Parallelism

Parallelism / Parallel Structure adalah kesesuaian atau kesejajaran struktur dalam suatu kalimat.
Maksudnya menghubungkan elemen-elemen yang setara, baik dari sisi bentuk maupun dari sisi fungsi.
Elemen dalam kalimat bisa berupa noun (kata benda), phrase (frasa), atau clause (klausa).

Jenis – Jenis Parallelism (Part 1):

Jenis – Jenis Parallelism (Part 2) :

A. Coordinate Conjunction
Coordinate conjunction terdiri dari konjungsi FANBOYS, yang merupakan gabungan dari for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, dan so. Di antara FANBOYS, and dan or adalah konjungsi yang paling sering dipakai.
Dalam penyebutan lebih dari dua elemen, koma umumnya diberikan untuk memisahkan setiap elemen.

1. Words and Phrases

My nephew likes gardening, walking, and cycling.

Parallel : My nephew likes to garden, to walk, and to cycle.
My nephew likes to garden, walk, and cycle.
Not parallel : My nephew likes gardening, walk, and do cycling.
The report should be written quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
Parallel :
The report should be written in quick, accurate, and thorough manners.
The report should be written quickly, accurately, and in a thorough
Not parallel :
manner.
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the
Parallel : last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless
manner, and lacked motivation.
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the
Not parallel : last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless
manner, and his motivation was low.
2. Clauses

The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they
should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises
before the game.
Parallel :

The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too
much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they
Not parallel : should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the
game.
Mr. Thomas expected that he would present his ideas at the meeting, that
Parallel : there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that his
partners would agree with him.
Mr. Thomas expected that he would present his ideas at the meeting, that
Not parallel : there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that he
would be agreed by his partners.
Parallel : The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting,
that he would have time to show his slide presentation, and that
 prospective buyers would ask him questions.
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting,
Not parallel : that he would have time to show his slide presentation, and that questions
would be asked by prospective buyers.

B. Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunction memiliki empat pasangan konjungsi yang semuanya mengharuskan struktur
paralel. Konjungsi ini dapat ditempatkan di manapun dalam kalimat, entah itu subjek, verb, pelengkap,
objek, atau adverb. Keempat konjungsi tersebut adalah both…and…, not only…but also…, either…
or…, dan neither…nor… .

1. Subject

Both SUBJECT and SUBJECT VERB plural

Not only but also
Either SUBJECT or SUBJECT VERB plural/ singular*
Neither nor**

Keterangan:
* Plural–singularnya ditentukan dari subjek yang belakang.
** Neither…nor… digunakan untuk kalimat negatif.

Contoh:

John is in the classroom.

Sentences :
Jack is in the classroom.
Both John and ack are in the classroom.
Parallelism : Not only John but also Jack is in the classroom.
Either John or Jack is in the classroom.
John is not in the classroom.
Sentences :
Jack is not in the classroom.
Parallelism : Neither John nor Jack is in the classroom.

2. Verb

Both and
Not only but also
SUBJECT VERB VERB
Either or
Neither nor

Contoh:
 Robert is reading a novel.
Sentences :
Robert is listening to music.
Robert is both reading a novel and listening to music.
Parallelism : Robert is not only reading a novel but also listening to music.
Robert is either reading a novel or listening to music.
Robert is not reading a novel.
Sentences :
Robert is not listening to music.
Parallelism : Robert is neither reading a novel nor listening to music.

3. Object

Both and
SUBJECT + Not only but also
OBJECT OBJECT
VERB Either or
Neither nor

Contoh:

The student speaks Spanish.

Sentences :
The student speaks English.
The student speaks both Spanish and English.
Parallelism : The student speaks not only Spanish but also English.
The student speaks either Spanish or English.
The student doesn’t speak Spanish.
Sentences :
The student doesn’t speak English.
Parallelism : The student speaks neither Spanish nor English.

4. Adverb

Both and
Not only but also
S + V + (O) + ADVERB ADVERB
Either or
Neither nor

Contoh:

He worked quickly.
Sentences :
He worked accurately.
Parallelism : He worked both quickly and accurately.
He worked not only quickly but also accurately.
 He worked either quickly or accurately.
He didn’t work quickly.
Sentences :
He didn’t work accurately.
Parallelism : He worked neither quickly nor accurately.

5. Complement

Both and
Not only but also
SUBJECT + VERB COMPLEMENT COMPLEMENT
Either or
Neither nor

Contoh:

She is beautiful.
Sentences :
She is intelligent.
She is both beautiful and intelligent.
Parallelism : She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
She is either beautiful or intelligent.
She is not beautiful.
Sentences :
She is not intelligent.
Parallelism : She is neither beautiful nor intelligent.