DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DUAL AXIS

STEERING MECHANISM

A Main Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted

By

M. Teja Vinay 22A95A0311

S. Afzal Mohiuddin 22A95A0318

S. Dileep Kumar 21A91A0339

K. Pundarikaksha 21A91A0316

Under the esteemed guidance of

K. Naga Suresh ,M.E.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ADITYA UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Aditya Engineering College (A))

2021-2025
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DUAL
AXIS STEERING MECHANISM” is being submitted by MELUSURI TEJA VINAY
(22A95A0311) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the [Link] degree in
Mechanical Engineering.

Project Guide Head of the Department

[Link], M.E Dr. [Link] Reddy, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

External Examiner
 DECLARATION

I here by declare that the project entitled “FABRICATION OF DUAL AXIS

STEERING MECHANISM” is a genuine project. This work has been submitted
to the ADITYA UNIVERSITY (Formerly Aditya Engineering College (A)),
Surampalem in partial fulfillment of the [Link] degree. I further declare that this
project work has not been submitted in full or part of the award of any degree of
this or any other educational institutions.

by

MELUSURI TEJA VINAY

(22A95A0311)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude to my
project Guide [Link] Suresh, Assistant Professor, who has guided me a lot and encourage in
every step of the project work, his valuable moral support and guidance throughout the project
helped me a greater extent.
We owe our sincere gratitude to my project coordinator Mr. [Link], Assistant
Professor for providing a great support and guidance throughout the project.

We are grateful to Dr. [Link] Reddy, Assistant Professor and HOD

for inspiring us all the way and for arranging all the facilities and resources needed for my
project.

We wish to thank our Dr. M.V. Rajesh, Associate Dean and Dr. Dola Sanjay, Dean
School of Engineering, for their encouragement and support during the course of our project.

We would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. G. Suresh, Registrar,

Dr. S. Rama Sree, Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dr. M.B. Srinivas, Vice-Chancellor,
Dr. M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Deputy Pro Chancellor and Management, Aditya University
for unconditional support for providing me the best infrastructural facilities and state of the art
laboratories during my project.

Not to forget, Faculty, Lab Technicians, Non-Teaching Staff and our Friends who
have directly or helped and supported us in completing my project in time.
 ABSTRACT

• The steering mechanism of a vehicle is a system that enables the driver to control the direction of
the vehicle. It translates the driver's rotational input from the steering wheel into the angular
movement of the wheels, allowing the vehicle to navigate left or right. This system is crucial for
maintaining control and ensuring the safety of the vehicle the primary goal of this project is to
design and develop a steering mechanism that enables independent control of the front wheels to
optimize handling and maneuverability in various driving conditions.
• By incorporating dual-axis movement, the system can adjust steering angles dynamically, leading to
improved safety and driving comfort. The Dual Axis Steering Mechanism is an advanced steering
system designed to improve vehicle maneuverability, stability, and control. Unlike conventional
single-axis steering systems, which operate on a fixed axis and turn both front wheels at the same
angle, the dual-axis system allows independent movement of the left and right wheels at different
angles. The project focuses on designing and implementing a steering system where both the front
and rear wheels can turn independently or synchronously, based on the driving conditions.
 INDEX PAGE NO
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction of Project Domain 1

1.2. Soil Type Detection 2

1.3. Crop Prediction 2

1.4. Deep Learning 3

1.5. Machine Learning 4

1.6. Motivation 5
1.7. Problem Statement 5

1.8. Objectives 6

1.9. Organization of the project 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Crop Yield Prediction Using Effective Deep Learning and

Dimensionality Reduction Approaches for Indian Regional Crop 7

2.2 Soil Classification Using Deep Learning Techniques

2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks Based Classifications of Soil Images

2.4 Machine Learning Based Soil-Type Classification 11

2.5 Machine Learning Techniques in Crop Recommendation based 13
on Soil and Crop Yield Prediction System
2.6 Machine Learning Techniques for Weather-based Crop Yield Prediction 15
2.7 Effective Soil Type Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network 17

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 System Architecture
3.1.1. Convolutional Neural Network 20
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No.

1 CNN Architecture 20

2 Pooling Operations 21

3 Data Set Representation 26

4 CNN Model Implementation 29

5 Soil Classification Training 34

6 Soil Classification Testing 35

7 Crop Prediction Training 37

8 Crop Prediction Testing 38

9 Training Accuracy Graph 48

10 Training Loss Graph 50

11 Data Base to find and classify the best suitable Crop List 46

12 Uploaded soil images to predict the crop type 47

13 Soil Type Classification and Crops suitable for each soil 49

type
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Name of the Table Page No.

1 CNN Architecture 20

2 Pooling Operations 21

3 Data Set Representation 26

4 CNN Model Implementation 29

5 Soil Classification Training 34

6 Soil Classification Testing 35

7 Crop Prediction Training 37

8 Crop Prediction Testing 38

9 Training Accuracy Graph 48

10 Training Loss Graph 50

11 Data Base to find and classify the best suitable Crop List 46

12 Uploaded soil images to predict the crop type 47

13 Soil Type Classification and Crops suitable for each soil 49

type
INTRODUCTION

The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated
steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may
contain universal joints (which may also be part of the collapsible steering column design), to
allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found
on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles
such as bulldozers and tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are
made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions, using clutches and brakes, to
bring about a change of course or direction.

NEED FOR FOUR WHEEL STEERING

 To minimize the over steering & under steering effects.
 To turn short corners effectively.
 To reduce turning radius.

BASIC GEOMETRY
Curves described by the rear wheels of a conventional automobile. While the vehicle moves
with a constant speed its inner and outer rear wheels do not.
The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired directions.
This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the
fundamental concepts is that of caster angle – each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead
of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centring towards the direction of travel.
The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a
variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner
wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of
toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. The angle the wheels make
with the vertical plane also influences steering dynamics (see camber angle) as do the tires.
 ACKERMANN STEERING GEOMETRY

The Ackermann steering mechanism is a geometric linkage system in vehicles designed to allow
the inner and outer wheels to turn at different angles during a turn, with the inner wheel steering
more sharply than the outer. This principle, patented by Rudolph Ackermann in 1818 but
conceived earlier, minimizes tire slip and wear by enabling each wheel to follow its own turning
radius. While most effective at low speeds, modern vehicles often use a near-Ackermann
geometry as a compromise for good handling across various speeds, making it a fundamental
aspect of automotive steering design in passenger cars, trucks, and other wheeled vehicles.

Despite its advantages in reducing tire scrub and improving low-speed maneuverability, perfect
Ackermann geometry is not always optimal for all driving conditions. At higher speeds, the
influence of tire slip angles due to lateral forces becomes significant. Consequently, many
modern vehicles employ a near-Ackermann geometry, which represents a compromise to provide
balanced handling characteristics across a wider range of speeds and turning radii. Some
specialized vehicles, like racing cars, might even utilize "reverse Ackermann" or parallel
steering.
Rack and pinion steering mechanism

Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns
the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion,
converting circular motion into linear motion along the transverse axis of the car (side to side
motion). This motion applies steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints that replaced
previously used kingpins of the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever
arm called the steering arm.
The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct
steering a disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash,
the only cure is replacement. BMW began to use rack and pinion steering systems in the
1930s, and many other European manufacturers adopted the technology. American
automakers adopted rack and pinion steering beginning with the 1974 Ford Pinto.
Older designs use two main principles: the worm and sector design and the screw and nut.
Both types were enhanced by reducing the friction; for screw and nut it is the recirculating
ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. The steering column turns
a large screw which meshes with nut by recirculating balls. The nut moves a sector of a gear,
causing it to rotate about its axis as the screw is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the
sector moves the Pitman arm. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the
considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the screw and the nut; at either
end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the
box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".
The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage,
so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally
limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering,
however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and
pinion on newer cars, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not
move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering
box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated because it will create excessive
internal forces at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is
still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less
important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage.
POWER STEERING
Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some of its power to assist in
swivelling the steered road wheels about their steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier
and switched to front wheel drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with
increases in tire width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their steering
axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion would be needed were it
not for power assistance. There are two types of power steering systems; hydraulic and
electric/electronic
A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven
pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is
more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only
needs to provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump
must run constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tuneable to the vehicle type.

DUAL AXIS STEERING MECHANISM

Dual axis steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve
steering response, increase vehicle stability while manoeuvring at high speed, or to decrease
turning radius at low speed.
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
This paper [Loganathan VN et al [1] investigates the design and manufacture of a dual-axis
steering mechanism for cars, with an emphasis on four-wheel steering systems. It discusses
the benefits of four-wheel steering over traditional systems, the Ackerman condition for
optimum steering angles, and major components such as rack and pinion, steering box, and
power steering. The article describes the working concept of front and rear wheel steering
systems, highlighting the importance of improving vehicle handling and maneuverability. It
explains and calculates the practical application and advantages of dual-axis steering.

Kolekar et al [2] discuss steering mechanics in cars, with a focus on four-wheel steering
systems. The study discusses the advantages of four-wheel steering, including superior
control during turning and parking, variable speed capabilities, and increased stability. It
covers a variety of steering methods, including mechanical, electro/hydraulic, and electric
steering. Ackerman's and Davis steering mechanisms are also discussed, emphasizing their
significance in vehicle steering geometry. The survey draws on the writings of writers such as
Aniket Bhanudas Kolekar and Mr. Sumir Mulani, among others, to present a complete review
of steering technology in current automobiles.

The authors, Beomsu Bae et al. [3], described a small four-wheel steering robot platform and
an adaptive steering control algorithm for manual operation. The platform is intended for
research purposes, with an emphasis on navigation and steering control. It has a distinctive
horizontal independent steering mechanism for fine control and agility. The adaptive
algorithm changes the steering arrangement based on the desired steering angle, increasing
vehicle agility. The experimental findings support the platform's precise steering performance
as well as the adaptive steering algorithm's efficacy. The study demonstrates the feasibility of
constructing adaptable and efficient four-wheel steering robots for educational and research
purposes.

Deepaket et al. [4] employ PTC CREO 2.0 for design and ANSYS 14.5 for analysis, with an
emphasis on the utilization of 1090 mild steel in the chassis. The vehicle has a space frame
design to seat two people and a suspension system with double wishbone and swing arm
components. The paper digs into calculating turning radii using an all-wheel steering
mechanism, demonstrating the significance of new steering systems.
The work by Jadhav et al [5] in the attached document digs into the design and modeling of
the 4-wheel steering system, stressing the active involvement of the rear wheels in steering as
opposed to the typical 2-wheel steering system. It highlights how this system may adjust for
understeer and oversteer difficulties, allowing drivers to steer virtually neutrally in a variety
of operating scenarios. The article also looks at the creation of a four-wheel steering system
for RC vehicles, emphasizing its stability and performance advantages throughout various
driving maneuvers. The authors of AGPIT Solapur, India, offer a complete analysis using
MATLAB software that compares the efficacy of the 4-wheel steering system to the typical
2-wheel steering arrangement.

In this study, Kuslits et al [6] "Modelling and control of a new differential steering concept"
offer a steer-by-wire concept that uses in-wheel motors for steering instead of a specialized
steering device. A planar vehicle model is offered to evaluate the vehicle's behavior, which
includes a state feedback linear controller for high-speed lateral dynamics and a PI angle
controller for low-speed maneuvers. Simulation investigations reveal that the steering
performance is equivalent to that of regular autos

Singh Gautam et al. [7] provide the kinematic synthesis of a Modified Ackermann Steering
Mechanism for Automobiles by Er. Neeraj Singh Gautam and Prashant Awadhiya. The
suggested system, which has six members and seven precision points, intends to increase
steering accuracy and reactivity. A significant distinction from classic devices like the
Ackermann Steering.

This study by Pradhan et al. [8]. The paper focuses on refining the kinematic design of a 6-
bar rack and pinion Ackerman steering linkage for better cornering performance in Formula
Student competitive vehicles. The authors present a technique that employs a multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm to reduce variations in slider displacements and departures from real
Ackerman geometry. The study seeks to improve steering performance by optimizing
characteristics such as wheelbase, track width, tie rod, and tie-arm lengths. The project
intends to eliminate steering mistakes and increase vehicle agility during cornering events in
Formula Student races by developing an ideal steering geometry.
 3. METHODOLOGY

Fabrication is an important industry that involves cutting, manipulating and assembling

materials to produce desired structures. And while different fabrication companies use
different techniques, most rely on three basic processes: cutting, bending and assembling.

1) Cutting
The first process of fabrication is cutting. During this process, the metal fabrication company
cuts one or more pieces of raw metal for use in the creation of a new metal structure or
product. Whether it’s steel, aluminium, iron or any other common type of metal, though,
cutting metal requires special tools. Some metal fabrication companies use torches to cut
metal, whereas others numerical control (CNC) machines involving lasers or water jets.
When finished, the company will have clean, appropriate-sized sheets or sections of metal
with which to work

2) Bending
After cutting raw metal, metal fabrication companies must bend it. Again, there are different
ways to bend metal after cutting it. Some metal fabrication companies hammer the metal
sheets or sections into the desired shape. Hammering can be done by hand, or it can be done
using a machine (power hammering). Recently, though, many metal fabrication companies
have begun using press brakes to bend their metal. This heavy industrial machine
automatically presses metal sheets and sections into a specific shape when engaged. It
essentially clamps the metal between a punch die, forcing the metal into the desired shape.

3) Assembling
The third and final process of metal fabrication is assembling. As the name suggests, this
process involves assembling the metal sheet or sections into the desired finished product.
Assembling is typically performed via welding, though other steps may be included in the
process as well. In addition to welding, for example, metal fabrication companies may crimp
seams, apply screws or other fasteners, and apply glue. After assembling the metal, the
company will finalize the product before shipping and selling it to its customers. Metal
fabrication is a driving force behind the country’s ever-growing manufacturing sector.
Although there are countless machines and techniques used by metal fabrication companies,
must rely on a three-step process that consists of cutting, bending and assembling.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Several structural design considerations should be taken into account for economical and
efficient manufacturing. Many of these apply to other joining methods, and all apply to both
subassemblies and the complete structure.
1. The device should be suitable for local manufacturing capabilities.

2. The attachment should employ low-cost materials and manufacturing methods.

3. It should be accessible and affordable by low-income groups, and should fulfill their basic
need for mechanical power

4. It should be simple to manufacture, operate, maintain and repair.

5. It should be as multi-purpose as possible, providing power for various agricultural

implements and for small machines used in rural industry.

6. It should employ locally available materials and skills. Standard steel pieces such as steel
plates, iron rods, angle iron, and flat stock that are locally available should be used. Standard
tools used in machine shops such as hacksaw, files, punches, taps & dies; medium duty
welder; drill press; small lathe and milling machine should be adequate to fabricate the parts
needed for the dual-purpose bicycle.

7. It should make use of standard parts wherever possible.

8. The device should adapt easily No permanent structural modification should be made

9. Excessive weight should be avoided, as durability is a prime consideration.

DESIGN DRAWING AND PICTURES
COMPONENTS
Wheels & Shaft
Connecting Rods
Supporting frame
Rack and Pinion
Steering wheel
Jokey shifter
Fasteners
Mounts and Joints
Vehicle Chassis

PARTS DESCRIPTION

Chassis

Dimension –
L= 254mm
W= 90mm
H= 11mm
A chassis is the load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the
object in its construction and function.

Wheel & Wheel Mount

Wheel: BO Wheels
A circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to
enable it to move easily over the ground.
Wheel Mount: Material – GI
It is used for clamp the wheels to be drive desirably

LINKAGES
A mechanical linkage is an assembly of systems connected to manage forces and movement.
The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is considered to be
rigid. The connections between links are modelled as providing ideal movement, pure
rotation or sliding for example, and are called joints.
RACK AND PINION

Material – Plastic
Rack Dimensions –
Length= 90mm
Width= 12mm
Pinion Dimensions –
No. of Teeth= 25
Face Width= 12mm
Outer Dia.=38.50mm
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear engaging a linear
gear. Together, they convert rotational motion into linear motion. Rotating the pinion causes
the rack to be driven in a line. Conversely, moving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to
rotate.
Steering Wheel

The steering wheel is used to control the steering system and the direction of the

vehicle and comprises a linkage system to direct the vehicle.

Shifter

Shifter is used for change the mechanism. The machine consists of 3 different steering
arrangements i.e., neutral phase, negative phase & positive phase.

Supporting Frame

A structural support is a part of a building or structure that provides the necessary stiffness
and strength in order to resist the internal forces (vertical forces of gravity and lateral forces
due to wind and earthquakes) and guide them safely to the ground.
FABRICATION PROCESS
Metal fabrication is taking a raw material, typically sheets of metal and other flat materials,
through a series of processes to create a finished end product. Virtually every industry relies
on metal fabrication to operate efficiently, create the tools they need, develop products, etc.
As you can see, it is a very broad industry that helps the entire world run.
Fabrication is the process of manufacturing sheet metal and other flat materials to make them
conform to specific shapes. The process starts with sheet metal around a quarter of an inch
thick or less. At this thickness, the sheet metal and other flat materials is pliable enough to
assume different shapes. Using this metal, fabricators alter the sheet to create a specific
shape. This takes place through cutting, stamping, shaping, folding and welding. Another
related practice is custom fabrication, meaning the creation of new custom parts using novel
combinations of these processes.
All this work is completed by metal fabricators — highly skilled specialists who are trained
to cut and manipulate metal with a surgeon’s precision to the desired shape. These fabricators
often work out of large-scale manufacturing operations or specialized fabrication shops. The
shops themselves vary widely, offering general fabrication services or specialized fabrication
for medical and IT industries.

Types of Metal Fabrications

 Cutting
 Drawing
 Folding
 Machining
 Punching
 Shearing
 Stamping
Cutting
This very common type of metal fabrication is the cutting of a workpiece to split it into
smaller sections. While sawing is the oldest method of cutting, modern methods include laser
cutting, waterjet cutting, power scissors, and plasma arc cutting. There are many different
methods of cutting, from manual and power tools to computer numerical computer (CNC)
cutters. Cutting may be the first stage in a longer fabrication process or the only process used.
Die cutting is another cutting process that uses a die to slice metal. Rotary die cutting uses a
spinning cylindrical die to cut the material that is fed through a press. Flatbed die cutting is
used on thicker metal materials and uses a dies on a press to cut out shapes when the die
stamps down on the metal.

Drawing
Drawing uses tensile force to pull metal into and through a tapered die. The die stretches the
metal into a thinner shape. Usually drawing is performed at room temperature, and is called
cold drawing, but the metal workpiece can be heated in order to reduce the required force.
This process is considered deep drawing when the end product has a depth that is equal to or
greater than its radius. It is usually used with sheet metal fabrication to turn sheets into
hollow cylindrical or box-shaped vessels.

Folding
This metal fabrication process works by manipulating metal to bend at an angle. The most
common means is with a brake press that creates creases in the metal by pinching it. The
workpiece is held between a punch and a die and forced to crease with pressure from the
punch. This process is usually used to shape sheet metal. Folding can also be done by
hammering the workpiece until it bends, or by using a folding machine, also known as a
folder. The machine has a flat surface where the flat sheet metal is placed, a clamping bar that
holds the workpiece in place, and a front panel that lifts upwards and forces the metal
extended over it to bend.
Machining
The metal fabrication method called machining refers to the process of shaping metal by
removing the unwanted material from it. This process can be performed in a variety of ways.
There are many different machining processes, including drilling, turning, and milling.
Turning uses a lathe to rotate the metal while a cutting tool moves in a linear motion to
remove metal along the diameter, creating a cylindrical shape. The cutting tool can be angled
differently to create different shapes. It can be done manually or with a CNC turning
machine. CNC machining is generally used when part measurements must be extremely
precise.

Punching
Uniquely shaped turrets on a punch press hit the metal through or into a die to create holes.
The end product can either be the piece of metal with holes for fastening purposes, or it can
be the now removed, and shaped metal pieces called the blanking. Most punch presses are
mechanical but smaller and simpler punches can be hand-powered. CNC punch presses are
also now common and are used for both heavy and light metal work in metal fabrication.

Shearing
This type of metal fabrication is where one long, straight cut is achieved by combining two
tools, with one of the tools above the metal and the other one located below for applying
pressure. The upper blade forces the metal down onto the stationary lower blade and fractures
it. The fracture then spreads inward for complete separation. The sheared edges are usually
burred. It is ideal for cutting smaller lengths and differently shaped materials since the blades
can be mounted at angles to reduce the required force.

Stamping
This metal fabrication process is similar to punching, except the press doesn’t create a hole in
the metal, but an indentation. The turret doesn’t completely force the metal through the die,
but only raises it. Stamping is used to form shapes, letters, or images in a metal panel or
sheet. Mechanical and hydraulic are the two types of stamping presses. Metal stamping
machines cast, punch, cut and shape metal sheets. Sheets of up to 1/4 inch thickness are
moulded into specified shapes and sizes. The presses used for metal stampings can create a
wide range of products, and they can perform a series of operations including blanking, metal
coining.
WORKING

In four wheels steering the wheels can be rotated either left or right as per the requirements.
Rear wheels can be rotated in same direction as the front or in opposite direction. The four-
wheel system is designed to function in 3 modes namely, in-phase rotation, counter-phase
rotation and zero rotation.
The steering systems are designed to give the best control designed for the vehicle. The
vehicles are designed with steering control to the front wheels or in certain cases steering
control is given to the rear wheels.
The dual axle steering system shows the working of different motion of wheels with respect
to various turning arrangements. The machine consists of 3 different steering arrangements
i.e., neutral phase, negative phase & positive phase.
In neutral phase only the front wheels either runs in the right or left direction and the rear
wheel are the followers of the front wheels. In the negative phase, both front and rear axles
move in the opposite direction relative to each other. In the positive phase, both the axle front
and rear move in the same direction relative to each other. Here we need to lift the shifter and
place into the respective slot for the required motion.

ADVANTAGES
Better Steering Response

Four-wheel steering technology is beneficial because it increases the vehicle's steering

response time and helps keep the vehicle stable at higher speeds. With all four wheels
steering, instead of only the front two, this technology offers unprecedented control and

maneuverability .

Cornering Stability

When the roads are wet or icy, some corners can be quite challenging. Four-wheel steering
will help your car complete corner turns with stability and control. With all four wheels

turning, you’re less likely to fishtail or get stuck .

Tighter Turning
Four-wheel steering means all wheels steer. It doesn’t mean that they all have to turn the
same way, though! When you’re able to turn the rear wheels in the opposite direction of your
front wheels, this allows you to complete smaller circular turns at lower speeds.

Better on Tougher Terrains

Canadian winters can be pretty brutal. We’re all aware of the benefits of four-wheel driving
in the snow, but four-wheel steering can be equally helpful. If you’re stuck in a patch of snow
or hit ice while driving, four-wheel steering can help you re-gain control more quickly
potentially saving you from an accident, with accompanying repairs. No one like to see their
vehicle on the back of a tow truck

Straight Line Stability

When you’re driving your vehicle on a straight road, four-wheel steering can still help. The
system will give you the best stability imaginable and will let you handle potholes and high
winds with minimal swaying.

Changing Lanes
When you’re cruising on the highway and you need to change lanes quickly, all-wheel
steering works like a dream. You can easily cross over without turning the wheel much at all

and won’t need to accelerate as much to maintain your speed.

RESULTS
Successfully we achieved the result of steering designed to function in 3 modes namely, in-
phase rotation, counter-phase rotation and zero rotation.
In four wheels steering the wheels can be rotated either left or right as per the requirements.
Rear wheels can be rotated in same direction as the front or in opposite direction.
CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of automobile industries. It
is very useful for driver while driving the vehicle.

The project is based on Dual Axis Vehicle Steering Mechanism where due to the awareness
of safety, four-wheel steering vehicles are being used increasingly, since they are also known
for their high performance and stability.

In standard two-wheel steering vehicles, the rear wheels do not play any role in association
with the steering and follow the path of the front wheels. In four wheels steering the wheels
can be rotated either left or right as per the requirements. Rear wheels can be rotated in same
direction as the front or in opposite direction. The four-wheel system is designed to function
in 3 modes namely, in-phase rotation, counter-phase rotation and zero rotation.

The steering systems are designed to give the best control designed for the vehicle. The
vehicles are designed with steering control to the front wheels or in certain cases steering
control is given to the rear wheels.

The dual axle steering system shows the working of different motion of wheels with respect
to various turning arrangements. The machine consists of 3 different steering arrangements
i.e., neutral phase, negative phase & positive phase.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has been designed to
perform the entire requirement task which has also been provided.
FUTURE SCOPE

Having studied how Dual Axis Steering has an effect on the vehicle's stability and driver
maneuverability, we now look at what the future will present us with. The successful
implementation of Dual axis Steering using mechanical linkages & single actuator will result
in the development of a vehicle with maximum driver maneuverability, uncompressed static
stability, front and rear tracking, vehicular stability at high-speed lane changing, smaller
turning radius and improved parking assistance. Furthermore, the following system does not
limit itself to the benchmark used in this project, but can be implemented over a wide range
of automobiles, typically from hatchbacks to trucks. With concepts such as ZERO TURN
drive, when added to this system, it will further improve maneuverability and driver's ease of
access.

As electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids are increasingly becoming the norm, their flexible
platform allows for innovative design choices. A dual-axis steering system could be
integrated with electric drivetrains for more precise vehicle control, especially at low speeds.
This could enhance the driving experience in city driving or during parking.

The ability to control both steering axes independently could be used to develop advanced
active safety systems, such as automatic steering corrections, collision avoidance, or even
automatic emergency manoeuvres. The system could also be integrated with other
technologies like lane-keeping assistance, traction control, and stability control, further
improving vehicle safety.