or False.

Answe
r:

a = float(input("Enter a: "))

b = float(input("Enter b: "))

print(f"{a} == {b} -> {a == b}")

print(f"{a} != {b} -> {a != b}")

print(f"{a} < {b} -> {a < b}")

print(f"{a} > {b} -> {a > b}")

print(f"{a} <= {b} -> {a <= b}")

print(f"{a} >= {b} -> {a >= b}")

Page 17 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q3.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a Python program that uses logical operators (and, or, not) to check if a given year is a leap
on: year.

Hint: Leap year condition: (divisible by 4 AND NOT divisible by 100) OR (divisible by 400).

Answe
r:

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):

print(f"{year} is a Leap Year")

else:

print(f"{year} is NOT a Leap Year")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q3.9 [Analytical + Code] HARD

Questi Explain bitwise operators in Python (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>). Demonstrate each using integers 12 and
on: 10. Explain binary-level computation for & and |.

Hint: 12 = 1100 in binary. 10 = 1010 in binary. & (AND): both bits must be 1 -> 1000 = 8 | (OR): either bit is 1 ->
1110 = 14

Answe
r:

a, b = 12, 10

print(f"a & b = {a & b}") # 8 (1100 & 1010 = 1000)

print(f"a | b = {a | b}") # 14 (1100 | 1010 = 1110)

print(f"a ^ b = {a ^ b}") # 6 (1100 ^ 1010 = 0110)

print(f"~a = {~a}") # -13

print(f"a << 1 = {a << 1}") # 24 (shift left = multiply by 2)

print(f"a >> 1 = {a >> 1}") # 6 (shift right = divide by 2)

Page 18 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q3.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program that converts a binary number (input as a string) to its decimal equivalent using
on: ONLY arithmetic operators (do not use int(x, 2)).

Hint: Iterate each digit left to right. decimal = decimal * 2 + int(digit)

Answe
r:

binary = input("Enter a binary number: ")

decimal = 0

for digit in binary:

decimal = decimal * 2 + int(digit)

print(f"Binary {binary} = Decimal {decimal}")

# Example: "1101" -> 0->1->3->6->13

Q3.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Using ONLY modulo (%) and integer division (//) operators, write a program that extracts every
on: individual digit of a positive integer entered by the user.

Hint: Repeatedly use n % 10 to get the last digit, and n // 10 to remove it.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))

digits = []

temp = n

while temp > 0:

[Link](temp % 10)

temp //= 10

print("Digits (reverse):", digits)

print("Digits (original):", digits[::-1])

Page 19 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q3.12 [Analytical / Code] HARD

Questi Python has identity operators (is, is not) and membership operators (in, not in). Write a program
on: demonstrating all four with appropriate examples and explain what each tests.

Hint: is tests object identity (same memory object). in tests if a value exists in a sequence.

Answe
r:

# Identity operators

a = [1, 2, 3]; b = a; c = [1, 2, 3]

print(a is b) # True -- same object

print(a is c) # False -- equal but different objects

print(a is not c) # True

# Membership operators

fruits = ["apple", "mango", "banana"]

print("mango" in fruits) # True

print("grape" not in fruits) # True

print("apple" not in fruits) # False

Page 20 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 4 Operator Precedence

■ Easy Questions

Q4.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is operator precedence? List at least 6 levels of Python operator precedence from highest to
on: lowest.

Hint: Remember the mnemonic P-E-M-D-A-S extended for Python.

Answe
r:
Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are evaluated. Highest to lowest (selected levels):
1. () -- Parentheses 2. ** -- Exponentiation 3. +x, -x -- Unary 4. *, /, //, % 5. +, - 6. Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
7. not 8. and 9. or -- (lowest)

Q4.2 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi Evaluate the following expression step by step without running it, then verify: result = 2 + 3 * 4 - 6 /
on: 2

Hint: Multiplication and division are performed before addition and subtraction.

Answe
r:
Step 1: 3 * 4 = 12 Step 2: 6 / 2 = 3.0 Step 3: 2 + 12 - 3.0 = 11.0 result = 11.0

Q4.3 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: 2 ** 3 ** 2 evaluates as (2 ** 3) ** 2 = 64 in Python.

on:

Hint: The ** operator is RIGHT-ASSOCIATIVE in Python.

Answe
r:
FALSE. ** is right-associative, so: 2 ** 3 ** 2 = 2 ** (3**2) = 2 ** 9 = 512 NOT: (2**3) ** 2 = 64

Q4.4 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What is the output? print(10 - 2 + 3) print(10 - (2 + 3))

on:

Hint: Parentheses override default left-to-right evaluation.

Answe
r:
Output: 11 5 10 - 2 + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11 (left to right) 10 - (2+3) = 10 - 5 = 5 (parentheses first)

■ Medium Questions

Page 21 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q4.5 [Code Tracing] MEDIUM

Questi Evaluate each expression and explain the order of operations: a = 5 + 2 ** 3 * 4 // 6 - 1 b = not 5 >
on: 3 and 10 != 10 or True

Hint: For a: ** first, then *, then //, then +, then -. For b: comparisons first, then not, then and, then or.

Answe
r:
Expression a: 2**3 = 8 -> 8*4 = 32 -> 32//6 = 5 -> 5+5-1 = 9 a = 9 Expression b: 5>3 = True -> not True = False
10!=10 = False -> False and False = False False or True = True b = True

Q4.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a Python program that computes the distance between two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) using
on: the distance formula. Be careful to correctly parenthesize the expression.

Hint: d = sqrt( (x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2 ) Use ** 0.5 or [Link]()

Answe
r:

import math

x1 = float(input("x1: "))

y1 = float(input("y1: "))

x2 = float(input("x2: "))

y2 = float(input("y2: "))

d = [Link]((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

print(f"Distance = {d:.4f}")

Q4.7 [Analytical] MEDIUM

Questi Without parentheses, what does this evaluate to? 4 + 5 * 2 > 10 and not 3 == 3 Trace through all
on: precedence levels.

Hint: Order: arithmetic -> comparison -> not -> and

Answe
r:
Step-by-step: 5 * 2 = 10 4 + 10 = 14 14 > 10 = True 3 == 3 = True not True = False True and False = False Result:
False

Page 22 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q4.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a Python program that calculates compound interest. Ensure operator precedence is
on: correctly applied.

Hint: A = P * (1 + r/n) ** (n*t) CI = A - P (P=principal, r=rate decimal, n=compoundings/year, t=years)

Answe
r:

P = float(input("Principal (P): "))

r = float(input("Annual Rate (%): ")) / 100

n = int(input("Compoundings per year: "))

t = int(input("Years: "))

A = P * (1 + r / n) ** (n * t)

CI = A - P

print(f"Amount after {t} years: {A:.2f}")

print(f"Compound Interest: {CI:.2f}")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q4.9 [Code Tracing] HARD

Questi Evaluate the following without running it. Show ALL intermediate steps: result = 3 + 4 * 2 ** 2 - 10
on: % 3 + (6 // 2) * 2

Hint: Follow: parentheses -> ** -> *, //, % -> +, -

Answe
r:
Step 1: (6 // 2) = 3 Step 2: 2 ** 2 = 4 Step 3: 4 * 4 = 16 Step 4: 10 % 3 = 1 Step 5: 3 * 2 = 6 (the (6//2)*2) Step 6: 3 +
16 - 1 + 6 = 24 result = 24

Page 23 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q4.10 [Analytical] HARD

Questi Explain short-circuit evaluation in Python for 'and' and 'or'. How does operator precedence interact
on: with short-circuiting?

Hint: and returns first falsy value or last value. or returns first truthy value or last value.

Answe
r:

x = 0

result = x and 10/x # No ZeroDivisionError! x is falsy -> returns 0

print(result) # 0

y = 5

result = y or 10/0 # No error! y is truthy -> returns 5

print(result) # 5

# Precedence: not > and > or

# False or not False and True

# = False or (not False) and True

# = False or True

# = True

print(False or not False and True) # True

Q4.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a Python program that computes BMI and displays the category. Ensure all arithmetic uses
on: correct precedence.

Hint: BMI = weight(kg) / height(m)^2 <18.5: Underweight | 18.5-24.9: Normal | 25-29.9: Overweight | >=30:
Obese

Answe
r:

weight = float(input("Weight in kg: "))

height = float(input("Height in meters: "))

bmi = weight / height ** 2 # ** before /

print(f"BMI: {bmi:.2f}")

if bmi < 18.5: print("Underweight")

elif bmi < 25: print("Normal")

elif bmi < 30: print("Overweight")

else: print("Obese")

Page 24 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q4.12 [Analytical] HARD

Questi What is operator associativity and how does it differ from operator precedence? Demonstrate
on: left-associativity of - and right-associativity of **.

Hint: Most operators: left-associative (a-b-c = (a-b)-c). **: right-associative (a**b**c = a**(b**c)).

Answe
r:

# Left-associativity of subtraction

print(20 - 5 - 3) # (20-5)-3 = 12

print((20 - 5) - 3) # 12 -- confirms left-to-right

# Right-associativity of **

print(2 ** 3 ** 2) # 2**(3**2) = 2**9 = 512

print(2 ** (3 ** 2)) # 512

print((2 ** 3) ** 2) # 64

Precedence: which operator binds tighter (e.g. * before +). Associativity: direction when two operators have SAME
precedence.

Page 25 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 5 Conditional / Branching

■ Easy Questions

Q5.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is an if-elif-else statement? Write a program that takes an integer and prints whether it is
on: positive, negative, or zero.

Hint: Use if, elif, else blocks. Each block executes based on whether its condition is True.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if n > 0:

print("Positive")

elif n < 0:

print("Negative")

else:

print("Zero")

Page 26 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a program that takes a point (x, y) from the user and determines which quadrant of the
on: Cartesian plane it lies in, or if it is on an axis.

Hint: Q1: x>0,y>0 | Q2: x<0,y>0 | Q3: x<0,y<0 | Q4: x>0,y<0 On axis: x==0 or y==0

Answe
r:

x = float(input("x: "))

y = float(input("y: "))

if x == 0 and y == 0:

print("Origin")

elif x == 0:

print("On Y-axis")

elif y == 0:

print("On X-axis")

elif x > 0 and y > 0:

print("Quadrant I")

elif x < 0 and y > 0:

print("Quadrant II")

elif x < 0 and y < 0:

print("Quadrant III")

else:

print("Quadrant IV")

Q5.3 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: In Python, if blocks require curly braces {} to define the block body.
on:

Hint: Python uses indentation, not braces.

Answe
r:
FALSE. Python uses INDENTATION (typically 4 spaces) to define code blocks. No curly braces are needed.

if 5 > 3:

print("Five is greater") # indented block

Page 27 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.4 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a program that checks whether a given number is even or odd AND also prints whether it is
on: divisible by 5.

Hint: Even: n%2==0 | Divisible by 5: n%5==0

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print("Even" if n % 2 == 0 else "Odd")

if n % 5 == 0:

print("Also divisible by 5")

else:

print("Not divisible by 5")

■ Medium Questions

Q5.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program to check whether a given number is a palindrome (reads the same forwards and
on: backwards).

Hint: Convert the number to a string and compare it with its reverse: str(n) == str(n)[::-1]

Answe
r:

n = input("Enter a number: ")

if n == n[::-1]:

print(f"{n} is a Palindrome")

else:

print(f"{n} is NOT a Palindrome")

Page 28 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes marks (0-100) and prints the letter grade and GPA on a 4.0 scale:
on: A(>=90, 4.0), B(>=80, 3.0), C(>=70, 2.0), D(>=60, 1.0), F(<60, 0.0).

Hint: Use a chain of elif statements checking from highest to lowest.

Answe
r:

marks = float(input("Marks (0-100): "))

if marks >= 90: grade, gpa = "A", 4.0

elif marks >= 80: grade, gpa = "B", 3.0

elif marks >= 70: grade, gpa = "C", 2.0

elif marks >= 60: grade, gpa = "D", 1.0

else: grade, gpa = "F", 0.0

print(f"Grade: {grade} | GPA: {gpa}")

Q5.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes three sides of a triangle, checks if it is valid, then classifies it as
on: Equilateral, Isosceles, or Scalene.

Hint: Valid: sum of any two sides > third. Equilateral: all equal. Isosceles: two equal. Scalene: all different.

Answe
r:

a = float(input("Side a: "))

b = float(input("Side b: "))

c = float(input("Side c: "))

if a+b > c and a+c > b and b+c > a:

if a == b == c:

print("Equilateral")

elif a==b or b==c or a==c:

print("Isosceles")

else:

print("Scalene")

else:

print("Not a valid triangle")

Page 29 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program using nested if that takes a username and password and grants access only if
on: both are correct (admin / 1234). Display specific messages for wrong username, wrong password,
and success.

Hint: First check username. Inside that block, check password (nested if).

Answe
r:

username = input("Username: ")

password = input("Password: ")

if username == "admin":

if password == "1234":

print("Login successful! Welcome, admin.")

else:

print("Wrong password.")

else:

print("Username not found.")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Page 30 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program that takes coefficients a, b, c of ax^2+bx+c=0, determines the nature of roots, and
on: computes/displays the actual roots (real or complex).

Hint: D = b^2 - 4ac D>0: two real roots | D=0: one root | D<0: complex roots

Answe
r:

import math

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))

c = float(input("c: "))

D = b**2 - 4*a*c

if D > 0:

x1 = (-b + [Link](D)) / (2*a)

x2 = (-b - [Link](D)) / (2*a)

print(f"Two real roots: x1={x1:.4f}, x2={x2:.4f}")

elif D == 0:

print(f"One real root: x = {-b/(2*a):.4f}")

else:

real = -b/(2*a)

imag = [Link](-D)/(2*a)

print(f"Complex: {real:.4f} +/- {imag:.4f}i")

Page 31 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a simple calculator accepting two numbers and an operator (+,-,*,/,//,%,**). Handle division
on: by zero and invalid operators gracefully.

Hint: Use if-elif to branch on the operator. Check b==0 before any division.

Answe
r:

a = float(input("First number: "))

op = input("Operator: ")

b = float(input("Second number: "))

if op == "+": print(a + b)

elif op == "-": print(a - b)

elif op == "*": print(a * b)

elif op == "**": print(a ** b)

elif op in ("/", "//", "%"):

if b == 0: print("Error: Division by zero!")

elif op == "/": print(a / b)

elif op == "//": print(a // b)

else: print(a % b)

else: print("Invalid operator!")

Q5.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a single-guess number guessing program using only if-elif-else (no loops). Store a secret
on: number, take one guess, tell the user correct/too high/too low, and how far off they were.

Hint: Use abs() to compute absolute difference.

Answe
r:

secret = 42

guess = int(input("Guess the number (1-100): "))

diff = abs(secret - guess)

if guess == secret:

print("Correct!")

elif guess < secret:

print(f"Too low! You were {diff} away.")

else:

print(f"Too high! You were {diff} away.")

Page 32 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q5.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program using ternary (conditional) expressions in at least three scenarios: (1) max of two
on: numbers, (2) even or odd, (3) Pass or Fail for score >= 50.

Hint: Python ternary syntax: value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Answe
r:

a, b = 15, 22

maximum = a if a > b else b

print(f"Max: {maximum}")

n = 37

parity = "Even" if n % 2 == 0 else "Odd"

print(f"{n} is {parity}")

score = 45

result = "Pass" if score >= 50 else "Fail"

print(f"Score {score}: {result}")

Page 33 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 6 Loops (for & while)

■ Easy Questions

Q6.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is the difference between a for loop and a while loop in Python? Give one example of each.
on:

Hint: for: known/finite iterations over a sequence. while: repeats based on a condition being True.

Answe
r:

# for loop -- iterate a fixed number of times

for i in range(5):

print(i, end=" ") # 0 1 2 3 4

# while loop -- iterate based on condition

x = 1

while x <= 5:

print(x, end=" ") # 1 2 3 4 5

x += 1

Q6.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a Python program using a for loop that prints the multiplication table of a number entered by
on: the user (from 1 to 10).

Hint: Use range(1, 11) to iterate from 1 to 10 inclusive.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

for i in range(1, 11):

print(f"{n} x {i} = {n * i}")

Page 34 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.3 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a while loop that keeps asking the user to enter positive numbers and sums them. Stop
on: when the user enters 0 and print the total.

Hint: Use while True with a break statement when 0 is entered.

Answe
r:

total = 0

while True:

num = float(input("Enter a number (0 to stop): "))

if num == 0:

break

total += num

print(f"Total sum: {total:.2f}")

Q6.4 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What does the following code print? Explain what break and continue do. for i in range(1, 8): if i ==
on: 4: continue if i == 6: break print(i)

Hint: continue skips the current iteration. break exits the loop entirely.

Answe
r:
Output: 1 2 3 5 continue skips printing 4. break exits the loop when i==6, so 6 and 7 are never printed.

■ Medium Questions

Page 35 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes a range (start and end) from the user, displays all prime numbers in
on: that range, and prints their sum.

Hint: Test divisibility using range(2, int(n**0.5)+1). A prime has no divisors other than 1 and itself.

Answe
r:

start = int(input("Start: "))

end = int(input("End: "))

primes = []

for num in range(max(2, start), end + 1):

is_prime = True

for d in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):

if num % d == 0:

is_prime = False

break

if is_prime:

[Link](num)

print("Primes:", primes)

print("Sum:", sum(primes))

Q6.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program using nested for loops that draws the following diamond/hourglass pattern for
on: n=4: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Hint: Use two separate loops -- first decreasing, then increasing -- with range.

Answe
r:

n = 4

for i in range(n, 0, -1):

print("* " * i)

for i in range(2, n + 1):

print("* " * i)

Page 36 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes a sentence from the user and uses a for loop to count the number of
on: vowels and consonants.

Hint: Vowels: aeiouAEIOU. Skip spaces and non-alphabet characters using .isalpha().

Answe
r:

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")

vowels = consonants = 0

for ch in sentence:

if [Link]():

if [Link]() in "aeiou":

vowels += 1

else:

consonants += 1

print(f"Vowels: {vowels} | Consonants: {consonants}")

Page 37 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that generates a random password using a while loop. Ask for: length, include
on: uppercase? include lowercase? include digits? include special characters? Generate accordingly.

Hint: Use [Link]() on a combined character pool built from user preferences.

Answe
r:

import random, string

length = int(input("Length: "))

use_upper = input("Uppercase? (y/n): ").lower() == 'y'

use_lower = input("Lowercase? (y/n): ").lower() == 'y'

use_digits = input("Digits? (y/n): ").lower() == 'y'

use_special = input("Special chars? (y/n): ").lower() == 'y'

pool = ""

if use_upper: pool += string.ascii_uppercase

if use_lower: pool += string.ascii_lowercase

if use_digits: pool += [Link]

if use_special: pool += [Link]

password = ""

if pool:

while len(password) < length:

password += [Link](pool)

print(f"Password: {password}")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q6.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program using nested for loops to find all perfect numbers up to 10,000. A perfect number
on: equals the sum of its proper divisors (e.g., 6 = 1+2+3).

Hint: For each n, sum all i where n%i==0 and i<n. If sum==n, it is perfect.

Answe
r:

for n in range(2, 10001):

divisor_sum = sum(i for i in range(1, n) if n % i == 0)

if divisor_sum == n:

print(f"{n} is a perfect number")

# Output: 6, 28, 496, 8128

Page 38 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Using ONLY a while loop (no string conversion), write a program that reverses an integer and
on: checks if it is a palindrome.

Hint: Extract digits: digit = n%10. Build reversed: rev = rev*10 + digit. Remove digit: n //= 10.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))

original, reversed_n = n, 0

while n > 0:

reversed_n = reversed_n * 10 + n % 10

n //= 10

print(f"Reversed: {reversed_n}")

print("Palindrome!" if original == reversed_n else "Not a palindrome.")

Q6.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a prime checker using a for loop with an else clause. Explain what the else clause on a loop
on: does.

Hint: The else block of a for loop executes ONLY if the loop completed without hitting a break.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if n < 2:

print("Not prime")

else:

for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):

if n % i == 0:

print(f"{n} is NOT prime (divisible by {i})")

break

else:

print(f"{n} IS prime")

The else clause runs only if the for loop finished without executing break, meaning no divisor was found.

Page 39 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q6.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program using nested loops to print Floyd's Triangle of n rows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
on:

Hint: Use a counter that increments with each cell. Outer loop = rows; inner loop = columns.

Answe
r:

n = int(input("Number of rows: "))

counter = 1

for i in range(1, n + 1):

for j in range(i):

print(counter, end=" ")

counter += 1

print()

Page 40 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 7 Functions

■ Easy Questions

Q7.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is a function in Python? What are the benefits of using functions? Write a simple function
on: greet(name) that prints a greeting message.

Hint: A function is a reusable block of code defined with def. Benefits: code reuse, modularity, readability.

Answe
r:

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to Python.")

greet("Ali")

greet("Sara")

Benefits: Code reuse, easier debugging, modularity, abstraction.

Q7.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a function convert_temp(value, unit) that converts Fahrenheit to Celsius if unit='F', and
on: Celsius to Fahrenheit if unit='C'.

Hint: C = (F-32) * 5/9 F = C * 9/5 + 32

Answe
r:

def convert_temp(value, unit):

if unit == 'F':

result = (value - 32) * 5 / 9

print(f"{value}F = {result:.2f}C")

elif unit == 'C':

result = value * 9 / 5 + 32

print(f"{value}C = {result:.2f}F")

else:

print("Invalid unit.")

convert_temp(100, 'C')

convert_temp(32, 'F')

Page 41 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.3 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi What are default parameters in Python? Write a function power(base, exp=2) that returns base
on: raised to exp, defaulting to squaring.

Hint: Default parameter values are assigned in the function signature with =.

Answe
r:

def power(base, exp=2):

return base ** exp

print(power(5)) # 25

print(power(3, 4)) # 81

print(power(2, 10)) # 1024

Q7.4 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: A Python function must always explicitly return a value using the return statement.
on:

Hint: What does a function return if it has no return statement?

Answe
r:
FALSE. If a function has no return statement, it returns None by default.

def say_hi():

print("Hi")

result = say_hi()

print(result) # None

■ Medium Questions

Page 42 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a function calculate_gpa(subjects) that accepts a list of tuples (grade_point, credit_hours)
on: and returns the GPA. Test it with at least 4 subjects.

Hint: GPA = sum(grade_point * credit_hours) / sum(credit_hours)

Answe
r:

def calculate_gpa(subjects):

total_points = sum(gp * ch for gp, ch in subjects)

total_hours = sum(ch for gp, ch in subjects)

return total_points / total_hours

courses = [(4.0, 3), (3.0, 3), (3.5, 2), (2.0, 1)]

gpa = calculate_gpa(courses)

print(f"GPA: {gpa:.2f}")

Q7.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program using a lambda function to find the larger of two numbers, then pass the larger
on: number to a UDF print_table(n, limit) that prints its multiplication table up to limit.

Hint: lambda a, b: a if a > b else b

Answe
r:

larger = lambda a, b: a if a > b else b

def print_table(n, limit):

for i in range(1, limit + 1):

print(f"{n} x {i} = {n * i}")

a = int(input("First number: "))

b = int(input("Second number: "))

n = larger(a, b)

print_table(n, 10)

Page 43 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program using a lambda to convert a string to uppercase, then pass the result to a UDF
on: named invert(s) that returns the string in reverse order.

Hint: lambda s: [Link]() | Reverse with s[::-1]

Answe
r:

to_upper = lambda s: [Link]()

def invert(s):

return s[::-1]

text = input("Enter a string: ")

uppercased = to_upper(text)

reversed_text = invert(uppercased)

print(f"Uppercased: {uppercased}")

print(f"Reversed: {reversed_text}")

Page 44 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write Python functions to calculate Permutation P(n,r) and Combination C(n,r) using user-defined
on: functions. Call them from a main program.

Hint: P(n,r) = n! / (n-r)! C(n,r) = n! / (r! * (n-r)!)

Answe
r:

def factorial(n):

result = 1

for i in range(2, n + 1):

result *= i

return result

def permutation(n, r):

return factorial(n) // factorial(n - r)

def combination(n, r):

return factorial(n) // (factorial(r) * factorial(n - r))

n = int(input("n: "))

r = int(input("r: "))

print(f"P({n},{r}) = {permutation(n,r)}")

print(f"C({n},{r}) = {combination(n,r)}")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Page 45 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program using *args and **kwargs. Create a function describe_student(*subjects, **info)
on: that accepts any number of positional arguments (subjects) and keyword arguments (name, age,
gpa) and prints a formatted profile.

Hint: *args collects extra positional arguments as a tuple. **kwargs collects keyword arguments as a dict.

Answe
r:

def describe_student(*subjects, **info):

print("--- Student Profile ---")

for key, val in [Link]():

print(f" {[Link]()}: {val}")

print(f" Subjects: {', '.join(subjects)}")

describe_student("Math", "Physics", "CS",

name="Ali", age=20, gpa=3.8)

Page 46 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a memoize(func) decorator that caches results. Demonstrate by memoizing a Fibonacci
on: function and show how repeated calls skip recomputation.

Hint: Store results in a dictionary keyed by arguments. Return cached result if already computed.

Answe
r:

def memoize(func):

cache = {}

def wrapper(n):

if n not in cache:

cache[n] = func(n)

else:

print(f" [Cache hit for n={n}]")

return cache[n]

return wrapper

@memoize

def fibonacci(n):

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(n):

a, b = b, a + b

return a

print(fibonacci(10)) # computed

print(fibonacci(10)) # cache hit

print(fibonacci(20)) # computed

Page 47 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a semester GPA calculator using functions. Ask for number of subjects, then grade point
on: and credit hours for each. Use separate functions: get_subjects(), compute_gpa(),
display_result().

Hint: Decompose: get_subjects() for input, compute_gpa(subjects) for calculation, display_result(gpa) for output.

Answe
r:

def get_subjects(n):

subjects = []

for i in range(1, n+1):

gp = float(input(f"Subject {i} Grade Point: "))

ch = int(input(f"Subject {i} Credit Hours: "))

[Link]((gp, ch))

return subjects

def compute_gpa(subjects):

return sum(gp*ch for gp,ch in subjects) / sum(ch for gp,ch in subjects)

def display_result(gpa):

print(f"Semester GPA: {gpa:.2f}")

if gpa >= 3.5: print("Excellent! Dean's List.")

elif gpa >= 2.0: print("Good Standing.")

else: print("Academic Probation.")

n = int(input("Number of subjects: "))

display_result(compute_gpa(get_subjects(n)))

Page 48 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q7.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write safe_divide(a, b) that handles ZeroDivisionError and TypeError. Also write a lambda
on: wrapper that pre-validates inputs are numbers before calling safe_divide.

Hint: Use try-except inside the function. Lambda checks isinstance(x, (int, float)).

Answe
r:

def safe_divide(a, b):

try:

return a / b

except ZeroDivisionError:

return "Error: Cannot divide by zero"

except TypeError:

return "Error: Invalid types"

validate = lambda a, b: safe_divide(a, b) if isinstance(a,(int,float)) and

isinstance(b,(int,float)) else "Error: Non-numeric input"

print(validate(10, 2)) # 5.0

print(validate(10, 0)) # Error: divide by zero

print(validate("x", 2)) # Error: Non-numeric

Page 49 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 8 Lists

■ Easy Questions

Q8.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is a list in Python? How does it differ from a regular array? Create a list containing your
on: name, age, GPA, and a boolean, then print each element with its index.

Hint: Python lists are dynamic, heterogeneous, and ordered. Access elements with list[index].

Answe
r:

profile = ["Ali", 21, 3.75, True]

for i, item in enumerate(profile):

print(f"Index {i}: {item}")

Key difference: Python lists can hold mixed data types. Traditional arrays (in other languages) typically hold one
data type.

Q8.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Create a list of 5 integers and demonstrate: appending an element, removing an element,
on: inserting at a position, and checking membership.

Hint: Use .append(), .remove(), .insert(), and the in operator.

Answe
r:

nums = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

[Link](60) # add at end

[Link](30) # remove value 30

[Link](1, 99) # insert 99 at index 1

print(99 in nums) # True

print(nums)

Q8.3 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What is the output? fruits = ["apple","banana","cherry","date"] print(fruits[1]) print(fruits[-1])

on: print(fruits[1:3])

Hint: 0-based indexing. Negative indices count from end. Slicing [start:stop] is exclusive of stop.

Answe
r:
Output: banana date ['banana', 'cherry']

Page 50 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q8.4 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Accept 5 numbers from the user into a list and print it sorted ascending and descending without
on: modifying the original list.

Hint: Use sorted(list) to return a new sorted list without altering the original.

Answe
r:

nums = [int(input(f"Number {i+1}: ")) for i in range(5)]

print("Original: ", nums)

print("Ascending: ", sorted(nums))

print("Descending:", sorted(nums, reverse=True))

print("Still original:", nums)

■ Medium Questions

Q8.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Use list comprehension to: (1) create squares of 1-10, (2) filter even numbers from 1-20, (3) create
on: (number, square) tuple pairs for 1-5.

Hint: Syntax: [expression for item in iterable if condition]

Answe
r:

squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 11)]

print("Squares:", squares)

evens = [x for x in range(1, 21) if x % 2 == 0]

print("Evens:", evens)

pairs = [(x, x**2) for x in range(1, 6)]

print("Pairs:", pairs)

Page 51 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q8.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Remove duplicate elements from a list while preserving the original order of first appearances,
on: WITHOUT using set() as the final result.

Hint: Iterate and add to a new list only if the element has not been seen before.

Answe
r:

original = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5]

seen = []

unique = []

for item in original:

if item not in seen:

[Link](item)

[Link](item)

print("Original:", original)

print("Unique: ", unique)

Q8.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a program that takes a 3x3 2D list (matrix) and computes its transpose (swap rows and
on: columns).

Hint: transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j]. You can use nested list comprehension.

Answe
r:

matrix = [

[1, 2, 3],

[4, 5, 6],

[7, 8, 9]

transpose = [[matrix[i][j] for i in range(3)] for j in range(3)]

print("Original:")

for row in matrix: print(row)

print("Transpose:")

for row in transpose: print(row)

Page 52 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q8.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a function flatten(nested) that takes a nested list (list of lists) and returns a single flat list
on: containing all elements.

Hint: Iterate the outer list; for each inner list, iterate its elements.

Answe
r:

def flatten(nested):

flat = []

for sublist in nested:

for item in sublist:

[Link](item)

return flat

nested = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]]

print(flatten(nested)) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q8.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Implement Bubble Sort on a list of integers without using any built-in sort functions. Show each
on: pass of the algorithm.

Hint: Repeatedly swap adjacent elements if in wrong order. After each pass, the largest unsorted element
bubbles to its position.

Answe
r:

def bubble_sort(arr):

n = len(arr)

for i in range(n - 1):

for j in range(n - 1 - i):

if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:

arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]

print(f"Pass {i+1}: {arr}")

return arr

data = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

print("Sorted:", bubble_sort(data))

Page 53 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q8.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Generate a random password using a list. Guarantee at least one uppercase, one lowercase, one
on: digit, and one special character, then fill the rest randomly and shuffle.

Hint: Use [Link]() for mandatory characters. Build pool for remainder. Use [Link]().

Answe
r:

import random, string

length = int(input("Password length (min 4): "))

mandatory = [

[Link](string.ascii_uppercase),

[Link](string.ascii_lowercase),

[Link]([Link]),

[Link]([Link])

pool = string.ascii_letters + [Link] + [Link]

rest = [[Link](pool) for _ in range(length - 4)]

pwd = mandatory + rest

[Link](pwd)

print("Password:", "".join(pwd))

Q8.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Implement Binary Search on a sorted list. Return the index of the target element or -1 if not found.
on:

Hint: mid = (low+high)//2 If arr[mid]==target: return mid. If arr[mid]<target: search right; else search left.

Answe
r:

def binary_search(arr, target):

low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1

while low <= high:

mid = (low + high) // 2

if arr[mid] == target: return mid

elif arr[mid] < target: low = mid + 1

else: high = mid - 1

return -1

data = [2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91]

target = int(input("Search for: "))

result = binary_search(data, target)

print(f"Found at index {result}" if result != -1 else "Not found")

Page 54 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q8.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a program that reads a sentence, splits it into words (a list), then: (1) sorts words
on: alphabetically, (2) counts word frequency, (3) finds the most and least frequent words.

Hint: Use .split(), a dictionary for frequency, max() and min() with key= parameter.

Answe
r:

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ").lower()

words = [Link]()

print("Sorted:", sorted(words))

freq = {}

for w in words:

freq[w] = [Link](w, 0) + 1

print("Frequencies:", freq)

print("Most frequent:", max(freq, key=[Link]))

print("Least frequent:", min(freq, key=[Link]))

Page 55 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 9 Tuples

■ Easy Questions

Q9.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is a tuple in Python? How is it different from a list? Create a tuple with 5 elements and
on: access its elements using indexing and slicing.

Hint: Tuples are IMMUTABLE sequences defined with (). Lists are MUTABLE and defined with [].

Answe
r:

coords = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

print(coords[0]) # 10

print(coords[-1]) # 50

print(coords[1:4]) # (20, 30, 40)

Key difference: Tuples are immutable -- you cannot change, add, or remove elements after creation.

Q9.2 [True/False] EASY

Questi True or False: You can have a tuple with only one element by writing t = (5).
on:

Hint: A single-element tuple requires a trailing comma.

Answe
r:
FALSE. (5) is just an integer in parentheses. A single-element tuple MUST include a trailing comma.

t = (5,) # correct tuple

t2 = (5) # just an integer

print(type(t)) # <class 'tuple'>

print(type(t2)) # <class 'int'>

Page 56 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q9.3 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a program that stores two points as tuples, calculates the distance between them, and
on: identifies which quadrant each point lies in.

Hint: d = sqrt((x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2). Quadrant determined by signs of x and y.

Answe
r:

import math

p1 = (float(input("x1: ")), float(input("y1: ")))

p2 = (float(input("x2: ")), float(input("y2: ")))

d = [Link]((p2[0]-p1[0])**2 + (p2[1]-p1[1])**2)

print(f"Distance: {d:.4f}")

def quadrant(p):

x, y = p

if x>0 and y>0: return "Q1"

elif x<0 and y>0: return "Q2"

elif x<0 and y<0: return "Q3"

elif x>0 and y<0: return "Q4"

else: return "On Axis"

print(f"P1 in {quadrant(p1)}, P2 in {quadrant(p2)}")

Q9.4 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi What will the following code output? Explain each line: t = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2) print([Link](2))
on: print([Link](3)) print(len(t))

Hint: .count(x) returns how many times x appears. .index(x) returns first position of x.

Answe
r:
Output: 3 2 6 [Link](2) = 3 (2 appears at indices 1, 3, 5) [Link](3) = 2 (3 is at index 2) len(t) = 6 (6 elements)

■ Medium Questions

Page 57 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q9.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Demonstrate tuple packing and unpacking. Pack three student attributes (name, marks, grade)
on: into a tuple, then unpack them into separate variables.

Hint: Packing: t = a, b, c Unpacking: a, b, c = t

Answe
r:

# Packing

student = "Ali", 88, "B"

print(f"Packed: {student}")

# Unpacking

name, marks, grade = student

print(f"Name: {name}, Marks: {marks}, Grade: {grade}")

# Extended unpacking

first, *middle, last = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

print(f"First: {first}, Middle: {middle}, Last: {last}")

Q9.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Convert a list of student records (each a tuple of name and score) into a sorted leaderboard by
on: score in descending order.

Hint: Use sorted() with key=lambda x: x[1] and reverse=True.

Answe
r:

students = [("Ali",78),("Sara",92),("Umar",85),("Hina",92),("Bilal",67)]

leaderboard = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

print("=== Leaderboard ===")

for rank, (name, score) in enumerate(leaderboard, start=1):

print(f"{rank}. {name:10} {score}")

Q9.7 [Analytical] MEDIUM

Questi When should you use a tuple instead of a list in Python? Give three concrete scenarios.
on:

Hint: Think about: immutability guarantees, dictionary keys, function return values.

Answe
r:
1. Coordinates / Constants: point = (3.14, 2.71) -- values that must not change. 2. Dictionary keys: Lists cannot be
dict keys (unhashable); Tuples can: {(0,0): "origin"} 3. Function multiple return values: return x1, x2 Returns a tuple
-- safe and lightweight. 4. Named tuples for structured records without class overhead.

Page 58 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q9.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a function that accepts any number of tuples (each representing (value, weight)) and
on: computes the weighted average.

Hint: weighted_avg = sum(value*weight) / sum(weight) Use *args to accept multiple tuples.

Answe
r:

def weighted_average(*data_points):

total_weighted = sum(val * wt for val, wt in data_points)

total_weight = sum(wt for val, wt in data_points)

return total_weighted / total_weight

result = weighted_average((80,3),(90,4),(70,2),(85,3))

print(f"Weighted Average: {result:.2f}")

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q9.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Use [Link] to represent a Student with fields: name, roll, gpa. Create 3 students,
on: store in a list, and display the one with the highest GPA.

Hint: from collections import namedtuple Student = namedtuple('Student', ['name', 'roll', 'gpa'])

Answe
r:

from collections import namedtuple

Student = namedtuple('Student', ['name', 'roll', 'gpa'])

students = [

Student("Ali", "CS-01", 3.8),

Student("Sara", "CS-02", 3.95),

Student("Umar", "CS-03", 3.6),

best = max(students, key=lambda s: [Link])

print(f"Top: {[Link]} | Roll: {[Link]} | GPA: {[Link]}")

Page 59 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q9.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Use a tuple as a dictionary key to create a lookup table for distances between city pairs. Ask the
on: user for two cities and display the distance.

Hint: distances = {('Lahore','Karachi'): 1210, ...}. Check both orderings of the key.

Answe
r:

distances = {

("Lahore", "Karachi"): 1210,

("Lahore", "Islamabad"): 375,

("Karachi", "Islamabad"): 1411,

("Lahore", "Peshawar"): 440,

c1 = input("City 1: ").strip().title()

c2 = input("City 2: ").strip().title()

key, alt = (c1,c2), (c2,c1)

if key in distances: print(f"Distance: {distances[key]} km")

elif alt in distances: print(f"Distance: {distances[alt]} km")

else: print("Not in database.")

Q9.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Take a list of 2D coordinate tuples, remove duplicates, sort by distance from the origin, and print
on: the sorted list with distances.

Hint: Distance from origin: sqrt(x^2 + y^2). Use set() for deduplication, then sort.

Answe
r:

import math

points = [(3,4),(1,1),(0,5),(3,4),(2,2),(1,1)]

unique = list(set(points))

dist = lambda p: [Link](p[0]**2 + p[1]**2)

sorted_pts = sorted(unique, key=dist)

print("Point Distance")

for p in sorted_pts:

print(f" {p} {dist(p):.4f}")

Page 60 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q9.12 [Analytical + Code] HARD

Questi Demonstrate that tuples are hashable while lists are not. Then use this property to count the
on: frequency of each coordinate tuple in a list.

Hint: hash(tuple) works. hash(list) raises TypeError. Use tuple as dict key.

Answe
r:

t = (1, 2); l = [1, 2]

print(hash(t)) # works

try:

print(hash(l)) # TypeError

except TypeError as e:

print(f"List not hashable: {e}")

coords = [(1,2),(3,4),(1,2),(5,6),(3,4),(1,2)]

freq = {}

for point in coords:

freq[point] = [Link](point, 0) + 1

for point, count in [Link]():

print(f" {point}: {count} time(s)")

Page 61 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Topic 10 Recursion

■ Easy Questions

Q10.1 [Conceptual] EASY

Questi What is recursion? What are the two essential components of every recursive function? Give a
on: real-world analogy.

Hint: Think of Russian nesting dolls (Matryoshka).

Answe
r:
Recursion: A function that calls itself to solve a smaller version of the same problem. Two essential components: 1.
Base case -- The condition that STOPS the recursion. 2. Recursive case -- The function calls itself with
smaller/simpler input. Analogy: Russian nesting dolls -- open each doll to find a smaller one inside, until you reach
the smallest doll (base case).

Q10.2 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a recursive function factorial(n) that computes n!. Show the call stack for factorial(4).
on:

Hint: Base case: factorial(0) = 1 Recursive case: factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1)

Answe
r:

def factorial(n):

if n == 0: # base case

return 1

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(4)) # 24

Call stack: factorial(4) -> 4 * factorial(3) factorial(3) -> 3 * factorial(2) factorial(2) -> 2 * factorial(1) factorial(1) -> 1 *
factorial(0) factorial(0) -> 1 Result: 1*1*2*3*4 = 24

Page 62 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q10.3 [Code Writing] EASY

Questi Write a recursive function sum_to_n(n) that returns the sum of all integers from 1 to n.
on:

Hint: Base case: sum_to_n(1) = 1 Recursive case: sum_to_n(n) = n + sum_to_n(n-1)

Answe
r:

def sum_to_n(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

return n + sum_to_n(n - 1)

print(sum_to_n(10)) # 55

print(sum_to_n(100)) # 5050

Q10.4 [Code Tracing] EASY

Questi Trace the execution of countdown(3): def countdown(n): if n == 0: print("Blast off!") return print(n)
on: countdown(n - 1)

Hint: Follow each call in order. The function prints BEFORE the recursive call.

Answe
r:
Output: 3 2 1 Blast off! countdown(3) prints 3, calls countdown(2) countdown(2) prints 2, calls countdown(1)
countdown(1) prints 1, calls countdown(0) countdown(0) prints "Blast off!" and returns

■ Medium Questions

Page 63 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q10.5 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a recursive function fibonacci(n). Then write it iteratively. Compare the efficiency of both
on: approaches.

Hint: Base: fib(0)=0, fib(1)=1 Recursive: fib(n)=fib(n-1)+fib(n-2) -- O(2^n) time Iterative: O(n) time

Answe
r:

# Recursive -- O(2^n) -- slow for large n

def fib_recursive(n):

if n <= 1: return n

return fib_recursive(n-1) + fib_recursive(n-2)

# Iterative -- O(n) -- much faster

def fib_iterative(n):

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(n):

a, b = b, a + b

return a

for i in range(10): print(fib_recursive(i), end=" ")

print()

for i in range(10): print(fib_iterative(i), end=" ")

Q10.6 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a recursive function power(base, exp) that computes base^exp WITHOUT using the **
on: operator.

Hint: Base case: power(base, 0) = 1 Recursive case: power(base, exp) = base * power(base, exp-1)

Answe
r:

def power(base, exp):

if exp == 0:

return 1

return base * power(base, exp - 1)

print(power(2, 10)) # 1024

print(power(3, 5)) # 243

print(power(5, 0)) # 1

Page 64 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q10.7 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Write a recursive function is_palindrome(s) that checks if a string is a palindrome.

on:

Hint: Base case: string of length 0 or 1 is always a palindrome. Recursive case: first char == last char AND the
middle is a palindrome.

Answe
r:

def is_palindrome(s):

s = [Link]()

if len(s) <= 1:

return True

if s[0] != s[-1]:

return False

return is_palindrome(s[1:-1])

print(is_palindrome("radar")) # True

print(is_palindrome("hello")) # False

print(is_palindrome("racecar")) # True

Q10.8 [Code Writing] MEDIUM

Questi Implement recursive P(n,r) and C(n,r) using a recursive factorial helper function.
on:

Hint: P(n,r) = n!/(n-r)! C(n,r) = n!/(r!*(n-r)!) Define factorial(n) recursively first.

Answe
r:

def factorial(n):

if n == 0: return 1

return n * factorial(n - 1)

def permutation(n, r):

return factorial(n) // factorial(n - r)

def combination(n, r):

return factorial(n) // (factorial(r) * factorial(n - r))

n, r = 7, 3

print(f"P({n},{r}) = {permutation(n,r)}") # 210

print(f"C({n},{r}) = {combination(n,r)}") # 35

Page 65 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

■ Hard (Advanced) Questions

Q10.9 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a recursive function gcd(a,b) using the Euclidean algorithm. Then use it to compute the
on: LCM.

Hint: GCD: base: gcd(a,0)=a; recursive: gcd(a,b)=gcd(b, a%b) LCM: lcm(a,b) = (a*b) / gcd(a,b)

Answe
r:

def gcd(a, b):

if b == 0:

return a

return gcd(b, a % b)

def lcm(a, b):

return (a * b) // gcd(a, b)

print(gcd(48, 18)) # 6

print(lcm(12, 18)) # 36

Q10.10 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a recursive Python function to print all permutations of a given string.
on:

Hint: For each character, fix it at the front and recursively permute the remaining string. Base case: string of
length 1.

Answe
r:

def permutations(s, prefix=""):

if len(s) == 0:

print(prefix)

return

for i in range(len(s)):

remaining = s[:i] + s[i+1:]

permutations(remaining, prefix + s[i])

permutations("ABC")

# ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA

Page 66 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard

Python Programming — Question Bank CS Lab Series

Q10.11 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Implement the Tower of Hanoi problem recursively for n disks. Print each move clearly showing
on: which peg to move from and to.

Hint: Move top (n-1) disks from source to auxiliary. Move nth disk from source to destination. Move (n-1) disks
from auxiliary to destination. Base case: n == 0.

Answe
r:

def hanoi(n, source, destination, auxiliary):

if n == 0:

return

hanoi(n-1, source, auxiliary, destination)

print(f"Move disk {n}: {source} -> {destination}")

hanoi(n-1, auxiliary, destination, source)

n = int(input("Number of disks: "))

hanoi(n, "A", "C", "B")

# For n=3: requires 2^3 - 1 = 7 moves

Q10.12 [Code Writing] HARD

Questi Write a recursive function flatten_recursive(nested) that flattens a deeply nested list of
on: ARBITRARY depth into a flat list.

Hint: Base case: element is not a list -> return [element]. Recursive case: element is a list -> flatten each item
recursively.

Answe
r:

def flatten_recursive(nested):

result = []

for item in nested:

if isinstance(item, list):

[Link](flatten_recursive(item))

else:

[Link](item)

return result

deep = [1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]], 6, [7, 8]]

print(flatten_recursive(deep))

# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

Page 67 | 10 Topics · 120 Questions · Easy / Medium / Hard