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Normalization 02

Normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and enhance integrity, addressing issues like insert, update, and delete anomalies that compromise data quality. The document outlines various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF) and illustrates the transformation from an unnormalized table to a first normal form by ensuring atomic values and unique identifiers. It highlights the importance of normalization in preventing data duplication, wasted storage, and inconsistent reports.

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AmirImam
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3 views4 pages

Normalization 02

Normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and enhance integrity, addressing issues like insert, update, and delete anomalies that compromise data quality. The document outlines various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF) and illustrates the transformation from an unnormalized table to a first normal form by ensuring atomic values and unique identifiers. It highlights the importance of normalization in preventing data duplication, wasted storage, and inconsistent reports.

Uploaded by

AmirImam
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

NORMALIZATION

Organizing data to reduce redundancy & improve integrity

What is Normalization?
Benefits
Problems without Normalization
Unnormalized Table (UNF)
1NF – First Normal Form
2NF – Second Normal Form
3NF – Third Normal Form
BCNF – Boyce-Codd Normal Form
Problems Without Normalization
Three types of anomalies destroy data quality in an unnormalized database:

Insert Anomaly Example:

You cannot add new data without Cannot add a new course unless a student is already enrolled — because student info is required in
providing unrelated data. the same row.

Update Anomaly Example:

Changing one fact requires If a teacher changes departments, every row mentioning that teacher must be updated — missing
updating many rows. even one creates contradictory data.

Delete Anomaly Example:

Deleting one record accidentally Removing the last student enrolled in a course deletes the course information entirely — unintentional
removes unrelated data. data loss.

Also causes: data duplication, wasted storage, slow queries, and inconsistent reports.
Unnormalized Table (UNF) – The Problem
One massive table storing everything — packed with defects:
order_id customer_name customer_email product_names quantities prices supplier supplier_ph

1001 Alice alice@[Link] Pen, Notebook 2, 1 5, 12 ABC Corp 021-111

1001 Alice alice@[Link] Pen, Notebook 2, 1 5, 12 ABC Corp 021-111

1002 Bob bob@[Link] Stapler 3 18 XYZ Ltd 042-222

1003 Alice alice@[Link] Pen 5 5 ABC Corp 021-111

Duplicate Rows Repeating Groups Redundant Data Mixed Concerns

Rows 1 & 2 are identical — no Multiple values in one cell (Pen, customer_email repeated on every Supplier info mixed with order data —
unique identifier per item Notebook) — not atomic order row unrelated entities

Duplicate / Redundant data Multiple values in one cell (repeating group)


1NF – First Normal Form
Rule: Every column must hold atomic (indivisible) values. No repeating groups. Each row must be uniquely identifiable.

Fix: Split multi-values into separate rows

order_id customer_name customer_email product_name qty price supplier supp_phone

1001 Alice alice@[Link] Pen 2 5 ABC Corp 021-111

1001 Alice alice@[Link] Notebook 1 12 ABC Corp 021-111

1002 Bob bob@[Link] Stapler 3 18 XYZ Ltd 042-222

1003 Alice alice@[Link] Pen 5 5 ABC Corp 021-111

Still has issues: customer email repeats on every row (partial dependency on non-key). Needs 2NF.

What changed:
Multi-value cells split — each row now holds one product name only (atomic)

Rows are now uniquely identifiable using composite key: order_id + product_name

Repeating groups eliminated — no more comma-separated values in any cell

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