Chapter: 17
Inheritance
• Inheritance
as the transmission of genetic information from
generation to generation
• chromosome
thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic
information in the form of genes
• Gene
length of DNA that codes for a protein
-> it’s the basic unit of inheritance
-> every gene or group of genes code for specific protein
that transfer genetic information
• Allele
a version of a gene
What are homologous chromosomes ?
Two chromosomes of a pair in the diploid cell
having same gene for same feature at the same
position
• Each chromosome exit in pairs as shown in the
slide above
• These are two chromosomes of the same kind
one from the sperm(paternal) and other from
the ovum (maternal)
The father determines the gender of the baby
How can DNA control cell function ?
• sequence of bases in a gene is the genetic
code for putting together amino acids in the
correct order to make a specific protein
• DNA controls the cell functions by controlling
the production of specific proteins such as
enzymes and antibodies
Synthesis of proteins
• MessengerRNA (mRNA) is what transmit the
information from DNA in the nucleus to
ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein is
made
• All body cells have the same genes in their
nucleus but only choose to express a specific
gene to make the specific protein it needs
• Haploid nucleus
A nucleus containing a single set of unpaired
chromosomes(23), e.g. in gametes
• Diploid nucleus
A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes,
e.g. in body cells
• Mitosis
As nuclear division giving rise to genetically
identical cells
• Meiosis
Reduction division in which the chromosome
number is halved from diploid to haploid
resulting in genetically different cells
• Meiosis lead to variation by forming haploid
cells (gametes)
• During meiosis the homologues
chromosomes get mixed together leading
non identical daughter cells
Stem cells (unspecialized) divide
by mitosis to form specialized
daughter cells for specific function
2 genetically
Identical
Daughters
4 Genetically
different
Daughter
cells
Cells division
Mitosis Meiosis
• Occurs in all body cells • Occurs only in the gonadal
(somatic cells) cell (reproductive organ)
• Produces genetically • Production of genetically
identical cells of same different cells of a haploid
diploid number of
chromosomes as original number of chromosomes
cell (46) (23)
Importance Importance
• Growth • Production of gametes
• Tissue repair (sperm and ovum)
• Asexual reproduction
Genotype
genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the
alleles present (e.g : Tt or GG)
Phenotype
observable features of an organism
Homozygous
Zygote contain two identical alleles of a
particular gene
AA OR aa
=> Pure breeding
Heterozygous
Zygote contain two different allele of a
particular gene
Aa
=> Not pure breeding
Dominant
An allele that is expressed if it is present
It express its effect on determination of the
characteristics in the presence of other allele
=>always represented by capital letter
Recessive
An allele that is only expressed when there is no
dominant allele of the gene present
Can only express it self if the other allele is
recessive
=> Always represented by small letter
Steps to draw a punnett square
1) Parentally phenotype is written first
2) Parentally genotype
3) Separation of gamete genotype
4) Offspring genotype
5) Offspring phenotype
6) Genetic ratio
Example
If T is a dominate allele that code for tall plant
while t is a recessive allele that code for short
plant
a) Homozygous with short (pure breeding)
b) Heterozygous with tall (impure breeding)
c) Heterozygous with short (impure breeding)
Type of allelic interactions
The allelic interactions between alleles of
different type
• Co-dominance
Type of allelic interactions in which both alleles
in heterozygous organisms contribute to the
phenotype
Co-dominance
ABO blood groups genotype
• IA results in the production of antigen A in
the blood
• IB results in the production of antigen B in the
blood
• IO results in no antigens being produced in
the blood
Blood group AB is an example of codominance
Alleles IA and IB are codominant and both are
dominate to IO
Identifying unknown genotype using
test cross
• crossing the unknown individual with an
individual showing the recessive phenotype -
if the individual is showing the recessive
phenotype, then its genotype must be
homozygous recessive
• By looking at the ratio of phenotypes in the
offspring, we can tell whether the unknown
individual is homozygous dominant or
heterozygous
How to interpret pedigree diagram
Sex linked characteristics
Characteristic in which the gene responsible is
located on a sex chromosome this makes it
more common in one sex than in the other
• Example for sex linked is red-green color
blindness in which the person produces only
one type of con cells
Its recessive (b) and more common in male as
there is crossponding gene in Y chromosome
Therefore if its present in X it will express its
self
Only found in female if both chromosomes have
(b) genotype
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