Calculus II
Kandahar University
Engineering Faculty
Basic Science Engineering Department
Stewart, J., Clegg, D., & Watson, S. (2021). Calculus (Early
Transcendental) (Metric Version 9thed).
Chapter 6
Application of Integration
Shamsullah Noori
I Year/II Semester, 2023
1
Calculus II
Integrals
In this chapter we explore some of the applications of the definite
integral by using it to compute areas between curves, volumes of
solids, and the work done by a varying force.
how integration can be used to solve problems involving volumes,
length of curves, population predictions, cardiac output, forces on a
dam, work, consumer surplus, and baseball, among many others.
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to x:
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to x:
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to x:
In the case where both 𝑓 and 𝑓𝑔 are positive,
you can see from Figure 3 why (2) is true:
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of the region bounded above by 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ,
bounded below by 𝑦 = 𝑥, and bounded on the sides by 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
SOLUTION
𝑥=1
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 3 Find the approximate area of the region bounded by the
𝑥
curves y = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥.
𝑥 +1
SOLUTION
x = 0 , x = 1.18
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 4 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = 𝜋 2 .
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Area Between Curves: Integrating With Respect to y :
Some regions are best treated by regarding x as a function of y. If a
region is bounded by curves with equations 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 𝑐,
and 𝑦 = 𝑑 , where f and 𝑔 are continuous and 𝑓 𝑦 ≥ 𝑔 𝑦 for
𝑐≤𝑦≤𝑑 (see Figure 10), then its area is
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 5 Find the area enclosed by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 and the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 = 6 .
SOLUTION
Intersection points
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
SOLUTION Cont…
NOTE We could have found the area in Example 5 by integrating with
respect to x instead of y, but the calculation is much more involved.
Because the bottom boundary consists of two different curves, it would
have meant splitting the region in two and computing the areas labeled
A1 and A2 in Figure 13. The method we used in Example 5 is much
easier
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 6 Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves
1
𝑦 = 1 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, and 𝑦 = 𝑥, using (a) x as the variable of integration
4
and (b) y as the variable of integration.
SOLUTION
(a)
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
SOLUTION Cont…
(b)
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Application:
EXAMPLE 7 Figure 16 shows velocity curves for two cars, A and B,
that start side by side and move along the same road. What does the area
between the curves represent? Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate it.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
SOLUTION Cont…
We use the Midpoint Rule with 𝑛 = 4 intervals, so that ∆𝑡 = 4. The
midpoints of the intervals are 𝑡1 = 2, 𝑡2 = 6 , 𝑡3 = 10 and 𝑡4 = 14 . We
estimate the distance between the cars after 16 seconds as follows:
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
Definition of Volume:
Area:
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
Definition of Volume:
Volume:
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
EXAMPLE 1 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius 𝑟 𝑖𝑠
4 3
𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 .
3
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.1 Areas Between Curves
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
Volumes of Solids of Revolution:
If we revolve a region about a line, we obtain a solid of revolution.
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the x-axis the region under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 from 0 to 1. Illustrate the
definition of volume by sketching a typical approximating cylinder.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 3 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ,𝑦 = 8 , and 𝑥 = 0 about the y-axis.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 4 The region R enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
SOLUTION
Intersecting points are: 0 ,0 ( 1 ,1 )
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 5 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region in Example 4 about the line 𝑦 = 2.
SOLUTION
Outer radius is: 2 − 𝑥 2
Inner radius is: 2 − 𝑥
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
NOTE In general, we calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by
using the basic defining formula
and we find the cross-sectional area A(x) or A(y) in one of the following
ways:
If the cross-section is a disk (as in Examples 1–3), we find the radius
of the disk (in terms of x or y) and use
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
If the cross-section is a washer (as in Examples 4 and 5), we find the
inner radius 𝑟𝑖𝑛 and outer radius 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 from a sketch (as in Figures 8, 9,
and 10) and compute the area of the washer by subtracting the area of
the inner disk from the area of the outer disk:
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 6 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region in Example 4 about the line 𝑥 = −1.
SOLUTION
Outer radius is: 1 + 𝑦
Inner radius is: 1 + 𝑦
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area:
We now find the volumes of solids that are not solids of revolution but
whose cross-sections have areas that are readily computable.
EXAMPLE 7 Figure 12 shows a solid with a circular base of radius 1.
Parallel cross- sections perpendicular to the base are equilateral triangles.
Find the volume of the solid.
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 7 SOLUTION Cont…
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 8 Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square
with side L and whose height is h.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.2 Volumes
EXAMPLE 9 A wedge is cut out of a circular cylinder of radius 4 by
two planes. One plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The
other intersects the first at an angle of 30° along a diameter of the
cylinder. Find the volume of the wedge.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
Some volume problems are very difficult to handle by the methods of
the preceding section.
If we slice perpendicular to the y-axis, we get a washer. But to
compute the inner radius and the outer radius of the washer, we’d
have to solve the cubic equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 for x in terms of y;
that’s not easy.
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
The Method of Cylindrical Shells:
There is a method, called the method of cylindrical shells, that is easier
to use in a case like the one shown in Figure 1.
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
The Method of Cylindrical Shells:
Now let S be the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region
bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 [where 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 ], 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 𝑎 , and 𝑥 = 𝑏 ,
where 𝑏 > 𝑎 ≥ 0. (See Figure 3.)
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
The Method of Cylindrical Shells:
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
The Method of Cylindrical Shells:
The best way to remember Formula 2 is to think of a typical shell, cut
and flattened as in Figure 5, with radius x, circumference 2𝜋𝑥, height
𝑓(𝑥), and thickness ∆𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 :
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
EXAMPLE 1 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the y-axis the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 = 0.
SOLUTION
Radius is : x
Circumference is; 2𝜋𝑥
Height is : 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the y-axis the region between 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
SOLUTION
Radius is : x
Circumference is; 2𝜋𝑥
Height is : 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
EXAMPLE 3 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid
obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region under the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥 from 0 to 1.
SOLUTION
Radius is : y
Circumference is; 2𝜋𝑦
Height is :1 − 𝑦 2
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
EXAMPLE 4 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region bounded 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 0 about the line 𝑥 = 2.
SOLUTION
Radius is : 2 − 𝑥 Circumference is; 2𝜋(2 − 𝑥) Height is : 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
Disks and Washers versus Cylindrical Shells:
There are several considerations to take into account:
Is the region more easily described by top and bottom boundary
curves of theform 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,or by left and right boundaries 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 ?
Which choice is easier to work with?
Are the limits of integration easier to find for one variable versus the
other?
Does the region require two separate integrals when using x as the
variable but only one integral in y?
Are we able to evaluate the integral we set up with our choice of
variable?
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
EXAMPLE 5 Figure 11 shows the region in the first quadrant bounded
by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥. A solid is formed by rotating the
region about the line 𝑥 = −1. Find the volume of the solid using (a) x as
the variable of integration and (b) y as the variable of integration.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical shells
SOLUTION cont…
(a)
(b)
Calculus II
6.4 Work
The term work is used in everyday language to mean the total amount
of effort required to perform a task.
In physics it has a technical meaning that depends on the idea of a
force.
Calculus II
6.4 Work
EXAMPLE 1 (a) How much work is done in lifting a 1.2-kg book off
the floor to put it on a desk that is 0.7 m high? Use the fact that the
acceleration due to gravity is 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚 𝑠2 .(b) How much work is done
in lifting a 20 − 𝑙𝑏 weight 6 𝑓𝑡 off the ground?
SOLUTION
(a)
(b)
Calculus II
6.4 Work
Let’s suppose that the object moves along the x-axis in the positive
direction, from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏, and at each point x between a and b a
force 𝑓 (𝑥) acts on the object, where f is a continuous function.
We divide the interval 𝑎 , 𝑏 into n subintervals with endpoints 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ,
. . . , 𝑥𝑛 and equal width ∆𝑥. We choose a sample point 𝑥𝑖 ∗ in the i th
subinterval 𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 .
Then the force at that point is 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ ).
Calculus II
6.4 Work
EXAMPLE 2 When a particle is located a distance x feet from the
origin, a force of 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 newton's acts on it. How much work is done in
moving it from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 3?
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.4 Work
Hooke’s Law states that the force required to maintain a spring
stretched x units beyond its natural length is proportional to x :
where k is a positive constant called the spring constant (see Figure 1).
Hooke’s Law holds provided that x is not too large.
Calculus II
6.4 Work
EXAMPLE 3 A force of 40 𝑁 is required to hold a spring that has been
stretched from its natural length of 10 𝑐𝑚 to a length of 15 𝑐𝑚. How
much work is done in stretching the spring from 15 𝑐𝑚 to 18 𝑐𝑚?
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.4 Work
EXAMPLE 4 A 90 𝑘𝑔 cable is 21 𝑚 long and hangs vertically from the
top of a tall building.
(a) How much work is required to lift the cable to the top of the
building?
(b) How much work is required to pull up only 6 meters of the cable?
SOLUTION
(a)
Mass: 30 7 𝑘𝑔 per meter
Force :
Calculus II
6.4 Work
SOLUTION Cont…
(b)
Calculus II
6.4 Work
EXAMPLE 5 A tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with
height 10 𝑚 and base radius 4 𝑚. It is filled with water to a height of
8 𝑚. Find the work required to empty the tank by pumping all of the
water to the top of the tank. (The density of water is 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.)
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.4 Work
SOLUTION Cont…
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
It is easy to calculate the average value of finitely many numbers
𝑦1 , 𝑦2 . . . , 𝑦𝑛 :
But how do we compute the average temperature during a day if
infinitely many temperature readings are possible?
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
In general, let’s try to compute the average value of a function
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 .We start by dividing the interval 𝑎 , 𝑏 into 𝑛
equal subintervals, each with length ∆𝑥 = (𝑏−𝑎) 𝑛 . Then we choose
points 𝑥1 ∗ , . . . 𝑥𝑛 ∗ in successive subintervals and calculate the average of
the numbers 𝑓(𝑥1 ∗ ), . . . , 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ∗ ) :
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
If we let 𝑛 increase, we would be computing the average value of a
large number of closely spaced values.
Therefore we define the average value of f on the interval 𝑎 , 𝑏 as
EXAMPLE 1 Find the average value of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 on
the interval −1 , 2 .
SOLUTION
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
EXAMPLE 2 Since 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 is continuous on the
interval −1 , 2 , the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals says there is a
number c in −1 , 2 such that
SOLUTION
In this particular case we can find 𝑐 explicitly.
From Example 1 we know that 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2,
so the value of c satisfies
So in this case there happen to be two numbers 𝐶 = ±1 in the interval
−1 , 2 that work in the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals.
Calculus II
6.5 Average Value of a function
EXAMPLE 3 Show that the average velocity of a car over a time
interval [𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ]is the same as the average of its velocities during the trip.
SOLUTION
Calculus II
Calculus II