96

pressure and fluid statics

For a completely submerged vertical plate (𝜃 = 90°) whose top edge is hori-
zontal, the hydrostatic force can be obtained by setting sin 𝜃 = 1 (Fig. 3–34b)
Vertical rectangular plate: FR = [P0 + ρg(s + b/2)]ab (3–26)

Vertical rectangular plate (s = 0): FR = (P0 + ρgb/2)ab (3–27)

When the effect of P0 is ignored since it acts on both sides of the plate, the
hydrostatic force on a vertical rectangular surface of height b whose top
edge is horizontal and at the free surface is FR = 𝜌 gab2/2 acting at a dis-
tance of 2b/3 from the free surface directly beneath the centroid of the plate.
The pressure distribution on a submerged horizontal surface is uniform,
and its magnitude is P = P0 + 𝜌 gh, where h is the distance of the surface
from the free surface. Therefore, the hydrostatic force acting on a horizontal
rectangular surface is
Horizontal rectangular plate: FR = (P0 + ρgh)ab (3–28)

and it acts through the midpoint of the plate (Fig. 3–33c).

EXAMPLE 3–8 hydrostatic force acting on the door

Lake
of a submerged car
A heavy car plunges into a lake during an accident and lands at the bottom of the
lake on its wheels (Fig. 3–35). The door is 1.2 m high and 1 m wide, and the top
edge of the door is 8 m below the free surface of the water. Determine the hydro-
8m static force on the door and the location of the pressure center, and discuss if the
driver can open the door.

sOlutiOn A car is submerged in water. The hydrostatic force on the door

is to be determined, and the likelihood of the driver opening the door is to be
assessed.
Assumptions 1 The bottom surface of the lake is horizontal. 2 The passenger
1.2 m cabin is well-sealed so that no water leaks inside. 3 The door can be approximated
1m as a vertical rectangular plate. 4 The pressure in the passenger cabin remains at
atmospheric value since there is no water leaking in, and thus no compression of
the air inside. Therefore, atmospheric pressure cancels out in the calculations since
it acts on both sides of the door. 5 The weight of the car is larger than the buoyant
force acting on it.
figure 3–35
Properties We take the density of lake water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout.
Schematic for Example 3–8. Analysis The average (gage) pressure on the door is the pressure value at the
centroid (midpoint) of the door and is determined to be

Pavg = PC = ρghC = ρg(s + b/2)

= (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(8 + 1.2/2 m)(

1000 kg·m/s2 )
1 kN

= 84.4 kN/m2

Then the resultant hydrostatic force on the door becomes

FR = Pavg A = (84.4 kN/m2) (1 m × 1.2 m) = 101.3 kN
 97
chapter 3

The pressure center is directly under the midpoint of the door, and its dis-
tance from the surface of the lake is determined from Eq. 3–24 by setting
P0 = 0, yielding
b b2 1.2 1.22
yP = s + + =8+ + = 8.61 m
2 12(s + b/2) 2 12(8 + 1.2/2)

Discussion A strong person can lift 100 kg, which is a weight of 981 N or
about 1 kN. Also, the person can apply the force at a point farthest from the
hinges (1 m farther) for maximum effect and generate a moment of 1 kN·m. The
resultant hydrostatic force acts under the midpoint of the door, and thus a dis-
tance of 0.5 m from the hinges. This generates a moment of 50.6 kN·m, which
is about 50 times the moment the driver can possibly generate. Therefore, it is
impossible for the driver to open the door of the car. The driver’s best bet is to
let some water in (by rolling the window down a little, for example) and to keep
his or her head close to the ceiling. The driver should be able to open the door
shortly before the car is filled with water since at that point the pressures on both
sides of the door are nearly the same and opening the door in water is almost as
easy as opening it in air.

3–5 ■ hYdrOstatic fOrces On

suBmerged curVed surfaces
In many practical applications, submerged surfaces are not flat (Fig. 3–36).
For a submerged curved surface, the determination of the resultant hydro-
static force is more involved since it typically requires integration of the
pressure forces that change direction along the curved surface. The concept
of the pressure prism in this case is not much help either because of the
complicated shapes involved.
The easiest way to determine the resultant hydrostatic force FR acting on
a two-dimensional curved surface is to determine the horizontal and vertical
components FH and FV separately. This is done by considering the free-body
diagram of the liquid block enclosed by the curved surface and the two
plane surfaces (one horizontal and one vertical) passing through the two figure 3–36
ends of the curved surface, as shown in Fig. 3–37. Note that the vertical In many structures of practical
application, the submerged surfaces
surface of the liquid block considered is simply the projection of the curved
are not flat, but curved as here at Glen
surface on a vertical plane, and the horizontal surface is the projection of
Canyon Dam in Utah and Arizona.
the curved surface on a horizontal plane. The resultant force acting on the
curved solid surface is then equal and opposite to the force acting on the
curved liquid surface (Newton’s third law).
The force acting on the imaginary horizontal or vertical plane surface and
its line of action can be determined as discussed in Section 3–4. The weight
of the enclosed liquid block of volume V is simply W = 𝜌 gV, and it acts
downward through the centroid of this volume. Noting that the fluid block is
in static equilibrium, the force balances in the horizontal and vertical direc-
tions give
Horizontal force component on curved surface: FH = Fx (3–29)

Vertical force component on curved surface: FV = Fy ± W (3–30)

 99
chapter 3

where PC, i = P0 + 𝜌 ighC, i is the pressure at the centroid of the portion of

the surface in fluid i and Ai is the area of the plate in that fluid. The line of
action of this equivalent force can be determined from the requirement that
the moment of the equivalent force about any point is equal to the sum of Pressure
the moments of the individual forces about the same point. forces

O
EXAMPLE 3–9 a gravity-controlled cylindrical gate Resultant
force
A long solid cylinder of radius 0.8 m hinged at point A is used as an automatic gate,
as shown in Fig. 3–41. When the water level reaches 5 m, the gate opens by turning FR
about the hinge at point A. Determine (a) the hydrostatic force acting on the cylin-
der and its line of action when the gate opens and (b) the weight of the cylinder per
m length of the cylinder. Circular
surface
sOlutiOn The height of a water reservoir is controlled by a cylindrical gate
hinged to the reservoir. The hydrostatic force on the cylinder and the weight of the
cylinder per m length are to be determined. figure 3–39
Assumptions 1 Friction at the hinge is negligible. 2 Atmospheric pressure acts The hydrostatic force acting on a
on both sides of the gate, and thus it cancels out.
circular surface always passes
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout.
through the center of the circle since
Analysis (a) We consider the free-body diagram of the liquid block enclosed by
the pressure forces are normal to the
the circular surface of the cylinder and its vertical and horizontal projections. The
hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the
surface and they all pass through
weight of the liquid block are determined as the center.

Horizontal force on vertical surface:

FH = Fx = Pavg A = ρghC A = ρg(s + R/2)A

= (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(4.2 + 0.8/2 m)(0.8 m × 1 m)(

1000 kg·m/s2 )
1 kN Oil

= 36.1 kN b1 FR1
Vertical force on horizontal surface (upward):
Fy = Pavg A = ρghC A = ρghbottom A
Water
= (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(5 m)(0.8 m × 1 m)(
1000 kg·m/s2 )
1 kN b2 FR2

= 39.2 kN
Weight (downward) of fluid block for one m width into the page:
W = mg = ρgV = ρg(R2 − 𝜋R2 /4)(1 m) figure 3–40
The hydrostatic force on a surface
= (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(0.8 m)2(1 − 𝜋/4)(1 m)(
1000 kg·m/s2 )
1 kN
submerged in a multilayered fluid can
be determined by considering parts
= 1.3 kN of the surface in different fluids as
Therefore, the net upward vertical force is different surfaces.
FV = Fy − W = 39.2 − 1.3 = 37.9 kN
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylindrical
surface become

FR = √FH2 + FV2 = √36.12 + 37.92 = 52.3 kN

tan 𝜃 = FV/FH = 37.9/36.1 = 1.05 → 𝜃 = 46.4°
 100
pressure and fluid statics

Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder is 52.3 kN
per m length of the cylinder, and its line of action passes through the center of the
s = 4.2 m cylinder making an angle 46.4° with the horizontal.

(b) When the water level is 5 m high, the gate is about to open and thus the reaction
force at the bottom of the cylinder is zero. Then the forces other than those at the
5m
hinge acting on the cylinder are its weight, acting through the center, and the hydro-
static force exerted by water. Taking a moment about point A at the location of the
A R = 0.8 m
hinge and equating it to zero gives
𝜃
Wcyl
0.8 m FRR sin 𝜃 − Wcyl R = 0 → Wcyl = FR sin 𝜃 = (52.3 kN) sin 46.4° = 37.9 kN
FR
Discussion The weight of the cylinder per m length is determined to be 37.9 kN.
It can be shown that this corresponds to a mass of 3863 kg per m length and to a
FH density of 1921 kg/m3 for the material of the cylinder.
FV
Fx FR

W
3–6 ■ BuOYancY and staBilitY
It is a common experience that an object feels lighter and weighs less in a liq-
uid than it does in air. This can be demonstrated easily by weighing a heavy
Fy object in water by a waterproof spring scale. Also, objects made of wood or
other light materials float on water. These and other observations suggest that
figure 3–41
a fluid exerts an upward force on a body immersed in it. This force that tends
Schematic for Example 3–9 and
to lift the body is called the buoyant force and is denoted by FB.
the free-body diagram of the liquid
underneath the cylinder. The buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in a
fluid. Consider, for example, a flat plate of thickness h submerged in a liq-
uid of density 𝜌 f parallel to the free surface, as shown in Fig. 3–42. The
area of the top (and also bottom) surface of the plate is A, and its distance
to the free surface is s. The gage pressures at the top and bottom surfaces
of the plate are 𝜌 f gs and 𝜌 f g(s + h), respectively. Then the hydrostatic force
s ρf gsA Ftop = 𝜌 f gsA acts downward on the top surface, and the larger force Fbottom =
𝜌 f g(s + h)A acts upward on the bottom surface of the plate. The difference
h between these two forces is a net upward force, which is the buoyant force,
A
FB = Fbottom − Ftop = ρf g(s + h)A − ρf gsA = ρf ghA = ρf gV (3–32)

where V = hA is the volume of the plate. But the relation 𝜌 f gV is simply

ρf g(s + h)A the weight of the liquid whose volume is equal to the volume of the plate.
Thus, we conclude that the buoyant force acting on the plate is equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced by the plate. For a fluid with constant density,
figure 3–42 the buoyant force is independent of the distance of the body from the free
A flat plate of uniform thickness h surface. It is also independent of the density of the solid body.
submerged in a liquid parallel to the The relation in Eq. 3–32 is developed for a simple geometry, but it is
free surface. valid for any body regardless of its shape. This can be shown mathemati-
cally by a force balance, or simply by this argument: Consider an arbitrarily
shaped solid body submerged in a fluid at rest and compare it to a body
of fluid of the same shape indicated by dashed lines at the same vertical
location (Fig. 3–43). The buoyant forces acting on these two bodies are the
same since the pressure distributions, which depend only on elevation, are
the same at the boundaries of both. The imaginary fluid body is in static
 102
pressure and fluid statics

the density of helium in the balloon—assuming the balloon does not burst
by then, and ignoring the weight of the balloon’s skin. Hot air balloons
(Fig. 3–46) work by similar principles.
Archimedes’ principle is also used in geology by considering the conti-
nents to be floating on a sea of magma.

EXAMPLE 3–10 measuring specific gravity by a hydrometer

If you have a seawater aquarium, you have probably used a small cylindrical glass
tube with a lead-weight at its bottom to measure the salinity of the water by simply
watching how deep the tube sinks. Such a device that floats in a vertical position
figure 3–45 and is used to measure the specific gravity of a liquid is called a hydrometer
The density of the water in the Dead (Fig. 3–47). The top part of the hydrometer extends above the liquid surface, and
Sea is about 24% higher than that of the divisions on it allow one to read the specific gravity directly. The hydrometer
pure water. Therefore, people float is calibrated such that in pure water it reads exactly 1.0 at the air–water interface.
much more easily (with more of their (a) Obtain a relation for the specific gravity of a liquid as a function of distance Δz
bodies above the water) in the Dead from the mark corresponding to pure water and (b) determine the mass of lead that
Sea than in fresh water or in normal must be poured into a 1-cm-diameter, 20-cm-long hydrometer if it is to float half-
seawater. way (the 10-cm mark) in pure water.
Photo by Andy Cimbala. Used with permission.
sOlutiOn The specific gravity of a liquid is to be measured by a hydrom-
eter. A relation between specific gravity and the vertical distance from the reference
level is to be obtained, and the amount of lead that needs to be added into the tube
for a certain hydrometer is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The weight of the glass tube is negligible relative to the weight
of the lead added. 2 The curvature of the tube bottom is disregarded.
Properties We take the density of pure water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis (a) Noting that the hydrometer is in static equilibrium, the buoy-
ant force FB exerted by the liquid must always be equal to the weight W of the
hydrometer. In pure water (subscript w ), we let the vertical distance between
the bottom of the hydrometer and the free surface of water be z0. Setting
FB, w = W in this case gives

Whydro = FB, w = ρw gVsub = ρw gAz0 (1)

where A is the cross-sectional area of the tube, and 𝜌 w is the density of pure
water.
In a fluid lighter than water (𝜌 f < 𝜌 w), the hydrometer will sink deeper, and the
liquid level will be a distance of Δz above z0. Again setting FB = W gives

Whydro = FB, f = ρf gVsub = ρf gA(z0 + Δz) (2)

figure 3–46 This relation is also valid for fluids heavier than water by taking Δz to be a negative
The altitude of a hot air balloon quantity. Setting Eqs. (1) and (2) here equal to each other since the weight of the
is controlled by the temperature hydrometer is constant and rearranging gives
difference between the air inside and ρf z0
outside the balloon, since warm air ρw gAz0 = ρf gA(z0 + Δz) → SGf = =
is less dense than cold air. When the ρw z0 + Δz
balloon is neither rising nor falling, which is the relation between the specific gravity of the fluid and Δz. Note that z0
the upward buoyant force exactly is constant for a given hydrometer and Δz is negative for fluids heavier than pure
balances the downward weight. water.
© PhotoLink/Getty Images RF
(b) Disregarding the weight of the glass tube, the amount of lead that needs to be
added to the tube is determined from the requirement that the weight of the lead
 103
chapter 3

Hydrometer
be equal to the buoyant force. When the hydrometer is floating with half of it sub-
merged in water, the buoyant force acting on it is
FB = ρw gVsub
Equating FB to the weight of lead gives
W = mg = ρwgVsub
Solving for m and substituting, the mass of lead is determined to be Δz
1.0
2 3 2
m = ρwVsub = ρw(𝜋R hsub) = (1000 kg/m )[𝜋(0.005 m) (0.1 m)] = 0.00785 kg
Discussion Note that if the hydrometer were required to sink only 5 cm in water,
the required mass of lead would be one-half of this amount. Also, the assumption
that the weight of the glass tube is negligible is questionable since the mass of lead z0
is only 7.85 g.

Lead
FB
EXAMPLE 3–11 height of ice Block Below the Water surface
Consider a large cubic ice block floating in seawater. The specific gravities of ice
and seawater are 0.92 and 1.025, respectively. If a 25-cm-high portion of the ice
figure 3–47
block extends above the surface of the water, determine the height of the ice block
Schematic for Example 3–10.
below the surface.

sOlutiOn The height of the portion of a cubic ice block that extends above
the water surface is measured. The height of the ice block below the surface is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 The buoyancy force in air is negligible. 2 The top surface of the
ice block is parallel to the surface of the sea.
Properties The specific gravities of ice and seawater are given to be 0.92 and
1.025, respectively, and thus the corresponding densities are 920 kg/m3 and 1025
kg/m3. 25 cm
Analysis The weight of a body floating in a fluid is equal to the buoyant force Cubic
ice block
acting on it (a consequence of vertical force balance from static equilibrium), as Sea
shown in Fig. 3–48. Therefore,
h
W
W = FB → ρbodygVtotal = ρfluidgVsubmerged

V submerged ρbody
=
V total ρfluid
FB
The cross-sectional area of a cube is constant, and thus the “volume ratio” can be
replaced by “height ratio.” Then,
figure 3–48
hsubmerged ρbody ρice 920 kg/m3
= →
h
= →
h
= Schematic for Example 3–11.
htotal ρfluid h + 0.25 ρwater h + 0.25 m 1025 kg/m3

where h is the height of the ice block below the surface. Solving for h gives

(920 kg/m3)(0.25 m)
h= = 2.19 m
(1025 − 920) kg/m3
 118
BASIN VE AKI KAN STATİGİ

3-63K Baraj setlerinin alt kısımlarının çok daha kalın yapıl­ veti ve (b) birim baraj alanı başına barajın üst ve alt kenarı
dığını
fark etmişsinizdir. Barajların neden bu şekilde yapıldı­ civarındaki kuvveti bulunuz.
ğını açıklayınız.
3-71 Bir yolcu gemisinin bodrum katındaki bir kamarası
3-64K Batmış bir eğrisel yüzey üzerine etkiyen kuvvetin ya- 30 cm çapında dairesel pencereye sahiptir. Pencerenin orta
tay bileşenini nasıl belirleyeceğinizi açıklayınız. noktası su yüzeyinden 4 m aşağıda olduğuna göre, pencere

3-65K Batmış bir eğrisel yüzey üzerine etkiyen kuvvetin dü- üzerine etki eden hidrostatik kuvveti ve basınç merkezini be-
şey bileşenini nasıl belirleyeceğinizi açıklayınız.
lirleyiniz. Deniz suyunun bağıl yoğunluğunu 1.025 olarak alı­
nız. Cevaplar: 2840 N, 4.001 m
3-66K Sabit yoğunluklu bir akışkan tarafından uygulanan
hidrostatik kuvvetlere maruz kalan dairesel bir yüzeyi göz
~ J ~ ~ ~ J J ~ J
önüne alınız. Bileşke hidrostatik kuvvetin yatay ve düşey bile- ~ ~ ~ J J ~ J ~ J ~
şenlerinin belirlenmesi halinde bu kuvvetin etki çizgisini nasıl
bulacağınızı açıklayınız.
4m
T Deniz
3-67 Tabanı düz bir göle uçan ağır bir arabayı dikkate alı­
nız. Sürücü tarafındaki araç kapısı 1.1 yüksekliğinde ve 0.9 m
genişliğinde olup kapının üst kenarı gölün serbest yüzeyinden
10 m aşağıdadır. (a) Arabanın sızdırmaz ve içerisinin atmosfer
basıncında havayla dolu olması ve (b) arabanın suyla dolu ol-
l 30cm
/
/

ması halinde kapıya etkiyen net kuvveti (kapı yüzeyine dik) ve

basınç merkezinin konumunu belirleyiniz.

3-68 Otomatik bir kapı olarak kullanılan 61 .O cm yarıçaplı ŞEKİL PJ-71

uzun ve içi dolu bir silindir, Şekil P3-68 'de gösterildiği gibi A
noktasından mafsallanmıştır. Su seviyesi 4.57 m'ye ulaştığın­ 3-72 70 m boyundaki bir barajın su tarafındaki duvarı 7m
da silindirik kapak menteşesi etrafında dönerek açılmaktadır. yarıçaplı dörtte bir daire şeklindedir. Üst kenarına kadar dolu
Kapağın açılmaya başladığı anda (a) silindir üzerine etkiyen olması halinde baraja gelen kuvveti ve etki çizgisini belirleyi-
kuvveti ve etki çizgisini ve (b) silindirin birim boyunun ağırlı­ niz.
ğını belirleyiniz.
3-73 Şekil
P3-73 'teki ABC kapağının sayfa düzlemine dik
genişliği2 m olduğuna göre bu kapağı verilen konumda tut-
mak için gerekli F kuvvetini hesaplayınız.

4.57m Pb= 0.86 50cm

80cm

ŞEKİL PJ-68
C
~---------:--,--ıııı1ı..--...ı B
3-69 8 m boyunda, 8 m genişliğinde ve 2 m yüksekliğin­
F
de tamamen suyla dolu bir zemin-üstü yüzme havuzunu göz
önüne alınız. (a) Havuzun her bir duvarındaki hidrostatik kuv- 40cm
veti ve bu kuvvetin etki çizgisinin zeminden olan mesafesini
bulunuz. (b) Eğer havuzun kenar duvarlarının yüksekliği iki
katına çıkarılırsa ve havuz tamamen doldurulursa her bir du-
vara gelen kuvvet iki katına mı yoksa dört katına mı çıkar? ŞEKİL PJ-73
Neden? Cevap: 157 kN
3-74 ŞekilP3-74'teki 0.7 m yüksekliğinde ve 0.7 m geniş­
3-70 61 .O m yüksekliğinde ve 365 .8 m eninde tam dolu bir liğindeki üçgen kapağa gelen bileşke kuvveti ve etki çizgisini
barajı göz önüne alınız. (a) Baraj setine gelen hidrostatik kuv-
belirleyiniz.
 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
3-68E
Solution The height of a water reservoir is controlled by a cylindrical gate hinged to the reservoir. The hydrostatic
force on the cylinder and the weight of the cylinder per ft length are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The hinge is frictionless. 2 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored
in calculations for convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be 62.4 lbm/ft3 throughout.
Analysis (a) We consider the free body diagram of the liquid block enclosed by the circular surface of the cylinder
and its vertical and horizontal projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well
as the weight of the liquid block per ft length of the cylinder are:
Horizontal force on vertical surface:
FH  Fx  Pave A  ghC A  g ( s  R / 2) A
 1 lbf 
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(32.2 ft/s 2 )(13  2 / 2 ft)(2 ft  1 ft)  
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 
2

 1747 lbf
Vertical force on horizontal surface (upward):
s = 13 ft
R=2 ft
Fy  Pavg A   ghC A   ghbottom A
b=R
  FH
  62.4 lbm/ft 3  32.2 ft/s 2  15 ft  2 ft  1 ft  
1 lbf
2 
=2 ft
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 
 1872 lbf
Weight of fluid block per ft length (downward):
W FV
W  mg  gV  g ( R 2  R 2 / 4)(1 ft)  gR 2 (1   / 4)(1 ft)
 1 lbf 
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )( 32.2 ft/s 2 )( 2 ft) 2 (1 - /4)(1 ft)  2 
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 
 54 lbf
Therefore, the net upward vertical force is
FV  Fy  W  1872  54  1818 lbf

Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylindrical surface become

FR  FH2  FV2  17472  18182  2521 lbf  2520 lbf

FV 1818 lbf
tan     1.041    46.1
FH 1747 lbf

Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder is 2521 lbf per ft length of the cylinder, and its line
of action passes through the center of the cylinder making an angle 46.1 upwards from the horizontal.

(b) When the water level is 15-ft high, the gate opens and the reaction force at the bottom of the cylinder becomes zero.
Then the forces other than those at the hinge acting on the cylinder are its weight, acting through the center, and the
hydrostatic force exerted by water. Taking a moment about the point A where the hinge is and equating it to zero gives
FR Rsin  Wcyl R  0  Wcyl  FR sin  (2521 lbf)sin46. 1  1817 lbf  1820 lbf (per ft)

Discussion The weight of the cylinder per ft length is determined to be 1820 lbf, which corresponds to a mass of 1820
lbm, and to a density of 145 lbm/ft3 for the material of the cylinder.

3-41
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 121
; 1

liği H olup levha eğim açısı 0 levha merkezine göre tanım­ Kaldırma Kuvveti
lanmıştır. (a) Levhanın üst yüzeyine etki eden F kuvvetini 3-94K Kaldırma kuvveti nedir? Buna ne sebep olur? Hacmi
H, b, t, w, g, p ve 0 açısının fonksiyonu olarak ifade ediniz. Volan batmış bir cisme etkiyen kaldırma kuvvetinin büyük­
Atmosfer basıncının etkisini göz ardı ediniz. Diğer bir deyişle lüğü nasıl bulunur? Kaldırma kuvvetinin yönü ve etki çizgisi
sadece atmosfer basıncının neden olduğu kuvvete ilave gelen nedir?
kuvveti hesaplayınız. (b) Bulduğunuz denklemi denemek için
H l.25 m, b l m, t 0.2 m, w l m, g = 9.807 m/s2, 3-95K Su içerisinde farklı derinliklerdeki iki özdeş küresel
998.3 kg/m3 ve 0 = 30° alınız. Eğer denkleminiz doğ- bilyeyi göz önüne alınız. Bu iki bilyeye etkiyen kaldırma kuv­
p
ruysa bulacağınız kuvvet 11.4 k:N olmalıdır. vetleri aynı mı farklı mıdır? Açıklayınız.
3-91 Şekil P3-91 'de gösterilen ve statik dengede bulunan 3-96K Biri alüminyum, diğeri ise demirden yapılmış ve su
kapak iki akışkanı birbirinden ayırmaktadır. FıfF2 = 1.70 ol­ içerisinde batırılmış iki tane 5 cm çapında küresel bilyeyi göz
duğuna göre h/H oranı kaçtır? önüne alınız. Bu iki bilyeye etkiyen kaldırma kuvvetleri aynı
mı farklı mıdır? Açıklayınız.
3-97K Bir sıvıya batırılan 5 kg'lık bir bakır küp ile yine 5
kg'lık bakır bilyeyi göz önüne alınız. Bu iki cisme etkiyen kal­
dırma kuvvetleri aynı mı farklı mıdır? Açıklayınız.
3-98K (a) Batmış haldeki ve (b) ağırlık merkezi yüzme mer­
kezinin üzerinde olarak yüzen bir cismin kararlılığı hakkında
bilgi veriniz.
3-99 Bir sıvının yoğunluğu, üzerindeki taksimat çizgileri ta­
mamen silinmiş 1 cm çapındaki eski bir silindirik hidrometre
ŞEKİL PJ-91 kullanılarak ölçülmek istenmektedir. Hidrometre önce suya bı­
3-92 Şekil P3-92'de gösterilen 1 m genişliğindeki ağırlıksız rakılıp su seviyesi işaretlenmektedir. Ardından diğer bir sıvıya
kapak su ile karbon-tetra-klorür (CC14) sıvısını ayırmak için bırakıldığında, su için yapılan işaretin sıvı-hava arayüzünün
kullanılmaktadır. Kapağın verilen konumda kalabilmesi için O.3 cm yukarısına kadar yükseldiği gözlenmiştir. Su işaretinin
suya gömülü beton kütlenin (pb = 2.4) hacmi ne olmalıdır? yüksekliği 12 .3 cm olduğuna göre sıvının yoğunluğunu hesap­
Sürtünmeler ihmal edilmektedir. layınız.

Su
işareti
_)_
2.5m rem

ŞEKİL PJ-92 Bilinmeyen

l
sıvı 12cm
3-93 Şekil P3-92 'de gösterilen 2 m genişliğindeki parabolik
kapak B noktasından mafsallanmıştır. Bu kapağı verilen ko­
numda tutabilmek için gerekli F kuvvetini hesaplayınız.

A--------------"-- �-- ŞEKİL P3-99

Su
3-100 Bir sualtı inşaatı projesinde kullanılacak malzeme­
1 lerin bir vinç vasıtasıyla göle indirilmesi esnasında 91.4 cm
Yağ, Pb == 1.5 ı 4m
1 çapındaki küresel bir çelik bloğun (7913 kg/m3) vinç halatında
3m : meydana getirdiği çekme kuvvetini (a) blok havada asılıyken
1
ı ve (b) tamamen suya batmış haldeyken bulunuz.
1
X ıB 3-101 Gelişigüzel şekilli bir cismin hacmi ve yoğunluğu bir
ı yaylı terazi kullanılarak belirlenmek istenmektedir. Cisim ha­
1

9m vada 7200 N, suda ise 4790 N geldiğine göre cismin hacmini

ve yoğunluğunu bulunuz. Yaptığınız kabulleri belirtiniz.
ŞEKİL P3-93
 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
3-92
Solution An inclined gate separates water from another fluid. The volume of the concrete block to keep the gate at the
given position is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience. 2 The weight of the gate is negligible.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout. The specific gravities of concerete and carbon
tetrachloride are 2.4 and 1.59, respectively.
Analysis

x
0.6 m

Wc L1
F2
concrete
L2
3m
water Carbon tetrachloride 2.5 m
Fb F1 SG=1.59
=60o

The force applied by water:

3  3 
F1  hcg1 A1  9810   1   50974 N
2  Sin 
3
 3 
1  
 Sin60 
3 12
ycp1    2.31 m
2Sin60 3  3 
 1  
2Sin60  Sin60 
The force applied by carbon tetrachloride:
2.5  2.5 
F2  hcg 2 A2  1.59  9810   1   56284 N
2  Sin60 
3
 2.5 
1  
 Sin60 
2.5 12 0.6
ycp 2    1.924 m x  0.693 m
2Sin60 2.5  2.5  Sin60
 1  
2Sin60  Sin60 
Moment about hinge would give
Wc  Fb  Sin  x  L1   F2  L2  ycp 2  F1  L1  ycp1   0
Since Wc  Fb  c  c   w  , we obtain

  
F1  L1  y cp1  F2  L2  y cp 2  509743.464  2.41  562842.886  1.924
c    0.0946 m3
 c   w   Sin  L1  x  98102.4  1Sin603.464  0.693

3-65
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 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
3-93
Solution A parabolic shaped gate is hinged. The force needed to keep the gate stationary is to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout. The specific gravity of oil is 1.5.
Analysis

F
A
water
C

oil, SG=1.5 4m
y
3m

D x B

9m

We should need to determine the function describing the curve of the gate. Generally a parabolic shape is defined by
y  C1 x 2  C2 x  C3 . Since the parabola is passing through the origin, C2=C3=0. On the other hand,

x=9 m when y=4 m, and we write 4  C1 9 2

4
Solving for C1 yields C1 
81
4 2
Therefore we obtain y  x .
81
Force applied by oil:
y2 y2 y2
FHo   pbdy   (h)bdy b  hdy
y1 y1 y1
(1)

It is clear that h  y  3 m , and we may write h  3  y . Therefore Eq. 1 would take the form of
y2
 
3

 
3
FHo  b (3  y )dy  2  1.5  9810 (3  y )dy  2  1.5  9810 3 y  0.5 y 2 0
y1 0

 2  1.5  9810  4.5  132435 N

To locate FHo, we write

 y2  3 3
  3 1 
 y   
FHo yco   b (3  y )dy  y  2  1.5  9810 (3 y  y 2 )dy  2  1.5  9810 y 2  y 3 
2 3 0
 1  0

 2  1.5  9810  4.5  132435 Nm

3-66
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 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
132435
yco  1 m
132435
1
or we could find ycp from yco   3  1 m
3
Vertical component of the force
dFVo  pdAx , where dAx  bdx (1)
x2 x2 x2
FVo   pbdx   (h)bdx b  hdx
x1 x1 x1
(2)

4 2 4 2
Since h  3  y .and , and y  x , we get h  3  x
81 81
x2 7.794

 
4 2 4 2
FVo  b (3  x )dx  2  1.5  9810 (3  x )dx
81 81
x1 0
7.794
 4 3
 2  1.5  9810   3x  x   2 1.5  9810  15.5884  458767 N
 243 0
To locate FVo, we write the moment equation about origin:

 x2 
 

4
FVo xco   b (3  x 2 )dx  x
 x 81 
 1 
7.794 7.794
3 1 
  2  1.5  9810  45.5625
4 3
 b (3x  x )dx  2  1.5  9810   x 2  x 3 
0
81 2 81  0
 1340904.375
1340904.375
xco   2.923 m
458767
Force applied by water
Horizontal component (we use an alternative method for this part)

FHw   hcg A projected  9810   42  4  2   156960 N

 
1
ycw   4  1.333 m
3
Vertical component
x2 9

 
4 2 4
FVw  b (4  x )dx  2  9810 (4  x 2 )dx
81 81
x1 0
9
 4 3
 2  9810   4 x  x   2  9810  24  470880 N
 243 0

3-67
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
 x2 
 

4
FVw xcw   b (4  x 2 )dx  x
 x 81 
 1 
9 9
 
 x )dx  2  9810   2 x 2  x 4   2  9810  81  1589220
4 3 1
 b (4 x 
0
81  81 0

1589220
xcw   3.375 m
470880
Moment equation about hinge would yield
F  BD  FHo  yco  FVo xco  FHw ycw  FVw xcw  0

132435 1  458767  2.923  156960 1.333  470880  3.375 614059.95

F   68229 N
9 9
F  68,229 N  68,3kN 

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 128
BASIN VE AKI KAN STATİGİ

değişimini (a) ihmal ederek ve (b) dikkate alarak troposferdeki

basıncın yükseklikle değişimini veren bir bağıntı elde ediniz.
3-159 Kalın bir gaz tabakasında basıncın yoğunlukla değişi­
mi, C ven birer sabit olmak üzere P = Cpn bağıntısı ile verilir.
Buna göre dz kalınlığındaki diferansiyel bir akışkan tabakası
Hava boyunca z-yönündeki basınç değişiminin dP = -pgdz olduğu­
Boru nu göz önüne alarak basıncı z yüksekliğinin fonksiyonu olarak
Su veren bir bağıntı elde ediniz. z = 0'daki basıncı ve yoğunluğu
15°C sırasıyla P 0 ve p0 olarak alınız.

3-160 3 rn yüksekliğinde 6 rn genişliğindeki dikdörtgen

şekillikapak üst kenarındaki A noktasından rnafsallanmıştır.
Kapak, B noktasındaki bir çıkıntı yardımıyla kapalı olarak tu-
tulmaktadır. Bu durumda 5 rn yüksekliğindeki su tarafında ka-
pağa uygulanan kuvveti ve basınç merkezini belirleyiniz.

"" Manometre
Pı, = 2.4
sıvısı

ŞEKİL P3-156

3-157 Şekil P3-157'de bir kısmı cıva doldurulan U tüpünü

göz önüne alınız. U tüpünün sağ kolu D = 1.5 cm çapında,
sol kolu ise bunun iki katı çapa sahiptir. U tüpünün sol kolun-
dan içeri bağıl yoğunluğu 2.72 olan ağır bir yağ dökülmekte ve
böylece sol koldaki bir miktar cıva sağ kola geçmektedir. Bu
şekilde sol kola eklenebilecek maksimum yağ miktarını hesap-
layınız. Cevap: 0.0884 L ŞEKİL P3-160
3-161 Problem 3-160'1 toplam su yüksekliğini 2 rn alarak
Yağ girişi tekrar çözünüz.
Pb=2.72 ~ 3-162 12.2 rn çapında yanın daire şeklindeki bir tünel Şekil

T
12cm
P3-162' de gösterildiği gibi 45 .7 rn derinliğinde ve 243 .8 rn
boyunda bir göl içerisine inşa edilecektir. Tünel çatısına gele-
cek olan toplam hidrostatik kuvveti belirleyiniz.

__
!
- 2D
--
D = 1.5 cm
ı-
Su

~457m
T
~----·._-\
\ 1.--------------' ~ı
1---- 12.2 m ~
Cıva
Pb = 13.6
ŞEKİL P3-162
ŞEKİL P3-157
3-163 Düz bir zemin üzerinde bulunan 30 tonluk 4 rn çapın­
3-158 Atmosfer sıcaklığının yükseklikle değiştiği bilin- daki yanın küre şekilli kubbe Şekil P3-163 'te gösterildiği gibi
mektedir. Örneğin 11 krn'ye kadar uzanan troposferde sıcak­ suyla doldurulmuştur. Bir kimse bu kubbeyi Pascal ilkesini
lık değişimi T = T0 - {3z bağıntısı ile ifade edilebilir. Burada kullanarak kaldırabileceğini ve bunu da kubbe tepesine bağla­
T0 deniz seviyesindeki sıcaklıktır ve değeri 288.15 K olarak yacağı bir boruyu suyla doldurarak yapacağını ileri sürmekte-
alınabilir. Aynca /3 = 0.0065 Kim olarak verilmektedir. Öte dir. Kubbeyi kaldırmak için borudaki su yüksekliğinin ne ol-
yandan yerçekimi ivmesi de g(z) = g0 /(1 + z/6370320) 2 uya- ması gerektiğini hesaplayınız. Borunun ve içerisindeki suyun
rınca değişmektedir ve g0 = 9.807 rn/s 2 'dir. g'nin yükseklikle ağırlıklarını göz ardı ediniz. Cevap: O. 72 m
 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics
3-162E
Solution A semicircular tunnel is to be built under a lake. The total hydrostatic force acting on the roof of the tunnel
is to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the tunnel, Fy
and thus it can be ignored in calculations for convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be 62.4 lbm/ft3
throughout.
Analysis We consider the free body diagram of the liquid Fx Fx
block enclosed by the circular surface of the tunnel and its vertical W R = 20 ft
(on both sides) and horizontal projections. The hydrostatic forces
acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the
weight of the liquid block are determined as follows:

Horizontal force on vertical surface (each side):

FH  Fx  Pave A  ghC A  g ( s  R / 2) A
 1 lbf 
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(32.2 ft/s 2 )(130  20 / 2 ft)(20 ft  800 ft)  
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 
2

 1.398  10 8 lbf (on each side of the tunnel)

Vertical force on horizontal surface (downward):

F y  Pave A  ghC A  ghtop A

 1 lbf 
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(32.2 ft/s 2 )(130 ft)(40 ft  800 ft)  
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 
2

 2.596  10 8 lbf
Weight of fluid block on each side within the control volume (downward):

W  mg  gV  g ( R 2  R 2 / 4)( 2000 ft)

 1 lbf 
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(32.2 ft/s 2 )( 20 ft) 2 (1 - /4)(800 ft)  
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 2 
 4.285  10 6 lbf (on each side)

Therefore, the net downward vertical force is

FV  Fy  2W  2.596  108  2  0.04285  108  2.64  108 lbf

This is also the net force acting on the tunnel since the horizontal forces acting on the right and left side of the tunnel cancel
each other since they are equal and opposite.
Discussion The weight of the two water bocks on the sides represents only about 3.3% of the total vertical force on the
tunnel. Therefore, to obtain a reasonable first approximation for deep tunnels, these volumes can be neglected, yielding FV =
2.596  108 lbf. A more conservative approximation would be to estimate the force on the bottom of the lake if the tunnel
were not there. This yields FV = 2.995  108 lbf. The actual force is between these two estimates, as expected.

3-121
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