Interview practice

1. Voltage, Current aur Resistance kya hota hai?

Yeh sabse basic sawal hai. Interviewer aapki understanding check karna chahta hai.

●​ Current (I): Yeh flow of electrons hai. Iski unit Ampere (A) hoti hai.
●​ Voltage (V): Yeh wo "pressure" ya potential difference hai jo electrons ko dhakelta
(push karta) hai. Iski unit Volt (V) hai.
●​ Resistance (R): Yeh current ke raste mein aane wali rukawat (opposition) hai. Iski
unit Ohm ($\Omega$) hoti hai.

2. AC (Alternating Current) aur DC (Direct Current) mein kya farak hai?

●​ AC: Iska magnitude aur direction samay ke saath badalta rehta hai (frequency hoti
hai, jaise India mein 50Hz). Hamare gharon mein AC supply aati hai.
●​ DC: Yeh hamesha ek hi direction mein flow karta hai aur iski frequency zero hoti hai.
Batteries aur solar panels se DC milti hai.

3. Ohm's Law kya hai?

Ohm’s law ke mutabiq, agar temperature constant rahe, toh kisi conductor se flow hone wala
current ($I$), uske across apply kiye gaye voltage ($V$) ke directly proportional hota hai.

Formula:

$$V = I \times R$$

4. MCB aur Fuse mein kya antar hai?
●​ Fuse: Yeh ek wire hota hai jo zyada current aane par pighal (melt) jata hai. Ek baar
jalne ke baad ise badalna padta hai.
●​ MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Yeh ek switch ki tarah kaam karta hai. Jab fault hota
hai, toh yeh "trip" ho jata hai. Ise bas reset (on) karna padta hai, badalne ki zaroorat
nahi hoti.

5. Earthing (Grounding) kyun zaroori hai?

Earthing ka main maqsad Human Safety hai. Agar kisi machine ki body mein leakage
current aa jaye, toh earthing us current ko zameen (earth) mein bhej deti hai. Isse insaan ko
electric shock nahi lagta.

6. Capacitor ka kaam kya hota hai?

Capacitor ek aisi device hai jo electrical energy ko Electric Field ke roop mein store karti hai.
Iska use fans mein starting torque dene ke liye aur power factor sudhaarne ke liye kiya jata
hai.

7. Transformer kya hai aur yeh kaise kaam karta hai?

Transformer ek static device hai jo bina frequency badle voltage ko kam (Step-down) ya
zyada (Step-up) karti hai. Yeh Mutual Induction ke principle par kaam karta hai.

Note: Transformer kabhi bhi DC par kaam nahi karta, sirf AC par karta hai.

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8. Series aur Parallel connection mein kya farak hai?

●​ Series: Current ke flow ke liye sirf ek hi rasta hota hai. Agar ek bulb band hua, toh
sab band ho jayenge.
●​ Parallel: Current ke liye multiple raste hote hain. Hamare gharon ki wiring Parallel
mein hoti hai taaki ek switch band karne se baaki cheezein chalti rahein.

9. Power Factor kya hota hai?

Power Factor ($cos \phi$) basically Active Power (jo kaam aati hai) aur Apparent Power (jo
total supply hoti hai) ka ratio hota hai. Ideal power factor 1.0 (Unity) hota hai. Agar yeh kam
ho, toh system efficiency ghat jati hai.

10. Relay aur Contactor mein kya farak hai?

●​ Relay: Yeh low power circuits ko control karne ke liye use hoti hai (jaise electronic
boards).
●​ Contactor: Yeh high power circuits (jaise heavy motors) ko switch karne ke liye use
hota hai. Kaam karne ka principle dono ka same hai (Electromagnetism).
11. 3-Phase system mein 'Neutral' aur 'Earth' mein kya antar hai?
●​ Neutral: Yeh circuit ko complete karta hai aur return path provide karta hai. Ismein
current flow ho sakta hai.
●​ Earth: Yeh safety ke liye hota hai. Ismein normal condition mein current nahi hota, sirf
fault ke time leakage current flow hota hai.

12. Motor aur Generator mein kya difference hai?

●​ Motor: Yeh electrical energy ko Mechanical energy mein badalti hai.
●​ Generator: Yeh mechanical energy ko Electrical energy mein badalta hai.

13. Semiconductor kya hote hain?

Semiconductor wo materials hain jinki conductivity conductor (copper) aur insulator (glass)
ke beech ki hoti hai. Sabse common examples Silicon aur Germanium hain, jo saare
electronic chips mein use hote hain.

14. Star aur Delta connection kab use karte hain?

●​ Star Connection: Jab humein Neutral wire chahiye hota hai (jaise distribution
transformers mein) ya motor ko starting mein kam voltage deni ho.
●​ Delta Connection: Jab humein high torque aur zyada power chahiye hoti hai, aur
neutral ki zaroorat nahi hoti.

15. Rectifier aur Inverter kya kaam karte hain?

●​ Rectifier: Yeh AC ko DC mein convert karta hai (jaise aapka phone charger).
●​ Inverter: Yeh DC ko AC mein convert karta hai (jaise ghar ka inverter jo battery se AC
banata hai).

16. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) kya hai?

KCL ke mutabiq, kisi bhi "Node" ya junction par aane wala total current, wahan se jaane
waale total current ke barabar hota hai. Yani, junction par current ka sum zero hota hai.

17. Megger ka use kyun kiya jata hai?

Megger ek aisa instrument hai jo Insulation Resistance check karne ke liye use hota hai.
Isse hum check karte hain ki cable ya motor ki winding kahin se leak ya short toh nahi hai.

18. Induction Motor "Self-starting" kyun hoti hai?

3-phase induction motor mein jab hum supply dete hain, toh ek Rotating Magnetic Field
(RMF) paida hoti hai jo bina kisi external help ke rotor ko ghuma deti hai. Single-phase
motors self-starting nahi hoti, isliye unmein capacitor lagaya jata hai.
19. Circuit Breaker aur Isolator mein kya farak hai?
●​ Circuit Breaker: Yeh "On-load" condition mein circuit ko break kar sakta hai (yani jab
bijli chal rahi ho). Ismein arc quenching (chingari bujhane) ki suvidha hoti hai.
●​ Isolator: Yeh hamesha "Off-load" condition mein operate kiya jata hai, sirf
maintenance ke liye circuit ko physically alag karne ke liye.

20. Skin Effect kya hota hai?

High frequency AC current hamesha conductor ki surface (skin) se behne ki koshish karta
hai, bajaye uske center se. Is wajah se conductor ka effective resistance badh jata hai. DC
mein Skin Effect nahi hota.

21. Transformer mein DC kyun use nahi kiya jata?

Ye sabse common logical question hai.

●​ Answer: Transformer Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction par kaam karta

hai, jiske liye "Changing Magnetic Filux" chahiye hota hai. DC constant hota hai,
isliye wo changing flux paida nahi kar sakta.
●​ Result: Agar hum DC denge, toh induction nahi hoga, aur resistance kam hone ki
wajah se primary winding heavy current ki wajah se jal (burn) sakti hai.

22. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction kya hain?

●​ First Law: Jab bhi kisi conductor se juda magnetic flux change hota hai, toh usmein
ek EMF (Electromotive Force) induce hota hai.
●​ Second Law: Induce hone wale EMF ka magnitude, flux ke change hone ki raftar
(rate of change of flux) ke directly proportional hota hai.​
Formula:​
$$E = -N \frac{d\phi}{dt}$$

23. India mein 50 Hz frequency hi kyun use hoti hai?

Iska koi single scientific reason nahi hai, balki ye ek Historical Standard hai.

●​ Europe aur British colonies (jaise India) ne 50 Hz ko standard mana, jabki USA ne 60
Hz ko.
●​ 50 Hz par machines ki speed (RPM) manage karna aur transmission losses ko
balance karna asaan tha us zamane ki technology ke hisaab se. Aaj hum ise badal
nahi sakte kyunki hamara pura infrastructure (Grid, Motors, Transformers) isi par
design hai.

24. Lenz’s Law kya batata hai?

Lenz's Law kehta hai ki induced current ki direction hamesha aisi hogi ki wo us kaaran
(cause) ka virodh (oppose) karega jisne use paida kiya hai. Isliye formula mein minus (-)
sign lagaya jata hai.
25. Transformer ki rating KVA mein kyun hoti hai, KW mein kyun nahi?
●​ Answer: Transformer ke losses (Copper loss aur Iron loss) Voltage aur Current par
depend karte hain, na ki load ke Power Factor par.
●​ Manufacturer ko nahi pata hota ki end-user uspar kaisa load (Resistive, Inductive ya
Capacitive) lagayega. Isliye ise Apparent Power ($V \times I$) yani KVA mein rate
kiya jata hai.

26. Ideal Transformer kya hota hai?

Ek aisa transformer jismein:

1.​ Koi losses na hon (Efficiency 100%).

2.​ Windings ka resistance zero ho.
3.​ Magnetic leakage zero ho.​
(Note: Real life mein ideal transformer exist nahi karta.)

27. Buchholz Relay kya hai aur kahan lagti hai?

●​ Answer: Ye ek safety device hai jo Oil-cooled transformers mein lagti hai. Ye
transformer ke andar hone wale internal faults (jaise short circuit ya insulation failure)
se bachati hai. Ye Main Tank aur Conservator tank ke beech wale pipe mein lagi hoti
hai.

28. Power System mein "Surge Arrestor" ka kya kaam hai?

Ye bijli (lightning) ya switching surges se hone wale high voltage se equipment ko bachata
hai. Ye extra voltage ko turant ground kar deta hai taaki costly equipment (jaise transformer)
kharab na ho.

29. "No-load" condition mein transformer kitna current leta hai?

No-load par transformer bahut kam current leta hai (takreeban full load ka 2% se 5%). Is
current ko No-load current ($I_0$) kehte hain, jo sirf magnetic field banane aur iron losses
ko pura karne ke kaam aata hai.

30. Resistance aur Impedance mein kya farak hai?

●​ Resistance (R): Sirf DC aur AC dono mein current ko rokta hai (Resistor ki wajah se).
●​ Impedance (Z): Ye AC circuits mein total rukawat hai. Ismein Resistance ($R$) aur
Reactance ($X$) dono shamil hote hain.​
Formula:​
$$Z = \sqrt{R^2 + X^2}$$

31. CT (Current Transformer) ki secondary ko kabhi open kyun nahi chhodte?

Ye ek bahut hi important safety question hai.
 ●​ Answer: Agar CT ki secondary open reh jaye, toh secondary current zero ho jata hai.
Iski wajah se primary current ka poora asar magnetic flux banane mein lag jata hai,
jo core ko saturate kar deta hai.
●​ Nuksan: Isse secondary terminals par bahut high voltage (kilo-volts mein) generate
hota hai jo insulation ko jala sakta hai aur wahan kaam karne wale bande ko jaanleva
jhatka lag sakta hai.

32. Motor starter (Star-Delta/DOL) ka use kyun kiya jata hai?

●​ Answer: Jab ek badi motor start hoti hai, toh wo apni normal capacity se 5 se 7 guna
zyada current leti hai (starting current).
●​ Ise kam karne ke liye starter ka use hota hai.
○​ DOL (Direct On Line): Choti motors (upto 5HP) ke liye.
○​ Star-Delta: Badi motors ke liye, taaki starting mein voltage kam karke current
control kiya ja sake.

33. Open Circuit aur Short Circuit mein kya farak hai?
●​ Open Circuit: Rasta toota hua hota hai. Resistance Infinite ($\infty$) hota hai aur
Current Zero hota hai.
●​ Short Circuit: Do wires aapas mein touch ho jate hain. Resistance Zero (ya
negligible) hota hai aur Current Extremely High ho jata hai, jisse aag lag sakti hai.

34. HRC Fuse kya hota hai?

●​ Full Form: High Rupturing Capacity fuse.
●​ Fayda: Ye normal fuse se behtar hai kyunki ye heavy short-circuit current ko handle
kar sakta hai bina blast hue. Ismein ek special powder (Quartz sand) hota hai jo "Arc"
ko turant bujha deta hai.

35. Power Factor ko kaise improve kiya jata hai?

●​ Answer: Power factor ko sudhaarne ke liye hum Capacitor Banks ya Static VAR
Compensators ka use karte hain. Industries mein Synchronous Condenser ka bhi
use hota hai. Isse bijli ka bill kam aata hai aur efficiency badhti hai.

36. Synchronous Motor aur Induction Motor mein kya antar hai?

Feature Induction Motor Synchronous Motor

Speed Load badhne par speed thodi Hamesha constant (Synchronous) speed
kam hoti hai. par chalti hai.

Excitation Sirf AC supply chahiye. AC aur DC (Excitation) dono chahiye.

 Self-Starting 3-phase wali self-starting hoti Self-starting nahi hoti.
hai.

37. Corona Effect kya hota hai? (Power System Question)

Jab high voltage lines (jaise 132kV ya 220kV) ke aas-paas ki hawa ionize ho jati hai, toh ek
halki neeli (violet) roshni dikhti hai aur hissing sound sunai deti hai. Isse power loss hota hai
aur Ozone gas paida hoti hai.

38. VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) kya hai?

●​ Kaam: VFD ka use motor ki speed control karne ke liye kiya jata hai.
●​ Logic: Motor ki speed frequency ($f$) par depend karti hai ($N_s = \frac{120f}{P}$).
VFD frequency badal kar motor ki speed ko smoothly kam ya zyada kar sakta hai,
jisse energy bachti hai.

39. UPS aur Inverter mein kya difference hai?

●​ UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): Iska switching time bahut fast (milli-seconds)
hota hai. PC/Computers ke liye use hota hai taaki data loss na ho.
●​ Inverter: Iska switching time thoda zyada hota hai (kuch seconds ka gap aa sakta
hai). Ghar ki lights aur fans ke liye thik hai.

40. Megger test karte waqt precaution kya leni chahiye?

1.​ Supply ko poori tarah Disconnect (Dead) kar dena chahiye.
2.​ Sabhi capacitors ko discharge karna chahiye.
3.​ Megger ki leads ko haath se nahi chhuna chahiye kyunki wo high voltage produce
karta hai.

1. Machines (Transformers aur Induction Motors)

Q51. Transformer ki core kis material ki bani hoti hai aur kyun?

●​ Answer: Transformer ki core CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) Steel ki bani hoti
hai. Ismein thoda Silicon milaya jata hai.
●​ Logic: CRGO steel se 'Hysteresis Loss' kam hota hai, aur Silicon milane se core ka
resistance badhta hai jisse 'Eddy Current Loss' kam ho jata hai. Core ko solid rakhne
ki bajaye patli-patli pattiyon (laminations) mein banaya jata hai taaki heat kam ho.

Q52. Agar Induction motor par load badha dein, toh uski speed par kya asar padega?

●​ Answer: Speed thodi si kam ho jayegi (yani Slip badh jayegi).

●​ Logic: Jab load badhta hai, toh motor ko ghumne ke liye zyada Torque chahiye hota
hai. Zyada torque paida karne ke liye rotor ko stator se zyada current kheenchna
padta hai, jiske liye uska apni speed thodi kam karna (slip badhana) zaroori ho jata
hai.

2. Circuit Theory (Ohm's Law, KVL/KCL, Series-Parallel)

Q53. Ek 100W ka bulb aur ek 60W ka bulb SERIES mein lagaye gaye hain. Kaunsa bulb
zyada tez (bright) jalega? (Yeh sabse famous trick question hai!)

●​ Answer: 60W wala bulb zyada tez jalega.

●​ Logic: Series connection mein dono bulbs mein Current (I) same rahega. 60W wale
bulb ka resistance (R) 100W wale se zyada hota hai ($R = V^2/P$). Kyunki $Power =
I^2R$, toh jiska resistance zyada hoga (60W), wahan power dissipation (roshni/heat)
zyada hogi.

Q54. Ohm's Law kahan apply nahi hota? (Limitations of Ohm's Law)

●​ Answer: Ohm's Law Non-linear devices par apply nahi hota. Jaise ki Diodes,
Transistors, aur Insulators. Yeh sirf unhi conductors par apply hota hai jahan
temperature aur physical conditions constant (saman) rahein.

Q55. KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) kis basic principle par kaam karta hai?

●​ Answer: KVL "Law of Conservation of Energy" (Urja sanrakshan niyam) par aadharit
hai. Iska matlab hai ki ek closed loop mein jitni voltage di gayi hai, utni hi voltage
drop hogi (Total Voltage = 0).

Q56. RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) kaise kaam karta hai aur ELCB se kaise alag
hai?

●​ Answer: RCCB Phase (aane wala current) aur Neutral (wapas jane wala current) ke
beech ka difference check karta hai. Agar koi insaan wire chhu le, toh thoda current
uski body se zameen mein chala jata hai. Aise mein Phase aur Neutral ka current
barabar nahi rehta, aur RCCB turant (milliseconds mein) trip ho jata hai.
●​ ELCB purani technology hai jo 'Voltage' detect karti thi, jabki RCCB 'Current' par
kaam karti hai aur zyada safe hai.

Q57. "Earthing" aur "Grounding" mein kya technical antar hai?

●​ Earthing: Kisi machine ki "Dead Part" (jaise motor ki bahari lohe ki body) ko zameen
se jodna. Yeh Insaan ki safety ke liye hoti hai (Shock se bachane ke liye).
●​ Grounding: System ke "Live Part" (jaise Transformer ke Neutral point) ko zameen se
jodna. Yeh system ko balance rakhne aur equipment safety ke liye hoti hai.

Q58. Low Power Factor hone ka sabse bada nuksan kya hai?

●​ Answer: Power factor kam hone se line mein Current badh jata hai (Kyunki $I \propto
1/\cos\phi$).
●​ Nuksan: Current badhne se wires zyada garm hoti hain (Copper loss $I^2R$ badhta
hai), aur Electricity Board aapse extra current kheenchna ke liye Penalty (fine)
vasoolta hai.

Q59. Power Factor sudharne (improve karne) ke liye Capacitor Bank ko kahan lagana sabse
best hota hai?
 ●​ Answer: Capacitor bank ko hamesha Load (Motor) ke bilkul paas (parallel mein)
lagana chahiye. Isse reactive current sirf capacitor aur motor ke beech ghumta hai,
aur main supply line par load nahi padta.

Q60. Diode kya kaam karta hai?

●​ Answer: Diode ek electronic valve ki tarah hai jo current ko sirf ek hi direction mein
flow hone deta hai (Forward Bias mein). Iska sabse bada use Rectifier banana hai, jo
AC (Alternating Current) ko DC (Direct Current) mein convert karta hai.

Q61. Ek Transistor ke do sabse main applications kya hain?

●​ Answer: 1. As a Switch: Digital electronics aur computers mein (0 aur 1 state ke liye,
jahan ye ya toh poora ON hota hai ya poora OFF).​
2. As an Amplifier: Weak signals ko bada (amplify) karne ke liye (Jaise mike ki aawaz
ko speaker tak bada karke pahunchana).

62. Transmission lines mein 'Sag' (Jhukaav) kya hota hai?

●​ Answer: Do poles ya towers ke beech mein taar (wire) ekdum tight nahi bandhi jati,
thodi dheeli chhodi jati hai. Is jhukaav ko hi 'Sag' kehte hain.
●​ Logic: Garmiyon mein heat ki wajah se taar phailti (expand) hai aur sardiyon mein
sikudti (contract) hai. Agar sag nahi chhodenge, toh sardiyon mein taar toot sakti hai.

63. Insulators transmission line mein kya kaam karte hain aur kaun se type ke hote hain?

●​ Answer: Yeh current ko pole ya tower mein leak hone se rokte hain.
●​ Common types: Pin type (straight lines ke liye), Suspension type (high voltage ke liye
disc latakti hui), aur Strain type (jahan line ghoomti hai ya khatam hoti hai).

64. Skin Effect kis par depend karta hai?

●​ Answer: Skin effect (current ka wire ki surface se behna) do cheezon par depend
karta hai: Frequency aur Conductor ki motai. Frequency jitni zyada hogi, skin effect
utna zyada hoga. (Isi liye DC mein yeh zero hota hai).

65. Battery ki capacity kis unit mein maapi jati hai?

●​ Answer: Battery ki capacity Ah (Ampere-Hour) mein maapi jati hai. Agar 100Ah ki
battery hai, toh iska matlab hai ki woh 10 Ampere current 10 ghante tak de sakti hai
($10 \times 10 = 100$).

66. Lead-Acid battery (Inverter wali) ki gravity check karne ke liye kaunsa tool use hota hai?

●​ Answer: Hydrometer. Yeh battery ke andar ke acid (electrolyte) ki density check karta
hai jisse pata chalta hai ki battery kitni charge hai.

67. Batteries ko Series mein jodne se kya badhta hai – Voltage ya Current?
 ●​ Answer: Series mein jodne se Voltage badhti hai, lekin Current (Ah capacity) same
rehti hai. (Jaise inverter mein 12V ki do batteries lagakar 24V banate hain). Parallel
mein jodne se capacity badhti hai, voltage same rehti hai.

68. Motor ki nameplate par "IP Rating" (jaise IP55) ka kya matlab hai?

●​ Answer: IP ka matlab hai Ingress Protection. Pehla digit (5) batata hai ki motor dhool
(dust) se kitni bachi hui hai, aur doosra digit (5) batata hai ki paani (water/moisture)
se kitni safe hai.

69. Single Phase Preventer kya kaam karta hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh 3-phase motors ki safety ke liye lagaya jata hai. Agar kisi wajah se
pichhe se ek phase aana band ho jaye (jise single-phasing kehte hain), toh motor jal
sakti hai. Yeh relay turant circuit trip kar deti hai.

70. Stepper Motor aur Servo Motor mein basic farak kya hai?

●​ Answer: Stepper motor chhote-chhote 'steps' (angles) mein chalti hai (jaise printers
mein). Servo motor mein ek sensor (encoder) laga hota hai jo feedback deta hai,
isliye yeh bahut zyada precise (sateek) aur fast hoti hai (jaise robotic arms mein).

71. Proximity Sensor kya hota hai aur kahan use hota hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh ek aisa sensor hai jo bina touch kiye kisi object ki maujoodgi (presence)
ko detect kar leta hai.
○​ Inductive sensor: Sirf lohe/metal ko detect karta hai.
○​ Capacitive sensor: Plastic, paani, ya lakdi (non-metals) ko bhi detect kar leta
hai.

72. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) electrical panels mein kyun use hota hai?

●​ Answer: Purane panels mein logic banane ke liye bahut saari Relays aur Timers
wires se jodne padte the. PLC ek chhota industrial computer hai, jismein hum
software ke zariye (automation logic banakar) poori machine ko control kar sakte
hain. Wiring ka jhanjhat khatam ho jata hai.

73. NO (Normally Open) aur NC (Normally Closed) contacts kya hote hain?

●​ Answer: * NO: Normal halat mein circuit toota (open) hota hai. Button dabane par
current flow hota hai (jaise motor ka ON (Green) button).
○​ NC: Normal halat mein circuit juda (closed) hota hai. Button dabane par
current ruk jata hai (jaise motor ka OFF (Red) button).

74. Contactor mein "Holding" ya "Latching" kya hoti hai?

●​ Answer: Jab hum push button dabate hain toh motor chal jati hai, par chhodte hi
band ho jayegi. Button chhodne ke baad bhi motor ko chalte rehne dene ke liye, hum
contactor ke Auxiliary NO contact ka use karke ek parallel rasta banate hain. Ise
Holding kehte hain.
75. Limit Switch ka kahan use hota hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh ek mechanical switch hai. Jab koi chalti hui cheez (jaise lift, crane ya
machine ka part) apni aakhri limit tak pahunchti hai, toh woh is switch ko physically
daba deti hai, jisse motor automatically ruk jati hai.

76. ELCB (Earth Leakage) aur MCB (Overload) ek sath panel mein kyun lagate hain?

●​ Answer: Dono ka kaam alag hai. MCB equipment ko Short Circuit aur Overload se
bachati hai (taaki aag na lage). ELCB/RCCB Insaan ko Electric Shock se bachati hai.
Dono lagana poori safety (Machine + Human) ke liye zaroori hai.

77. Multimeter se 'Continuity' kaise check karte hain?

●​ Answer: Multimeter ko Diode/Buzzer symbol par set karte hain. Phir wire ke dono
sirron par probe lagate hain. Agar 'Beep' ki aawaz aati hai, matlab wire andar se
theek hai (tooti nahi hai).

78. Clamp Meter (Tong Tester) ka kya fayda hai?

●​ Answer: Multimeter se current (Ampere) check karne ke liye wire ko kaat kar series
mein lagana padta hai. Par Clamp Meter ki madad se hum chalti hui line mein bina
wire kaate, uske chaaron taraf clamp fasa kar current measure kar sakte hain.

79. Electrical panel mein 'Busbar' kya hoti hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh ek moti copper (tambe) ya aluminum ki patti (strip) hoti hai jismein main
supply aati hai. Yahan se alag-alag MCB ya breakers ko power aasaani se aur neatly
distribute ki jati hai.

80. "Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)" procedure kya hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh ek bahut important safety rule hai. Jab bhi kisi badi machine ya panel ki
maintenance karni ho, toh main switch band karke us par ek Taala (Lock) laga diya
jata hai aur ek Tag latka diya jata hai (ki kaam chal raha hai). Taaki koi aur anjaane
mein machine ON karke current na de de.

81. Insulation Resistance (IR) Value kitni honi chahiye?

●​ Answer: Megger se test karne par, kisi bhi healthy cable ya motor ki insulation
resistance hamesha Mega-Ohms ($M\Omega$) mein aani chahiye. Agar value
Kilo-Ohms ($k\Omega$) mein hai, matlab cable weak hai ya moisture (nami) aa gayi
hai.

82. Transformer ke Breather mein 'Silica Gel' kyun lagaya jata hai aur iska color kaisa hota
hai?

●​ Answer: Jab transformer ka tel (oil) garm/thanda hota hai, toh transformer "saans"
(breathe) leta hai. Hawa mein maujood nami (moisture) ko tel mein milne se rokne ke
liye Silica Gel ka use hota hai.
 ●​ Color: Sahi/fresh silica gel ka color Neela (Blue) hota hai. Nami sokhne ke baad yeh
Halka Gulabi (Pink) ya safed ho jata hai, tab isko badalna ya garm karna padta hai.

83. Ferranti Effect kya hota hai?

●​ Answer: Jab koi lambi transmission line "No Load" ya bahut kam load par chal rahi
hoti hai, toh line ke aakhiri sire (Receiving end) ka voltage, shuruati sire (Sending
end) ke voltage se zyada ho jata hai. Ise hi Ferranti Effect kehte hain. Yeh line ki
capacitance ki wajah se hota hai.

84. Substation ke switchyard mein patthar (Stones/Gravels) kyun bichhaye jate hain?

●​ Answer: Iske 3 main kaaran hain:

1.​ Zameen ka resistance badhane ke liye taaki short circuit ke waqt 'Step
Potential' (jhatka) kam lage.
2.​ Ghaas/paudhe ugne se rokne ke liye, jo aag ka kaaran ban sakte hain.
3.​ Transformer ka tel girne par aag ko phailne se rokne ke liye.

85. CT (Current Transformer) aur PT (Potential Transformer) mein basic farak kya hai?

●​ Answer: Dono hi instrument transformers hain. CT high current ko measure karne ya

relay ko signal dene ke liye use hota hai (series mein lagta hai). PT high voltage ko
measure karne ke liye use hota hai (parallel mein lagta hai).

86. Solar Inverter aur Normal (Home) Inverter mein kya farak hai?

●​ Answer: Normal inverter sirf grid (bijli) se battery charge karta hai aur light jane par
power deta hai. Solar Inverter mein MPPT ya PWM charge controller in-built hota hai.
Yeh priority set kar sakta hai ki pehle dhoop (solar) se battery charge ho, taaki bijli ka
bill bache.

87. Solar Panel ki rating hamesha kis unit mein hoti hai?

●​ Answer: Solar panel ki rating hamesha Watts (Wp - Watt Peak) mein hoti hai. Iska
matlab hai ki best dhoop ki condition mein panel kitni power generate karega.

88. MC4 connector kya hota hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh solar panels ko aapas mein jodne ke liye use hone wala standard
waterproof connector hai. Yeh safety aur weather-resistance (baarish/dhoop se
bachaav) ke liye zaroori hai.

89. XLPE Cable ka full form aur sabse bada fayda kya hai?

●​ Answer: XLPE ka matlab hai Cross-Linked Polyethylene.

●​ Fayda: Iski heat jhelne ki shamta (thermal capability) PVC cable se bahut zyada hoti
hai. Yeh easily 90°C tak normal operation aur 250°C tak short-circuit condition jhel
sakti hai bina pighle.
90. SWG ka full form kya hai aur iska size kaise kaam karta hai?

●​ Answer: SWG ka matlab hai Standard Wire Gauge. Iska ek trick hai: SWG ka
number jitna bada hoga, wire utni hi patli (thin) hogi. (Jaise 36 SWG ki wire 18 SWG
ki wire se bahut patli hoti hai).

91. Cable ka 'PI Test' (Polarization Index) kyun kiya jata hai?

●​ Answer: PI test motor ya cable ki insulation ki asli health batata hai. Yeh Megger se
10 minute ki reading aur 1 minute ki reading ka ratio hota hai ($PI = R_{10} / R_1$).
Agar value 2.0 se zyada hai, toh insulation ekdum theek hai.

92. VFD lagane ke baad kya motor ki HP/kW rating badh jati hai?

●​ Answer: Nahi. VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) sirf motor ki speed aur starting current
control karti hai. Motor ki physical taqat (HP/kW) utni hi rehti hai jitni nameplate par
likhi hoti hai.

93. Motor control mein "Jogging" ya "Inching" ka kya matlab hai?

●​ Answer: Jab humein machine ko thoda-thoda khiskana (move) hota hai (jaise
alignment ke time ya testing ke time), toh hum push button ko thodi der daba kar
turant chhod dete hain. Is momentary (kuchh second ke) operation ko Inching ya
Jogging kehte hain.

94. Motor ka "Class of Insulation" kya hota hai?

●​ Answer: Yeh batata hai ki motor ki winding kitna temperature jhel sakti hai. Sabse
common Class F (155°C tak) aur Class H (180°C tak) hote hain.

95. Agar ek 3-phase motor achanak bahut zyada awaaz (Humming/Vibration) kar rahi hai
aur garm ho rahi hai, toh aap sabse pehle kya check karenge?

●​ Answer: Main sabse pehle panel mein jaakar uske Teeno Phases (R, Y, B) ka voltage
aur current check karunga. Sabse zyada chance hai ki peeche se ek phase udd gaya
hai (Single-phasing), jiski wajah se motor load nahi utha pa rahi aur garm hokar
aawaz kar rahi hai.

96. 'Step Potential' aur 'Touch Potential' mein kya antar hai?

●​ Answer: Fault hone par zameen mein current phailta hai.

○​ Step Potential: Insaan ke dono pairo ke beech paida hone wala voltage.
○​ Touch Potential: Insaan ke pao aur usne jis machine (ya tower) ko hath
lagaya hai, uske beech ka voltage. (Touch potential zyada khatarnak hota
hai).

97. 'Lux' aur 'Lumen' mein kya farak hai?

 ●​ Answer: Lumen wo total roshni hai jo kisi bulb se nikal rahi hai. Lux wo roshni hai jo
kisi surface (jaise aapki table) par aakar pad rahi hai. (1 Lux = 1 Lumen per square
meter).

98. Alternator (AC Generator) ki rating kVA ya MVA mein kyun hoti hai?

●​ Answer: Transformer ki tarah, generator banane wale ko bhi nahi pata hota ki aage
factory ya ghar ka Load kis Power Factor par chalega (motor chalegi ya heater).
Isliye wo fixed real power (kW) ki bajaye apparent power (kVA) batate hain.

99. Electrical system mein 'Harmonics' kya hote hain?

●​ Answer: Jab hum VFDs, Computers, ya UPS (jinme electronic switches hote hain)
use karte hain, toh wo current ki pure sine-wave ko kharab (distort) kar dete hain. In
kharab waveforms ko Harmonics kehte hain, jisse wires garm hoti hain aur
equipment kharab hote hain.

100. Star-Delta Starter mein kitne contactors hote hain aur Timer ka kya kaam hai?

●​ Answer: Ismein 3 contactors hote hain (Main, Star, aur Delta) aur 1 Timer hota hai.
Timer ka kaam motor ko shuru mein (kuchh seconds ke liye) Star mein chalana aur
jaise hi speed 70-80% ho jaye, use Delta mein shift karna hota hai taaki motor full
power par chal sake.