Modulation–
The process of superimposing a low
frequency message signal over high frequency
wave is known as modulation.
Carrier wave–
High frequency wave is called carrier wave.
Need of modulation–
The very low frequencies(sound wave) are
poor energy. They die out after covering small
distances in air. Hence they cannot travel large
distance from the point to transmission. Hence we
need modulation.
( )
Type of modulation -
(i) Amplitude modulation
(ii) Frequency modulation
(iii) Phase modulation
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i) Amplitude modulation :-
The process of modulation in which the
amplitude of carrier wave changes in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the
massage signal is called amplitude modulation.
(i)
Advantages of amplitude modulation :
(i) It is an easier method for transmitting and
receiving voice signals.
(i)
(ii) It requires simple and cheaper transmitters
and receivers.
(ii)
(iii) Its transmission requires low carrier
frequencies of 0.5 – 20 MHz.
(iii) (0.5 – 20 MHz)
(iv) Area in which AM transmission can be
received is much larger than that in case of
FM transmission.
(iv)
Disadvantages of amplitude modulation :
(i) Amplitude modulation suffers from noise.
(ii) Quality of audio signal is poor.
(iii) Efficiency of AM transmission is low.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii) Frequency modulation :-
The process modulation in which the
frequency of carrier wave changes in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the
message signal is called frequency
modulation.
(ii)
Advantages of frequency modulation over
amplitude modulation :
(i) FM transmission is highly efficient as
compared to AM.
(i)
(ii) FM reception is almost immune to noise as
compared to AM reception.
(ii)
Disadvantages of frequency modulation over
amplitude modulation :
(i) The channel required in FM is about 10
times wider than that in A.M.
(i)
(ii) F.M. receivers and transmitters are very
complex and costly.
(ii)
(iii) Phase modulation :-
The process modulation in which the phase
of carrier wave changes in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the message
signal is called phase modulation.
(iii)
Demodulation–
The process of again receiving a low
frequency message signal from the
modulated wave is called demodulation.
Modulation index–
The ratio of the change in amplitude of
carrier wave to the amplitude of original
carrier wave is called modulation index or
modulation factor.
It is denoted by ma or m.
ma m
That is,
Change in amplitude of carrier wave
ma =
Amplitude of carrier wave
ma =
Q. Derive an expression for amplitude modulated
wave.
Q. Derive an expression for the distance up to
which the T.V. signals can directly be received
from a T.V. tower of height h.
h T.V T.V
Ans.
Let an antenna AB of height h. Due to the
curvature of the earth, no direct signals are
possible beyond the points C or D, as shown in
Figure.
h AB
C D
Let,
OD = OC = R (radius of earth)
and AC = AD = d
OD = OC = R( )
AC = AD = d
From right angled DACO,
DACO
1. Area covered by TV signals = pd2 = 2pRh
2. Population covered = area covered x population density,
1. TV = pd2 = 2pRh
2. = x
1. Area covered by TV signals = pd2 = 2pRh
2. Population covered = area covered x population density,
1. TV = pd2 = 2pRh
2. = x
Ans.
Let modulating signal,
m(t) = Amsinwmt - - - - - - - - 1.
and carrier signal,
c(t) = Acsinwct - - - - - - - - 2.
m(t) = Amsinwmt - - - - - - - - 1.
c(t) = Acsinwct - - - - - - - - 2.
Where,
m(t) = instantaneous voltage of modulating wave
Am = amplitude of modulating wave
wm = 2pnm = angular frequency of modulating
wave
m(t) =
Am =
wm = 2pnm =
c(t) = instantaneous voltage of carrier wave
Ac = amplitude of carrier wave
wc = 2pnc = angular frequency of carrier wave
c(t) =
Ac =
wc = 2pnc =
After modulation
A = Ac + m(t) = Ac + Amsinwmt
A = Ac + mAcsinwmt
A = Ac(1 + msinwmt)
Here,
Am is the modulation index
m =
Ac
The instantaneous voltage of the Am is
cm(t) = Asinwct = Ac(1 + msinwmt) x sinwct
m Ac
cm(t) = Acsinwct + x 2sinwct . Sinwmt
2
m Ac
cm(t)=Acsinwct+ [cos(wc-wm)t - cos(wc+wm)t]
2
m Ac m Ac
cm(t)=Acsinwct+ cos(wc+wm)t - cos(wc-wm)t]
2 2