BASICS OF ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
MODULE-4
Syllabus
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication System Block Diagram

Input Transducer
Transmitter Example Functions: The processes that might take place inside a transmitter are Modulation,
Analog to Digital Conversion, Encoding, Amplification etc
Important Transmitter Parameters: Transmitter is characterized by its frequency, bandwidth, signal
strength etc
Channel: Channel can be either wired(physical) or wireless
The important parameters of channel is its length, bandwidth, data rate etc
Repeaters are employed in channel to improve Signal to Noise Ratio
Receiver and Output Transducer
Fiber Optic Communication System

Block Diagram
• The information source provides an electrical signal to the transmitter

• The electrical stage (circuits) drives an optical source. The optical

source output is a light which is intensity modulated by the
information. The optical source converts the electrical signal into an
optical signal

• The source may be either semiconductor laser or Light Emitting Diode

(LED).

• The intensity modulated light signal is coupled to fiber. The fiber

which is made up of a glass acts as a channel between the transmitter
and receiver.
• At the receiver the optical signal is detected by the optical detectors
such as PIN diode and Avalanche photodiode.

• Sometimes photo transistors and photo conductors are used for

converting an optical signal into electrical signal.

• The electrical signal is again processed and given to the transducer to

get the original information.
 𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑉𝑐
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RADIO RECEIVERS
SUPERHETERODYNE AM RECEIVER

Antenna

Ganged Tuning
• Antenna
The antenna captures the AM signals in electro magnetic form and
converts into electrical form
Antenna is capable of receiving the required AM signal only

• RF Amplifier and Tuning

Tuning circuit receives the particular AM channel and thus provides
better selectivity
RF amplifier provides gain and thus improves sensitivity
Provides better coupling to antenna
• Mixer

A mixer is capable of producing the sum and difference frequencies. In a

superheterodyne receiver, only the difference frequency(IF) is selected with the
help of filters for further processing
o The circuit is so designed that the output of mixer produces a frequency of 455KHz regardless of the
station to which the receiver is tuned

o This lower frequency is called Intermediate Frequency (IF)

o For instance if 600KHz station is tuned, then the local oscillator will produce a frequency of 1055KHz

o Every time the oscillator frequency is adjusted with a change in input frequency(ganged tuning) so
that the mixer always produces a 455KHz signal at its output. Ganged tuning is the process used to
tune two or more circuits with a single control.

o This signal at 455KHz contains the same modulation as the incoming signal
• Filter & IF Amplifier
Filter ensures the only the IF frequency goes through
The IF is amplified by one or more IF amplifier stages and given to
detector
Most of the gain and selectivity is provided by this stage

• Detector
Usually a diode detector such as an envelope detector is used to
detect the message signal from the modulated signal

• Audio Amplifier
The demodulated message signal is amplified and given to load
 SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY(IF)
Conversion to an intermediate(low) frequency is useful for several
reasons
• Improves Selectivity
As frequency increases bandwidth also increases. Hence at high
frequency, filters will not be able to reject adjacent channels but while
using a low IF, filters can be made more selective

• Improves Sensitivity
Low frequency transistors have high gain. Hence it improves sensitivity
 SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY(IF)
• Simplified Circuit Design
Designing circuits to work across a wide range of frequencies is
complex and less efficient. By converting all the incoming signals to the
same IF, the design of amplifiers, filters and detectors is simplified

• Frequency stability
It is easy to tune the local oscillator when compared to tuning filters,
amplifiers etc to different frequencies. Hence it improves frequency
stability of the network
SUPERHETERODYNE FM RECEIVER
• The IF frequency used here is 10.7 MHz

• Limiter in an FM receiver is an electronic device that removes

amplitude variations in the received signal

• At high frequencies the effect of noise is more. Inorder to reduce the

effect of noise in the transmitter, at high frequency signals are
boosted using a process called pre emphasis and the reverse process
at the receiver to restore the original signal is called de emphasis
 GSM in Wireless Communication
• GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.

• GSM is a digital cellular technology used for mobile communication. It

uses 4 different frequency bands 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and
1900 MHz.
GSM ARCHITECTURE
• MS – Mobile System
• BTS – Base Transceiver Station
• BSC – Base Station Controller
• MSC – Mobile Switching Center
o HLR – Home Location Register
o VLR – Visitor Location Register
o AUC – Authentication Center
o EIR – Equipment Identity Register
o PSTN – Public Switched Telephone
Network
• OMC- Operation Maintenance Center
Mobile Station
• MS stands for Mobile System.
• MS comprises user equipment and a smart card called SIM needed for
communication with a mobile network.
• Mobile Station (MS) = Mobile Equipment(ME) + Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM).
• The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the IMEI(International Mobile
Equipment Identity) number
• These mobile stations are connected to tower and that tower connected with
BTS through TRX(transceiver).
Base Station Subsytem (Includes BTS & BSC)
➢BTS
o BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station which facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment and a network.
o Every tower has BTS.
o BTS encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the
antenna

➢BSC
o BSC stands for Base Station Controller. BSC has multiple BTS.
o BSC can be considered as a local exchange of your area which has multiple
towers and multiple towers have BTS.
o BSC provides functions such as control of RF power in BTS etc..
Network Switching Subsytem (Includes MSC & Other
Components)

Home
Operation Support Subsystem(Includes OMC)

Operation Maintenance Center (OMC)

Comparison of 3G,4G,5G and 6G Networks
 Block Diagram of Electronic Instrumentation
System

• Instrumentation system deals with various types of instrument to record, monitor, indicate and
control various physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, etc.

• An Instrumentation system need various element for its proper function from reading the physical
quantity to measuring the quantity as observed by observer or end user.
1. Primary Sensing Element
• It is the prime element of instrumentation system comes to contact directly or
indirectly with physical quantity need to be read.

• Physical quantity means temperature, pressure, humidity, speed, flow etc.

• This element gets energy from physical quantity and convert it into appropriate
quantity which can be processed by next elements.
Example:
Thermocouple converts temperature into electrical signal
Burdon tube pressure gauge converts pressure into dynamic motion form.
2. Variable Conversion Element
• This element is responsible to convert mechanical/ non electrical signal into
electrical form(Ex: Bourdon tube)

• Because non electrical signal received from primary sensing element should
be in suitable electrical form for variable manipulation element.

• Every instrument need not this element. Because many physical instrument
like temperature sensors convert signal into direct electrical form.
3. Variable Manipulation Element
• This element is known as heart of instrumentation system.

• Because it’s important function is to process the received electrical signal

from primary sensing/variable conversion element.

• It removes the unwanted signal, amplifies it, improve accuracy etc so that
signal is capable to be transmitted to destinated end

• Variable manipulation element is comprised with signal conditioner circuits

4. Data Transmission Element
• This element used to transmit conditioned data from variable manipulation
element to data presentation element.

• The signal can be transmitted by wired or wireless method.

5. Data Presentation Element

• It is final stage where processed electrical data can be visually interpreted by
operator or user. This element available in control room

• It performs different functions like indicating, recording or controlling.

 Digital Multimeter
• Digital multimeter (DMM) is an electronic instrument that measures electrical
parameters.
• Measured values are shown on a digital display, allowing them to be read easily
and directly, even by first time users.
• A DMM measures
AC/DC Voltage
AC/DC Current
Resistance
Digital Multimeter
Digital Multimeter- Block Diagram
• Voltage Measurement
The input ac voltage is fed through a calibrated attenuator, to a precision full-wave
rectifier circuit followed by a ripple reduction filter.
The resulting dc is fed to an analog digital converter (ADC) and the following display
system
In case of dc voltage input, the process is similar to what is described above, except
that that the precision AC/DC converter is not involved

• Current Measurement
The drop across an internal calibrated shunt is measured directly by the analog
digital converter (ADC) in the “dc current mode”, and after ac to dc conversion in
the “ac current mode”.
This drop is often in the range of 200 mV
• Resistance Measurement
In the case of resistance measurement the digital multimeter operates by
measuring the voltage across the externally connected resistance, resulting from a
current forced through it from a calibrated internal current source.

Advantages
High input impedance
Higher accuracy
Smaller in size
It has sensitivity of 20 kΩ/V which is fairy high.
Measurement of quantities with different range can be possible
An unambiguous reading is obtained.
 Function Generator
• Function Generator is an electronic equipment that allows us to
generate waveforms corresponding to different functions
• Also, it gives us the control over the properties (amplitude &
frequency) of this function generated by it
Function Generator- Block Diagram
• A constant current is supplied to the integrator by current supply
source 1. Due to this, the voltage of the integrator rises linearly with
respect to time. This linear rise is according to the output signal
voltage equation:

• Any increase or decrease in the current will resultantly increase or

decrease the slope of the voltage at the output and thus controls the
frequency.

• The Voltage Comparator Multi-vibrator present here cause variation

in the state of the integrator output voltage at a previously
determined maximum level. Due to this change of state, the current
supply from source 1 cuts off and switches to supply source 2.
• A reverse current is supplied to the integrator by current source 2.
This reverse current cause drops in the output of integrator linearly
with time.

• As before this time also, when the output attains a predetermined

level, the comparator again changes its state and switches to current
supply source 1.

• Thus, we will have a triangular wave at the output of the integrator

whose frequency depends on current by the supply sources as seen in
the block diagram.

• A square wave signal is obtained at the output of the comparator.

• The resistance diode network employed in the circuit changes the
slope of that triangular wave with distortion less than 1%.

• Thus the output amplifier thus helps to produce a sinusoidal wave at

the output
Thank you….