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DATA
DESCRIPTION
BENG 2143
Engineering Statistics
DR FARAH SHAHNAZ FEROZ
shahnaz@[Link]
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Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
1 Calculate and apply measures of
central tendency and dispersion for
grouped data.
LESSON OUTCOMES
2 Analyze grouped
and numerical measures.
quantitative
engineering data using graphical
2.1 Grouping Raw Quantitative Data
Raw Data: 0, 11, 11, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 3, 1, 1
Exclusive Class Interval a ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 Inclusive Class Interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
Class Tally Frequency, Class Tally Frequency,
limits (CL) f limits (CL) f
0-3 ||| 3 0-2 ||| 3
Lower 3-6 |||| | 6 3-5 |||| | 6
CL
of the 6-9 ||| 3 6-8 ||| 3
third 9 - 12 ||| 3 9 - 11 ||| 3
class
Upper CL of the third class
Grouping Raw Quantitative Data
Exclusive Class Interval a ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 Inclusive Class Interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
Class Class Mid- Fre- Class Class Mid- Fre-
limits boun- points, quency, limits boun- points, quency,
(CL) daries m f (CL) daries m f
(CB) 0-2 -0.5 - 2.5 1 3
0-3 0-3 1.5 3 3-5 2.5 - 5.5 4 6
3-6 3-6 4.5 6 6-8 5.5 - 8.5 7 3
6-9 6-9 7.5 3 9 - 11 8.5 - 11.5 10 3
9 - 12 9 - 12 10.5 3
𝟓+𝟔
𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐁 + 𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐁 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟔+𝟑 𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐋 + 𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐋 𝟓 + 𝟑
= 𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Class width = upper boundary - lower boundary
= the difference between two consecutive class limits = 3
1.6.4 Graphical Presentations of Grouped Data
Construct a frequency histogram and frequency polygon for the number of
hours spent revising in a week for a group of 30 students. Next, construct a
cumulative frequency distribution and draw an ogive for the cumulative
frequency distribution.
Hours Spent Number of students
5-10 1
10-15 12
15-20 10
20-25 5
25-30 1
30-35 1
Histogram & Polygon
Histogram Polygon
-x-axis: class boundaries - join the midpoints of the tops
- y-axis: frequencies / relative of consecutive histogram with
frequencies / percentages straight lines.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Ogive / cumulative frequency distribution
Hours spend Frequency Cumulative Ogive
35
(x-axis) frequency
Cumulative Frequency
(y-axis) 30
Additional row 25
0–5 0 0
20
5 - 10 1 1
15
10 - 15 12 13
10
15 - 20 10 23
5
20 - 25 5 28
25 - 30 1 29 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 10 15 20
Number of students
25 30 35
30 - 35 1 30
1.6.5 Numerical Measures For Grouped Data
Standard
Mean Variance
Deviation
• Population • Population • Population
mean: variance: 𝜎 2 = standard
σ 𝑚𝑓 σ 𝑚𝑓 2
𝜇= σ 2
σ 𝑚 𝑓−
σ𝑓
deviation:
𝑓
σ𝑓 𝜎 = 𝜎2
• Sample mean:
σ 𝑚𝑓 • Sample • Sample
𝑥ҧ = σ standard
𝑓 variance: 𝑠 2 =
2
σ 𝑚 𝑓−
σ 𝑚𝑓 2 deviation:
σ𝑓
σ 𝑓−1
𝑠 = 𝑠2
Distinguishing Numerical Measures for Tips!
ungrouped vs. grouped data:
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
Hours 𝑚 𝑓 𝒎𝒇 𝒎𝟐 𝒇
3, 8, 7, 4, 5 spent
5 - 10 7.5 1 7.5 56.25
σ𝑥 3+8+7+4+5 10 - 15 12.5 12 150 1875
𝑥ҧ = = = 5.4
𝑛 5
15 - 20 17.5 10 175 3062.5
Total 23 332.5 4993.75
2 σ𝑥 2 27 2 σ 𝑚𝑓 332.5
σ𝑥 − 163− 𝑥ҧ = = = 14.4565
𝑠2 = 𝑛
= 5 σ𝑓 23
𝑛−1 5−1
= 2.0736 2 σ 𝑚𝑓 2 332.5 2
σ 𝑚 𝑓− 4993.75−
σ𝑓
𝑠2 = σ 𝑓−1
= 23
= 8.498
23−1
Midterm Sem 1 2021/22
Midterm
Sem 2
2022/23
Exercise 1.3
The number of transistors produced by a factory in a week is given by the
data below:
350 275 500 325 𝒙 375 300
i. Determine 𝒙, given that the average number of transistors produced in a
week is 350.
ii. Determine the median number of transistors produced in a week.
iii. Calculate the standard deviation of the number of transistors produced in
a week.
Answers: i. 325 ii. 325 iii. 73.5980
Exercise 1.4
Figure 1 shows a relative Relative Frequency
frequency polygon of time 0.4
0.34
taken (in seconds) to 0.35
download a particular file in a 0.3
0.26
sample of 50 computers. 0.25
Calculate the variance of the 0.2
0.16
data. Next, transform the 0.15 a
0.1
polygon into an ogive. Please 0.1
note that the grouped data in 0.05 0.02
Figure 1 has exclusive class 0
intervals. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (in seconds)
Figure 1
Answers:
cf
60
a = 0.12
50
𝑠2 = 5.8776
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (s)
2.1 Introduction to Probability
Problem: A spinner has 4 equal sectors
colored yellow, blue, green and red. What are the
chances of landing on blue after spinning the
spinner? What are the chances of landing on red?
1 1
Answer: ,
4 4
Concepts of Probability
• Probability measures the likelihood of an event.
• Probability is a number between 0 (impossible
events) and 1 (certain events).
• Probability of event A :
P(A) = number of elements in A
total number of outcomes
Example:
4 1
P(landing on blue) = =
8 2
1
P(landing on red) =
8
Example:
Throughout his
teaching career
Professor Mulert
has awarded 333
A’s out of 2222
students. What
is the probability
that a student in
his class this
semester receives Answer: P(A)=
333
= 0.1499
2222
an A?
ARE YOU ABLE TO :
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1 2
Calculate and Analyze
apply measures grouped
of central quantitative
tendency and engineering
dispersion for data using
grouped data? graphical and
numerical
measures?
SELF REVIEW
OpenCourseWare | [Link]
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
REFERENCES
Farah Shahnaz Feroz, Nortazi
01 Sanusi, Hanissah Mohamad, A
Student’s Guide to Engineering
Statistics, Penerbit UTeM, 2019
Sharifah Sara, Hanissah,
02 Fauziah, Nortazi, Farah Shahnaz,
Introduction To Statistics &
Probability: A Study Guide,
Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2008
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THANK
YOU
DR FARAH SHAHNAZ FEROZ
shahnaz@[Link]