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EM Module 03

This chapter covers the fundamentals of ecology, including ecosystems, their types and levels, and the interdependence of organisms. Key concepts such as habitat, limiting factors, carrying capacity, energy pyramids, food chains, and food webs are discussed, along with the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The document also highlights the interactions among biotic components and the importance of these relationships in maintaining ecological balance.

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5 views18 pages

EM Module 03

This chapter covers the fundamentals of ecology, including ecosystems, their types and levels, and the interdependence of organisms. Key concepts such as habitat, limiting factors, carrying capacity, energy pyramids, food chains, and food webs are discussed, along with the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The document also highlights the interactions among biotic components and the importance of these relationships in maintaining ecological balance.

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mas2
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ncepts of Ecology OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Discuss ecosystem, its types and its levels Explain the interdependency of living organisms Describe habitat and its advantages List the types of limiting factors: Understand the carrying capaeity and eneray pyramid Explain food chain, its types and importance Discuss food web. ‘} hostels Illustrate the carbon and nitrogen cycle: - fin uc co that inchades diferent | (nomlving) COMpONENS ofthe goer ET aoe tee] Athan non tee ce Oe ay Seana] et cote omen ea S Neate shady tA civ each other a enviar ese et TI 25 oer, POU, cee . or renwos df Eine Oana, reecerrense| Peemeentttater ee canon ante ee cnet arn at, ae ec gatans’. Refers to a lage a os Le exchange ot =n. vs een ere oh Hs a beg | en Tate ene Sey Sane on mes we oe | a imap Wig | seats ta ho eer ay aes poner raat ih vous pyar abi campanens oan an we HWS HSPs meg ea hence you can say that al ving organisms are dependent on each other | aurient cycling: Irs 10 the process in whieh Tare are vac fos hat rest he pODUON ot pyc, tsi tn en Dts a Saco ee| anil cooyte the energy is ranstred Between various organs (NOU oy atoeshern tnd nitrogen cy ar CCUM fbr nhs hat chan ca foot web, Varios nun’, such as carbon and nitrogen, a0 ig trom one rpanism to another o metal the equim ofan ecosystem, In ts chapter, you wil learn about the ecosystem, ts types and levels, You wa ‘aso leam how organisms are dependent on each oer in an ecosystem. Fut, ‘you wile familarised with various terms suchas habitat, iting factors, canyjag ‘capacity and energy pyramid, Morvover, the food chain and food webs wil by discussed in this chapter. Final, you wil understand the carbon and irog cycles, 3.1. Introduction to Ecosy: fem: The term ecosystem was coined by an Oxford ecologist, Arthur Tansy, in 1895.41 cosystem incides biotic components, such as plants, animals, and organs, Ima specific area and abiotic components such as at, Soi, ot, that Interact wil ‘each other It also includes an interaction that takes place between biol (Iv es. Oe 051152 jo vate OS ha ose ig 1 Soon spins oh mat eon, sch ae ps eons es futon roms ee found ch 8 res, deca oe 8 ae a fo ‘Aquatic Ecosystem = vn axatsin awater body such as pnd, lake, eco8n OF sea, Fy This ecosystem ons = pays an aquatic oosystem =. 3 s 2 eney/) Fie 3 Agate “wove Furmer an aqlate ecsystem can be vided ino marina and festa Producer ecosystems, a8 depicted in Figure 3.2: = Ea ee ones wcosystem + Marine ecosystem ‘esers ecosystems, a6 ‘This ecosystem s found in the salty water tices tidal zones, river mou, sail marshes, coral reefs and mangroves, + Froshwator ecosystem This ecosystem is found in rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and freshwal swamps. Ican also be divided into two classes: ‘Atfoshwater ecosystem thats found in stallonarystit water such as pond ‘A thoshwater ecosystem thats found in running water such as Hers ieee seen be fhe ssf io ent ane und in warm and moist regions where a eg, found On the her hand over species are fund on the fora ge tem is found in the south of the Arce Where sip A torest ‘Figure 35: Ait oat ‘atie 31 shows the key diferancss between natural and aificial ecosystems: ‘able 3.1 Differonces between Natural and Artificial Eco nna ‘is lanned and maintained by, ist human beings 2. The intoraction Between Biaioand) Br This ecosystems found in at receive low rainfall (less than 25m) provides dy cimatic conditions due to which sparse vegetation and spe 1 and repiles are found inthis area. This ecosystem cow cal the Arctic regio large area, the + Tundra ecosystem mostly found in the regions with harsh environs rod hile, reeless tundra oF the area Hata now. It provides: conditions for the suvialé This ecosystem is conditions suchas s ormanenity covered with ‘man and is altered according to 2 Examples- pond, lake, reserves a osyslems, there are man-made ecosysterns whl Apart from natural known as atfcial ecosystems, —_ ty organisation ‘om 11.2. Levels of Orga nes and eRTOSON ag | * toed = und in diferent Sizes ati refers 10 Population of; po ecupten n egocned GAN ma I at parila me. Frinangy,g onan ME een spect iological structures 1h rent levels of an organisation with et organis™S Such as rind, ue 3.3, the : cxyunee, Lt unr deere Merge] at a et ke. oman nt es ae spas FgHe 38 i, iineudes 10 OF MOTE Cones ‘ath te environment 8 organisms (tc) that interact Biome itefersto abioticcommuniythatcan be forms of vogetation and climatic tat aro present across the Blosphere iyoters ta the Earth's atmosphere and surface. isso krown ashe “tone coffe on Earth’ a8 al forms of Me coexist hore and interac wh each thr fot their survival. tis the sum of ll the eensysems, Le. th and atmosphere ee condns. ae cles conor Ort ae desert an rien bomen Figure 16 Level rgonsation .dscuss each level of organisation from Iower io higher hierarchy Invi fd and every Ai Risfeso a rng oan An invual broods wih throw spares] 727 Panis can ak Jincreases its population. in Figure 3.6, the reindeer is an individual, Cecayed material WOM SoH Noi get ie) Population itefers to 8 croup of individuals ofa particular species in a specific geogra 818 patel time. For instance, the family of a reindeer consti ion. Individuals of the same species can have diferent genetic fet 95a vary of eye oF har colour Biotic Componen “Primary produog are Herbivores Camivores ‘Omnivores: am 8 ~Dettvores | nae ceri a — solr munis parisandaninas te dpendenton ga Js ct scars of S064, which eg Fe ce on ov slr ma Fg som ae water COHN tanya fs poe sexton neem sso, Some ania orion # * He once you can say that lants and animals ae dependan gy athe for heir survival Figure 37 dsplysthedfleent types oinleracton amongst various Se | ate | ccna fe Fgwe 7: Typesof interactions Interaction occurs amongst ali species of living organisms that exist ta] iment. Biotic components ofthe environrnent interact with each other competion of feeding type of interaction. ts discuss each type of iniracton in detal ‘ofietrachonin uhh sate ran water wi 606 tet oa lrg ues sae canmnty sats, rancor hit ne parasitism a forms, we es oe Sen tos aan Pn oe a Faure 38 Pasian ‘Mutualism nts type of interaction, both oan ge beefis fom each ote. For instance, oxpecker, a kind of bird t cats ticks and ie from its body. Hence he the zebras body is protected from ‘mutualism interaction: ah rc, 070 oes 0 BENE toy yt ost remains unafected, 1. Nlther beng hy re aapideris building @ Web ON 21700, The Ne, remains vnalleced Faure 2.49 gm mn Nt in tis 9 corgi harmed. For whl ninth, stan 0 ‘ne hom sm interaction: commonsals + Competition Inthis type of interaction, the two organisms share resources that are fom, limited amount, such as fo0d, water, et., and develop a sense of competion sith each other, This relationship can be of two types which are as folons: = Intraspecific: When a competition regarding the use of a limited resee ‘occurs between two same species. = Interspecific: Wen a competion regarding the use ofa limited resouse Gccurs between diferent species. 1.11 displays intraspcte competion fone wh v + Feeding + In this type of interaetion, a living organism ng | tesla We processes. Some organisms ca cs 4 fod others are dependent on auttrophs fr thea ~ AutotrophsiProducers: The organisms that can make the make food using a process called ores: TH OGHN hl ence on soos maa aon juch as meat, pote om . ee ’ ee ct ew mat rt eage| 8 ex B16 Oe og ul #s food requrement x pio vas 90098 as sg hae ae in a Now, reteoont® Sag, Figse 318 898; ec. An orgeniem hat own a8 predator. An or sand hunts an realist ‘An organism thats hited and eatonby a peal mas et Seman atlen wr eres a0 Satna ie yD be Sh Lets discuss each group in detail 5 erbivores: The erganisms that ony consume vegetation Such 6 pany, frat, eaves, vegetables and roots. For instance, a deer is depeniay cross fos food requirments Figure 3.14 displays afew herbivores; Figure 3.15: Camivores| o Ommivores: The organisms tit eatbotn plans ad animals. These organs a i ihe ost eb eaters of he aris kngiom For insane, hana a Re “eae cxamples of omer. iu .18 Bots afew one ant ees g oe Figure 3.14 Hertvoes sro at reak down dd Of ecaying joo TSE er. Te de Meal ag = 4.19 cspays the erent yp of 5 Figure 3.17 displays afew, . penne oun 95 dont. a < ae cs co Fam vonot nan asa win an exnaystam or envionment which is coon meseate sees otro cana. Each habia canbe inhabited eter by cients bei | polar bears and penguins ere found ony in the Arce regan fortis ee ai Cols Wc hia oon cous rain can od pti lrhame eetrebr ons irr specs of plans and animals. The richness in biodiversity can be see 7 inane Vso types of habitat hat can be found ae: + Grinds + loncs Deserts ty man bas 1 Me AX CALEE Of i tion Pea forthe habitat loss are as follow; eer a ing Anintease nearer 10 e848 the dei sie ing of glaciers has ad i ita, soe of the abit ton: The pol level hasincensed wemendou inthe ‘wastes in rivers, lakes, and pond: Tow atl nl WES ce oi as at ‘aeged aquatic plants and animals. “Tha Net Pac Ocean i coneered te ost poled ocean because it Tan fo in psoas of pass floating around thence iis aso koe as “The Get Pcie Garage Pat 3.4. Limiting Factors ha Airs tom trl a esources or enone conditions that can able {pon Stetono& positon of 9 parts organism within an come Yacorsincloe physica or ilgia factors, These fectors can we $6 feznas in the popuaon growth or dstrbton pate ol te specie, Tey can esa the growth ofan organ lie organism canna occupy is ovn che been defnedin ici’ Law ofthe minimum, whch a by he lal amount of resources avaible, bl ie jatypes of Limiting Factor y be ers nb leading 12 qc cn be calogated ig we Se gue 32 yes cit ace asacuss each acorn dal ule r pensty dependent factor ‘is factor affects the population which is determined re aton Some of seals os aon ae pase eee svaisbilty (00d) and disease: For instance, ia disease spreads in an atea that has a high density ofa population, hen ican gat large number ot WRI tow then a visease impacts comparatively less number of indus, | Density-independent factor ‘This factor resiries the sizeof ofindividuals that exist ings ae earhauate, forte death til + Physical and blologh This factor consis of repeal aa

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