PERIODIC TABLE – COMPLETE REVISION TABLE

🧪 1. Development of Periodic Table

Limitations /
Scientist Law Basis Merits Exceptions

Atomic Only few elements

Dobereiner Triads mass First classification fit

Law of Atomic Every 8th element

Newlands Octaves mass similar Failed after Calcium

Position of H
Atomic Left gaps, unclear, isotopes
Mendeleev Periodic Law mass predicted elements issue

Modern Modern Atomic Removes Some anomalies

Periodic Table Periodic Law number Mendeleev defects still exist

⚛️ 2. Modern Periodic Law

Concept Explanation

Law Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic number (Z)

Reason Repetition of similar electronic configuration

Key
idea Atomic number determines chemical properties
🧪 3. Structure of Periodic Table
Feature Details

Periods 7 horizontal rows

Groups 18 vertical columns

Blocks s, p, d, f

Metals Left & center

Non-
metals Right side

Metalloids Zig-zag line (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te)

🔬 4. Periodic Trends

(A) Atomic Size (Radius)

Trend Explanation Exception

Across period → More nuclear charge pulls Noble gases slightly larger (van der
Decreases electrons Waals radius)

Down group ↓
Increases More shells added None major
(B) Metallic Character
Trend Explanation Exception

Across → Loss of electrons becomes Some irregularities in transition

Decreases difficult metals

Down ↓ Increases Easier to lose electrons —

(C) Non-Metallic Character

Trend Explanation

Across → Increases

Down ↓ Decreases

(D) Ionization Energy

Trend Explanation Exceptions (VERY IMPORTANT)

Across →
Increases Strong nuclear attraction Be > B, Mg > Al

Outer electrons far from

Down ↓ Decreases nucleus —

📌 Reason for Exception:

 B and Al have electrons in p-orbital (less stable)

(E) Electron Affinity
Trend Explanation Exceptions

Across →
Increases More attraction for electrons Cl > F

Down ↓
Decreases Larger size reduces attraction —

📌 Exception Reason:

 Fluorine has very small size → electron repulsion

(F) Electronegativity
Trend Explanation

Across →
Increases

Down ↓
Decreases

📌 Most electronegative: Fluorine⚡ 5. Valency Trend

Direction Trend

Across
period Increases (1 → 4), then decreases (4 → 0)

Down
group Remains same
🔥 6. Reactivity

Metals
Trend Explanation

Down group ↑ Easier to lose electrons

Across →
Decreases

Non-Metals
Trend Explanation

Across →
Increases

Down ↓
Decreases

⚠️ 7. Important Exceptions & Anomalies

Topic Exception Explanation

Placed in Group 1 but behaves Unique electronic

Hydrogen like Group 17 also configuration

Placed in Group 18 but has 2

Helium electrons Stable duplet
 Topic Exception Explanation

Same place despite different Based on atomic

Isotopes mass number

Argon & Based on atomic

Potassium Ar (40) before K (39) number, not mass

Order anomaly in Mendeleev

Co & Ni table Solved in modern table

Lanthanides & To maintain table

Actinides Placed separately structure

Be vs B Ionization energy exception Stable filled s-orbital

N vs O Ionization anomaly Half-filled stability of N

F vs Cl Electron affinity exception Small size of F

🧪 8. Blocks of Periodic Table

Valence
Block Group electrons Example

s-
block 1–2 1–2 Na, Mg

p-
block 13–18 3–8 C, O

d-
block 3–12 Variable Fe, Cu
 Valence
Block Group electrons Example

f-block Bottom Inner orbitals Lanthanides

🧪 9. Types of Elements
Type Properties

Metals Conductive, malleable, lose electrons

Non-metals Poor conductors, gain electrons

Metalloids Intermediate properties

🧪 10. Period vs Group Summary

Across
Property Period Down Group

Atomic size ↓ ↑

Metallic character ↓ ↑

Non-metallic
character ↑ ↓

Ionization energy ↑ ↓

Electronegativity ↑ ↓

Valency Varies Same

🎯 11. Short Tricks for Students
 “Across = Attraction ↑”
 “Down = Distance ↑”
 Metals left, Non-metals right
 Valency peak at 4 in middle

📌 12. Most Important Exam Questions Concepts

Concept Frequently Asked

Trends explanation Very common

Exceptions (Be, B, N, O,
F, Cl) HOT questions

Position of Hydrogen Repeated

Modern vs Mendeleev Important

Reactivity trends Conceptual

⚠️ COMPLETE EXCEPTIONS IN PERIODIC PROPERTIES

(CLASS 12 LEVEL)

🧪 1. Ionization Enthalpy (IE) Exceptions

Expected Trend Exception Explanation Example

IE increases across B has electron in 2p (higher Be (1s²2s²) > B

period Be > B energy, less stable) (1s²2s²2p¹)
 Expected Trend Exception Explanation Example

IE increases across
period Mg > Al Al has electron in 3p orbital Mg > Al

IE increases across O has paired electrons N (half-filled stable)

period N>O → repulsion reduces IE >O

📌 Key Concept:

 Half-filled and fully filled orbitals = extra stability

⚡ 2. Electron Gain Enthalpy (Electron Affinity) Exceptions

Expected Trend Exception Explanation Example

EA increases across F is very small → electron- Cl has more

period Cl > F electron repulsion negative EA

S more stable than

EA increases across O<S Small size of O → repulsion O

Very low
Noble gases EA Already stable configuration He, Ne, Ar

🔬 3. Atomic Size Exceptions

Expected Trend Exception Explanation

Size decreases Noble gases larger than

across expected Measured using van der Waals radius
 Expected Trend Exception Explanation

Size increases down d-block contraction (poor shielding of

group Ga < Al d-electrons)

🧪 4. Electronegativity Exceptions

Expected Trend Exception Explanation

EN decreases down group Ga > Al d-electron shielding effect

EN trend irregular in transition Slight

metals variation Poor shielding of d-electrons

⚛️ 5. Oxidation State Exceptions

(A) Inert Pair Effect (VERY IMPORTANT)

Element Expected Actual Reason

Tl +3 +1 more stable ns² electrons inert

Pb +4 +2 more stable inert pair effect

Bi +5 +3 stable same reason

(B) Variable Oxidation States (Transition Elements)

Element Oxidation States Reason

Fe +2, +3 Both ns and (n-1)d electrons participate

 Element Oxidation States Reason

Cu +1, +2 Stable d¹⁰ configuration in Cu⁺

Mn +2 to +7 Variable d-electron involvement

🔥 6. Transition Elements Exceptions

Property Exception Explanation

Almost constant across

Atomic size period Poor shielding by d-electrons

Ionization
energy Irregular trend Similar energies of orbitals

Oxidation
states Multiple states d-electrons involvement

🧪 7. Electronic Configuration Exceptions (VERY IMPORTANT)

❗ Stability due to Half-filled & Fully-filled Orbitals

Element Expected Actual Reason

Cr (24) [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s² [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ Half-filled d stable

Cu (29) [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s² [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ Fully-filled d stable

More Examples:
Element Configuration

Mo [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹

Element Configuration

Ag [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹

Au [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹

🧪 8. Density Exceptions
Expected Exception Explanation

Density increases K < Na

down group (slightly) Atomic packing differences

🌡️ 9. Melting & Boiling Point Exceptions

Group Exception Explanation

Alkali Li has higher MP than

metals expected Strong metallic bonding

Intermolecular forces increase down

Halogens F₂ gas, I₂ solid group

⚗️ 10. Reactivity Exceptions

Metals
Expected Exception Explanation

Reactivity increases down Li less reactive than Na but behaves High polarizing
group differently power

Non-Metals
 Expected Exception Explanation

Reactivity decreases down F extremely

group reactive Highest electronegativity

🧪 11. Diagonal Relationship (VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT)

Pair Similarity Reason

Li – Mg Similar size & charge density

Be – Al Similar polarizing power

B – Si Similar chemical behavior

🧪 12. Lanthanide Contraction (Advanced Exception)

Effect Explanation

Size decreases across lanthanides Poor shielding of 4f electrons

Result Zr ≈ Hf size almost same

⚠️ 13. Hydrogen & Helium Anomaly

Element Exception

Hydrogen Shows properties of Group 1 & 17

Helium Placed in Group 18 but has only 2 electrons