COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
and
ORGANIZATION
TEXTBOOKS
• “Computer Organization,” by Carl Hamacher, Zvonko
Vranesic and Safwat Zaky
• “Computer System Architecture”, by M. Morris Mano
COURSE OVERVIEW
Ø Organization
Ø Instruction Sets
Ø Data Representation and Data Paths
Ø Memory
Ø I/O Subsystems
Ø Pipeline Processing
Why?
• “Computer Engineer”
• Both Hardware and Software affect performance:
Ø Algorithm: Source – level Statements
Ø Language/Compiler/Architecture: Machine Instructions
Ø Processor/Memory: Fast
Ø I/O and Number_of_Cores: Overall Performance
Eg: Multiply two Numbers
Computer Organization
Multiplication unit/
Addition unit
Computer Architecture
Multiply Instruction
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF COMPUTER
Instruction1
INPUT Instruction2 ALU
Instruction3
Data1
OUTPUT CU
Data2
I/O MEMORY PROCESSOR
Functional Units Connections
INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY PROCESSOR
BUS
Connections Between Processor and Memory
MEMORY
MAR MDR
CONTROL
PC R0
R1
IR ALU
Rn-1
PROCESSOR
CONTINUED…
PERFORMANCE
Ø Parameters to be considered
Ø Clock cycle
Ø Clock rate
Ø Basic Performance Equation
Q: Which m/c has better performance?
900 MHz çè 700 Mhz
PROBLEM - I
List the steps needed to execute the machine instruction:
ADD LOCA, R0
In terms of transfers between the components processor and memory; with simple
control commands.
Assumption: instruction itself is stored in the memory at location INSTR and this
address is initially in register PC.
* Include the step to update the contents of PC.
Repeat above problem for machine instruction
Problem -II ADD R1, R2, R3
PROBLEM - III
Program execution time T, is to be examined for a certain High-Level Language
program.
Given: The program can be run or a RISC or CISC computer. Both computers use
pipelined instruction execution, but pipelining in RISC machine is more effective
than in CISC machine. Specifically the effective value of S in the T expression for:
RISC machine is 1.2
only 1.5 for the CISC machine.
Both machines have same clock rate, R.
Q: What is the largest allowable value for N?
Assume: N is the number of instructions executed on the CISC machine, expressed
as a percentage of N value for the RISC machine, if time for execution on the CISC
machine is to be no longer than that on the RISC machine?
PROBLEM – III (continued…)
Redo above stated problem with the following changes:
Clock Rate R, for RISC machine is 15 percent higher than
that for the CISC machine.
PROBLEM - IV
Problem is with reference to Cache memory.
Given: Execution time for program is directly proportional to instruction
access time and that access to an instruction in the cache is 20 times faster
than access to an instruction in the main memory.
Assume: Requested instruction is found in the cache with probability 0.96,
and also assume that if an instruction is not found in cache, then it must be
first fetched from main memory to cache and then fetched from cache to be
executed.
Q: Compute the Speedup factor resulting from the presence of cache?
*Speedup = Ratio of program execution time without cache to the program
execution time with cache.
If Size of cache is doubled
SOLVE Assume: Probability of not finding a requested instruction there is cut in half
PROBLEM - V
a)List the steps needed to execute the machine instruction
Load LOC, R2
in terms of transfers between the components of processor and
memory. Assume that address of the memory location containing this
instruction is initially in register PC.
b) Repeat for the machine instruction
Store R4, LOC
PROBLEM - VI
Give a short sequence of machine instructions for the task “Add the
contents of memory location A to those of location B, and place the
answer in location C”.
Only instructions available to transfer data between memory and
general purpose registers are: Load LOC, Ri
Store Ri, LOC
Add instruction being used should be described along. Do not change
the contents of either location A or B.
Instruction Set Architecture
Application
Operating
System
Compiler Firmware
Instruction Set Architecture
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Computer
Logic Design
Implementation
Circuit Design
Architecture
Layout